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Stabilizing the Zn anode/electrolyte interface is critical for advancing aqueous zinc ion storage technologies. Addressing this challenge helps minimize parasitic reactions and controls the formation of Zn dendrites, which is fundamental to achieving highly reversible Zn electrochemistry. In this study, 2% by volume of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is introduced into the baseline zinc sulfate (ZS) electrolyte, which acts as an efficient regulator to form a robust solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the Zn anode. This innovative approach enables uniform Zn deposition and does not substantially modify the Zn2+ solvation structure. The Zn||Zn symmetric cell exhibits an extended cycle life of nearly one calendar year (>8500 h) at a current density of 0.5 mA cm−2 and an areal capacity of 0.5 mAh cm−2. Impressive full cell performance can be achieved. Specifically, the Zn||VS2 full cell achieves an areal capacity of 1.7 mAh cm−2, with a superior negative‐to‐positive capacity ratio of 2.5, and an electrolyte‐to‐capacity ratio of 101.4 µL mAh−1, displaying remarkable stability over 1000 cycles under a high mass loading of 11.0 mg cm−2 without significant degradation. This innovative approach in electrolyte engineering provides a new perspective on in situ SEI design and furthers the understanding of Zn anode stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The submerged entry nozzle (SEN) is an indispensable functional structural ceramic in the current continuous casting production. The stability and safety of the SEN is very important during the casting process. In this article, the functional failure of the SEN during the continuous casting process of the bearing steel GCr15 is studied. The results show that the functional failure of the SEN during the bearing steel GCr15 casting process is caused by the clogging inside the SEN which is led by the low cleanliness and the high impurities n the molten steel. The clogging in the SEN can be divided into solidified steel area, loose area, dense area, and surface area. To improve the castability of bearing steel or other high‐cleanliness steel, it is necessary to strengthen the refining process and treatment effect, strengthen the sealing and the effect of the protective casting of the molten steel, and moderate optimization of nozzle materials or the application of external fields on the SEN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unique structural features of hard carbon (HC) make it a promising anode candidate for sodium‐ion batteries (SIB). However, traditional methods of preparing HC require special equipment, long reaction times, and large energy consumption, resulting in low throughputs and efficiency. In our contribution, a novel synthesis method is proposed, involving the formation of HC nanosheets (NS‐CNs) within minutes by creating an anoxic environment through flame combustion and further introducing sulfur and nitrogen sources to achieve heteroatom doping. The effect of heterogeneous element doping on the microstructure of HC is quantitatively analyzed by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and image processing technology. Combined with density functional theory calculation, it is verified that the functionalized HC exhibits stronger Na+ adsorption ability, electron gain ability, and Na+ migration ability. As a result, NS‐CNs as SIB anodes provide an ultrahigh reversible capacity of 542.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and excellent rate performance with a reversible capacity of 236.4 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 1200 cycles. Furthermore, full cell assembled with NS‐CNs as the can present 230 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 150 cycles. Finally, in/ex situ techniques confirm that the excellent sodium storage properties of NS‐CNs are due to the construction of abundant active sites based on the novel synthesis method for realizing the reversible adsorption of Na+. This work provides a novel strategy to develop novel carbons and gives deep insights for the further investigation of facile preparation methods to develop high‐performance carbon anodes for alkali‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bias flow of molten metal in slab mold caused by unstable flow from submerged entry nozzle can deteriorate the slab quality during continuous casting. In this study, a novel electromagnetic swirling flow in nozzle (EMSFN) technique, which utilizes electromagnetic force to stabilize the flow in the nozzle and subsequently control the flow in the mold, is proposed. The mechanism for controlling unstable flow through EMSFN is explored through numerical simulation and water model experiments. In the results, it is shown that the molten steel is rotated under the effect of magnetic field and flows into the mold along the upper edge of the nozzle outlet, which weakens the impact of molten steel on the bottom of nozzle and stabilizes the outflow from nozzle. The flow field is consistently symmetrical on both sides of the nozzle. The impact depth of molten steel flowing down along the narrow sides of the mold on both sides is greatly reduced. The surface velocity on both sides of the nozzle changes uniformly. The range of surface velocity variation with EMSFN is only 10% of that with a conventional nozzle. The EMSFN technique can help prevent slag entrapment and improve the flotation of inclusions and bubbles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study an optimal control problem of a mean-field forward--backward stochastic system with random jumps in progressive structure, where both regular and singular controls are considered in our formula. In virtue of the variational technology, the related stochastic maximum principle (SMP) has been obtained, and it is essentially different from that in the classical predictable structure. Specifically, there are three parts in our SMP, that is, continuous part, jump part, and impulse part, and they are, respectively, used to characterize the characteristics of the optimal controls at continuous time, jump time, and impulse time. This shows that the progressive structure can more accurately describe the characteristics of the optimal control at the jump time.We also give two linear--quadratic examples to show the significance of our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), share a distinct pathological feature, that is, a widespread accumulation of α‐synuclein (α‐syn) in the brain. There is a significant clinical unmet need for disease‐modifying treatments for synucleinopathies. Recently, a seaweed‐derived mixture of oligosaccharides sodium oligomannate, GV‐971, was approved for Phase 2 clinical trials for PD. This study aimed to further evaluate the therapeutic effects of GV‐971 on synucleinopathies using cellular and animal models and explore its associated molecular mechanisms. Methods: α‐Syn aggregation was assessed, in vitro and ex vivo, by ThT assay. A dopaminergic neuron cell line, Prnp‐SNCAA53T mice, and brain slices from PD and DLB patients were used to determine the efficacy of GV‐971 in ameliorating α‐syn pathology. Measurements of motor functions, including pole, cylinder, and rotarod tests, were conducted on Prnp‐SNCAA53T mice 4 weeks after intragastric administration of GV‐971 (200 mg day−1 kg−1). Results: GV‐971 effectively prevented α‐syn aggregation and even disassembled pre‐aggregated α‐syn fibrils, in vitro and ex vivo. In addition, GV‐971 was able to rescue α‐syn‐induced neuronal damage and reduced release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), likely via modulating Alix expression. In the Prnp‐SNCAA53T mouse model, when treated at the age of 5 months, GV‐971 significantly decreased α‐syn deposition in the cortex, midbrain, and cerebellum regions, along with ameliorating the motor dysfunctions. Conclusions: Our results indicate that GV‐971, when administered at a relatively early stage of the disease process, significantly reduced α‐syn accumulation and aggregation in Prnp‐SNCAA53T mice. Furthermore, GV‐971 corrected α‐syn‐induced inhibition of EVs release in neurons, contributing to neuronal protection. Future studies are needed to further assess GV‐971 as a promising disease‐modifying therapy for PD and other synucleinopathies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the clogging problem associated with submerged entry nozzles (SEN) used for aluminum‐killed steel, the reaction behavior between the SEN and molten steel with high Al content with the influence of an external electric field is studied in this paper. The results showed that the application of an effective and positive voltage to the walls of the SEN would promote the decarburization of the SEN itself and the interfacial reaction between nozzle material and molten steel containing aluminum. On the contrary, these behaviors would be inhibited under the control of the negative voltage. Therefore, with the polarity of electric field applied on the SEN, it is necessary to determine whether the critical factor leading to clogging is the content of the Al2O3 inclusions or Al alloy content in the steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc is widely used as an anode in zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) due to its nontoxicity, favorable theoretical specific capacity, and low oxidation–reduction potential. Nevertheless, irreversible Zn dendritic growth and unavoidable side reactions limit its cyclic stability and high‐rate capability. This research puts forward a surface protection strategy by introducing a hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride and carborundum nanocoating (PVDF‐SiC) coating on the surface of Zn anode to synergistically restrain side reactions and Zn dendrites. PVDF improves the hydrophobicity of Zn anode at the solid–liquid interface, which can avoid side reactions between Zn anode and water. SiC nanoparticles with high porosity and small size pore can also homogenize the Zn2+ flux, which can cause uniform Zn deposition and inhibit Zn dendrite growth. The hydrophobic PVDF‐SiC@Zn symmetric battery accordingly exhibits an invariable overvoltage (<40 mV) after 780 h at 1 mA cm−2 with 0.25 mAh cm−2. Simultaneously, constant and convertible Zn deposition in PVDF‐SiC@Zn//Ti asymmetric battery is implemented. The PVDF‐SiC@Zn//V2O5 full battery exhibits 68% capacity retention after 400 cycles. The porous/hydrophobic PVDF‐SiC composite modification efficiently restrains the side reactions and Zn dendrite growth on the Zn anode, providing an innovative idea for achieving long‐life ZIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stromal antigen 2 (STAG2), a subunit of the cohesin complex, is recurrently mutated in various tumors. However, the role of STAG2 in DNA repair and its therapeutic implications are largely unknown. Here it is reported that knockout of STAG2 results in increased double‐stranded breaks (DSBs) and chromosomal aberrations by reducing homologous recombination (HR) repair, and confers hypersensitivity to inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATMi), Poly ADP Ribose Polymerase (PARPi), or the combination of both. Of note, the impaired HR by STAG2‐deficiency is mainly attributed to the restored expression of KMT5A, which in turn methylates H4K20 (H4K20me0) to H4K20me1 and thereby decreases the recruitment of BRCA1‐BARD1 to chromatin. Importantly, STAG2 expression correlates with poor prognosis of cancer patients. STAG2 is identified as an important regulator of HR and a potential therapeutic strategy for STAG2‐mutant tumors is elucidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, to provide theoretical foundation and experimental data for using electric field to control the service performance and improve the service life of submerged entry nozzle, the effect of the external electric field on the interfacial reaction and wetting behavior between the mold flux and the slag‐line materials is studied. The results show that the wettability of mold flux on the surface of the slag‐line materials is mainly affected by the dissolution and spreading under normal conditions. However, the electrochemical reaction and electric force generated by the applied electric field are also important factors for driving and changing the wettability between the mold flux and slag‐line materials. Under the positive electric field, the total duration of complete spreading and wetting is 227 s, which is 13 s shorter than that under normal conditions; the contact angle after complete wetting is about 17°, which is 1.5° lower than that under normal conditions. Under the negative electric field, the total duration of complete spreading and wetting is 260 s, which is 20 s longer than that under normal conditions; the contact angle after complete wetting is about 21°, which is 2.5° higher than that under normal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New gel system for preparing mullite porous ceramics by gel‐casting freeze‐drying was proposed, using pectin as gel source and alumina and silica as raw materials. Directional channels were formed due to sublimation of water during freeze‐drying and decomposition of pectin during high temperature sintering to prepare porous mullite ceramic membranes. Effects of solid content on the properties of mullite ceramics in terms of phase composition, microstructure, apparent porosity, bulk density, pore size distribution, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, pressure drop, and gas permeability were investigated. It was found that prepared porous mullite possessed high apparent porosity (56.04%–75.34%), low bulk density (.77–1.37 g/cm3), uniform pore size distribution, relatively high compressive strength (.61–3.03 MPa), low thermal conductivity (.224–.329 W/(m·K)), high gas permeability coefficient (1.11 × 10−10–4.73 × 10−11 m2), and gas permeance (2.18 × 10−2–9.32 × 10−3 mol⋅m−2⋅s−1⋅Pa−1). These properties make prepared lightweight mullite ceramic membranes promising for application in high temperature flue gas filtration. Proposed gel system is expected to provide a new route to prepare porous ceramics with high porosity and directional channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tremendous progress has been made in the field of electrochemical energy storage devices that rely on potassium‐ions as charge carriers due to their abundant resources and excellent ion transport properties. Nevertheless, future practical developments not only count on advanced electrode materials with superior electrochemical performance, but also on competitive costs of electrodes for scalable production. In the past few decades, advanced carbon materials have attracted great interest due to their low cost, high selectivity, and structural suitability and have been widely investigated as functional materials for potassium‐ion storage. This article provides an up‐to‐date overview of this rapidly developing field, focusing on recent advanced and mechanistic understanding of carbon‐based electrode materials for potassium‐ion batteries. In addition, we also discuss recent achievements of dual‐ion batteries and conversion‐type K−X (X=O2, CO2, S, Se, I2) batteries towards potential practical applications as high‐voltage and high‐power devices, and summarize carbon‐based materials as the host for K‐metal protection and possible directions for the development of potassium energy‐related devices as well. Based on this, we bridge the gaps between various carbon‐based functional materials structure and the related potassium‐ion storage performance, especially provide guidance on carbon material design principles for next‐generation potassium‐ion storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium metal has been considered one of the most promising anodes for next‐generation rechargeable batteries, but its practical application is largely hindered by the uncontrollable dendrite growth and infinite volume change. Here, inspired by superior catalytic effects of single‐atom catalysts, carbon‐supported single atomic Co with asymmetric N, O‐coordination (Co‐N/O) is developed for Li metal battery. Experimental results and theoretical calculations indicate that single atomic Co atoms with asymmetric N, O‐coordination present enhanced binding ability toward Li in comparison with N‐coordinated atomic Co site and isolated O site, enabling uniform Li plating/stripping. Moreover, the asymmetric N, O‐coordination around Co atoms induces co‐activation effects, lowering the energy barriers toward Li+ to Li0 conversion and largely promoting the deposition kinetics. When used as a Li deposition host, the Co‐N/O achieves a high average coulombic efficiency of 98.6% at a current density of 1 mA cm−2 and a capacity of 2 mAh cm−2, long cycling life of 2000 h in symmetrical cells, and excellent rate performance (voltage hysteresis of 23 mV at 8 mA cm−2). This work provides a comprehensive understanding of single atomic metals with asymmetric heteroatom coordination in the design of Li metal anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heart failure (HF) is a sophisticated syndrome with structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood, either causing symptoms and signs or being asymptomatic. HF is a major global health issue affecting about 64.3 million people worldwide. The gut microbiota refers to the complex ecosystem of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, in the gut. Studies have revealed that the gut microbiota is associated with many diseases ranging from neurodegenerative diseases to inflammatory bowel disease and cardiovascular diseases. The gut hypothesis of HF suggests that low cardiac output and systemic circulation congestion would cause insufficient intestinal perfusion, leading to ischemia and intestinal barrier dysfunction. The resulting bacterial translocation would contribute to inflammation. Recent studies have refined the hypothesis that changes of metabolites in the gut microbiota have a close relationship with HF. Thus, the gut microbiota has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for HF due to both its critical role in regulating host physiology and metabolism and its pivotal role in the development of HF. This review article aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of the gut microbiota's involvement in HF, including the introduction of the gut hypothesis of HF, its association with HF progression, the potential mechanisms involved mediated by the gut microbiota metabolites, and the impact of various interventions on the gut microbiota, including dietary interventions, probiotic therapy, fecal microbiota transplantation, antibiotics, and so on. While the gut hypothesis of HF is refined with up-to-date knowledge and the gut microbiota presents a promising target for HF therapy, further research is still needed to further understand the underlying mechanisms between gut microbiota and HF, the efficacy of these interventions, and contribute to the health of HF patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages, critical components of bone marrow microenvironment, are reported to be remodeled into leukemia‐associated macrophages (LAMs) in leukemic microenvironment where they contribute to leukemia development, characterized as M2 macrophages with pro‐tumor effects. However, how leukemic microenvironment transforms macrophages into LAMs remains unknown. Here, we analyzed the clinical relevance of LAMs and profiled their RNA‐Seq from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with complete remission (CR) after induction treatment and refractory AML patients. Our results showed that the proportion and number of LAMs in refractory AML patients was higher than that in CR patients and LAM was a poor prognostic factor of AML patients. Furthermore, let‐7b was a potentially aberrant gene in LAMs contributed to M2‐subtype characteristics. Knockdown of let‐7b in LAMs could inhibit the development of AML by repolarizing LAMs toward M1‐subtype characteristics through the activation of Toll‐like receptor and NF‐κB pathway. Our study provides insight for future LAM‐based immunotherapy strategies for AML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable smart glove of gesture language provides a novel strategy for the hearing‐impaired people to commutate with the world. Current commercialized solutions of gesture language are limited by the full extent of human interaction beyond operation dexterity, sensory feedback, and the huge cost of fabrication. Herein, a low‐cost, high‐efficient gesture‐language‐recognition feedback system combined with the strain‐sensor arrays and machine‐learning technology is proposed. The strain‐sensor arrays integrated with 3D‐printed glove can extract both spatial and temporal information about the finger's movement. The smart glove achieves gesture‐language recognition using machine learning with an accuracy of over 99%. Integrating with multidimensional manipulation, visual feedback and artificial intelligence (AI)‐based gesture‐language recognition, the smart system can accurately recognize complex gestures and provide real‐time feedback to users. The smart glove system can not only provide an efficient way for hearing‐impaired persons to communicate with the outside world, but also benefit industries in multiple fields such as entertainment, home healthcare, sports training, and the medical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precipitation behavior of phosphides in melting and solidification of 304 stainless steel under treatment using an electric current pulse (ECP) is studied. The composition and crystal structure of phosphides are confirmed and analyzed via scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the phosphides are composed of Cr, Mn, S, and P in the sample that is quenched at 1773 K without ECP treatment. From the high‐resolution TEM images and selected area electron diffraction, the crystal lattice structure of phosphides is the same as that of Cr3P. Mn and S replace some of the Cr and P in the Cr3P lattice because of the replacement solution. Phosphides are hardly detected in the samples that are treated using ECP. ECP treatment inhibits the formation of Cr3P. Phosphide is mainly presented in the form of CrP4 in the samples that are quenched at 1583 K, which contain a large number of nanoaustenite grains. Meanwhile, ECP treatment inhibits the growth of phosphides because of differences in the conductivity between molten steel and phosphides during solidification. The size of phosphides decreases with an increase in current density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With high safety and low‐cost features, aqueous zinc batteries have become the promising rechargeable battery technology for future. Recent research works reached a deep understanding on the underlying electrolyte chemistry in Zn batteries. This review aims to put forward the challenges that the aqueous electrolyte is facing, which include low voltage window, multifarious irreversible reactions, and low energy density. The innovative electrolyte modulation strategies, such as hybrid/concentrated solution, gel polymer electrolyte (hydrogel electrolyte), eutectic mixture, electrolyte additives, towards better zinc batteries performance are summarized. The conclusion and outlook are introduced to provide guidance for smart design of electrolyte for advanced Zn batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Objective and accessible markers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias are critically needed. Methods: We identified NMDAR2A, a protein related to synaptic function, as a novel marker of central nervous system (CNS)‐derived plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) and developed a flow cytometry‐based technology for detecting such plasma EVs readily. The assay was initially tested in our local cross‐sectional study to distinguish AD patients from healthy controls (HCs) or from Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, followed by a validation study using an independent cohort collected from multiple medical centers (the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative). Cerebrospinal fluid AD molecular signature was used to confirm diagnoses of all AD participants. Results: Likely CNS‐derived EVs in plasma were significantly reduced in AD compared to HCs in both cohorts. Integrative models including CNS‐derived EV markers and AD markers present on EVs reached area under the curve of 0.915 in discovery cohort and 0.810 in validation cohort. Discussion: This study demonstrated that robust and rapid analysis of individual neuron‐derived synaptic function–related EVs in peripheral blood may serve as a helpful marker of synaptic dysfunction in AD and dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The zinc‐ion battery (ZIB) has attracted wide attention due to its environmental protection, abundant reserves, and desirable theoretical capacity. However, the application of ZIBs is limited by the dendrite growth and side reactions on the Zn anode. Herein, a boron microparticles and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite modified layer (B‐PVDF) is constructed on the surface of a Zn anode, and a Zn anode with hydrophobic coating is obtained (B‐PVDF@Zn). The hydrophobic PVDF modified layer prevents the direct contact between H2O molecules and Zn anode, while boron microparticles guide the flux of Zn2+; thus, dendrite growth and side reactions are concurrently inhibited. And B‐PVDF@Zn//B‐PVDF@Zn symmetric battery maintains a stable overpotential (<45 mV) after 1050 h at a current density of 1 mA cm−2 with a planting capacity of 1 mAh cm−2. The capacity retention rate of B‐PVDF@Zn//V2O5 is 62.1% after 400 cycles, which shows improved cycle stability. The research proves the feasibility of the hydrophobic modified layer for the stable Zn anode; it supplies a new research idea for the diversity of Zn anode surface design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM‐MSCs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). However, due to the high heterogeneity of AML the mechanism underlying the cross‐talk between MSCs and leukaemia cells is not well understood. We found that mixed‐lineage leukaemia‐AF9 (MLL‐AF9)‐induced AML mice‐derived MSCs had higher proliferative viability compared to wild‐type mice‐derived MSCs with ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme E2O (Ube2o) down‐regulation. After overexpression of UBE2O in AML‐derived MSCs, the growth capacity of MSCs was reduced with nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NF‐κB) pathway deactivation. In vitro co‐culture assay revealed that UBE2O‐overexpression MSCs suppressed the proliferation and promoted apoptosis of AML cells by direct contact. In vivo results revealed that the leukaemia burden was reduced and the overall survival of AML mice was prolonged, with decreased dissemination of leukaemia cells in BM, spleen, liver and peripheral blood. Additionally, subcutaneous tumorigenesis revealed that tumour growth was also suppressed in the UBE2O‐overexpression MSCs group. In conclusion, UBE2O was expressed at a low level in MLL‐AF9‐induced AML mice‐derived MSCs. Overexpression of UBE2O in MSCs suppressed their proliferation through NF‐κB pathway deactivation, which resulted in AML suppression. Our study provides a theoretical basis for a BM microenvironment‐based therapeutic strategy to control disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li metal anode holds great promise to realize high‐energy battery systems. However, the safety issue and limited lifetime caused by the uncontrollable growth of Li dendrites hinder its commercial application. Herein, an interlayer‐bridged 3D lithiophilic rGO‐Ag‐S‐CNT composite is proposed to guide uniform and stable Li plating/stripping. The 3D lithiophilic rGO‐Ag‐S‐CNT host is fabricated by incorporating Ag‐modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with S‐doped carbon nanotube (CNT), where the rGO and CNT are closely connected via robust Ag‐S covalent bond. This strong Ag‐S bond could enhance the structural stability and electrical connection between rGO and CNT, significantly improving the electrochemical kinetics and uniformity of current distribution. Moreover, density functional theory calculation indicates that the introduction of Ag‐S bond could further boost the binding energy between Ag and Li, which promotes homogeneous Li nucleation and growth. Consequently, the rGO‐Ag‐S‐CNT‐based anode achieves a lower overpotential (7.3 mV at 0.5 mA cm−2), higher Coulombic efficiency (98.1% at 0.5 mA cm−2), and superior long cycling performance (over 500 cycles at 2 mA cm−2) as compared with the rGO‐Ag‐CNT‐ and rGO‐CNT‐based anodes. This work provides a universal avenue and guidance to build a robust Li metal host via constructing a strong covalent bond, effectively suppressing the Li dendrites growth to prompt the development of Li metal battery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide electroreduction (CO2RR) is a sustainable way of producing carbon‐neutral fuels. Product selectivity in CO2RR is regulated by the adsorption energy of reaction‐intermediates. Here, we employ differential phase contrast‐scanning transmission electron microscopy (DPC‐STEM) to demonstrate that Sn heteroatoms on a Ag catalyst generate very strong and atomically localized electric fields. In situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐IR) results verified that the localized electric field enhances the adsorption of *COOH, thus favoring the production of CO during CO2RR. The Ag/Sn catalyst exhibits an approximately 100 % CO selectivity at a very wide range of potentials (from −0.5 to −1.1 V, versus reversible hydrogen electrode), and with a remarkably high energy efficiency (EE) of 76.1 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the change and unpredictability of the mold flux containing rare earth oxides, the impact of controlling the erosion behavior of the mold flux containing rare earth oxide on the submerged entry nozzle is thoroughly investigated herein by applying an electric field. The extracted results show that the rare earth is reduced, and Ce3+ ions and compounds are formed. Under the control of electrochemical reaction in the negative enforced electric field, a stable and dense protective film with a multilayer structure is formed on the surface of the electrode. The existence of this film can effectively prevent the erosion of the submerged entry nozzle. In addition, the phase composition of the mold flux is not affected by the externally applied electric field. The implementation of the external electric field is anticipated to be used as a new method for the high‐quality and high‐efficiency continuous casting production of rare earth steel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection is proved to be associated with clinicopathology of lymphoma. However, little is known about the relationship between EBV‐DNA status after treatment and prognosis. In this study, real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for quantitative detection of EBV‐DNA load in peripheral blood of all 26,527 patients with lymphoma, and the clinical characteristics and prognosis of 202 patients were retrospectively analysed, including 100 patients with positive EBV‐DNA and 102 randomly selected patients with negative EBV‐DNA. We found that the average rate of EBV‐DNA positivity in lymphomas was 0.376%, and EBV‐DNA‐positive patients presented higher risk with elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and β2‐MG level, B symptoms, secondary hemophagocytic syndrome and lower objective response rate compared to EBV‐DNA‐negative patients. Multivariate analysis revealed EBV‐DNA‐positive patients had inferior progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) and EBV‐DNA level before treatment was related to PFS but not OS of T/NK cell lymphoma. In T/NK cell lymphoma, EBV‐DNA converting negative after treatment was correlated with better PFS but not OS, and second‐line therapy could induce more EBV‐DNA‐negative conversion compared to CHOP‐based therapy. In all, EBV‐DNA positivity before treatment can be a biomarker representing the tumour burden and an independent prognostic factor. EBV‐DNA‐negative conversion after treatment is a good prognostic factor for T/NK cell lymphomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are one of the emerging contaminants in environmental media, and they have raised great concern because they are resistant to degradation and persist in ecosystems. Although numerous advanced technologies have been developed, suitable technologies are still lacking for degradation of widespread MPs in the natural environment. We have discovered that MPs can be degraded exceptionally rapidly in frozen environments. Taking polystyrene (PS) as an example, its degradation rate in ice (−20 °C) is surprisingly competitive to most artificial technologies. PS particles are trapped and squeezed to achieve excited state (3PS*) in the narrow space of the liquid layer between ice crystals, which further react with the highly concentrated dioxygen to selectively produce singlet oxygen (1O2). The 1O2 boosts PS oxidation in the liquid layer thus further causing accelerated degradation at freezing temperature. This finding offers a highly efficient pathway for degradation of MPs and it sheds light on an unusual MPs disposal mechanisms in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Accumulation of α‐synuclein (α‐syn) in neurons is a prominent feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, researchers have considered that extracellular vesicles (EVs) may play an important role in protein exportation and propagation, and α‐syn‐containing EVs derived from the central nervous system (CNS) have been detected in peripheral blood. However, mechanistic insights into CNS‐derived EVs have not been well‐described. Methods: Likely neurogenic EVs were purified from the plasma of PD patients and healthy controls using a well‐established immunoprecipitation assay with anti‐L1CAM‐coated beads. A Prnp‐SNCAA53T transgenic PD mouse model was used to evaluate the neuronal pathology induced by PD‐derived L1CAM‐purified EVs. EV‐associated microRNA (miRNA) profiling was used to screen for altered miRNAs in PD‐derived L1CAM‐purified EVs. Results: PD patient‐derived L1CAM‐purified (likely neurogenic) EVs facilitated α‐syn pathology and neuron loss in Prnp‐SNCAA53T transgenic PD mice. The miRNA, novel_miR_44438, was significantly increased in the PD group, which promoted α‐syn accumulation and neuronal degeneration in a dose‐dependent manner. Novel _miR_44438 directly targets NDST1 mRNA and inhibits the function of heparan sulfate, thus preventing exosome biogenesis and α‐syn release from exosomes. Interpretation: Novel_miR_44438 in PD‐derived L1CAM‐purified EVs inhibits the α‐syn efflux from neurons thereby promoting the pathological accumulation and aggregation of α‐syn. ANN NEUROL 2022;92:230–245 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the substantial progress in cathode materials in the past few years, rechargeable zinc batteries (RZBs) are plagued by rapid performance degradation due to dendrite formation and notorious side reactions at the Zn anode side. Here, an optimized hydrated eutectic electrolyte (HEE) system containing methylsulfonylmethane, zinc perchlorate, and water, in which an organic ligand coordinated the solvation shell of Zn ions with water molecules constituting the eutectic network, is proposed. Compared to common aqueous solutions, this HEE system is proven effective in promoting the smooth Zn deposition and plating/stripping reversibility as well as suppressing side reactions. The vanadium‐based zinc batteries based on this new HEE exhibit exceptionally high‐capacity retention (≈100% retention even after 1600 cycles at a relatively small current density of 1000 mA g−1). This study offers a new type of electrolyte for RZBs and a deep understanding of the effect of Zn2+ solvent sheath structure on the cycle reversibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of Zn, despite many of its performance advantages (e.g., high theoretical capacity and low redox potential), are compromised by severe side reactions and Zn dendrite growth in aqueous electrolytes, due to the coordinated H2O within the Zn2+‐solvation sheath and reactive free water in the bulk electrolyte. Unlike most efforts focused on costly super‐concentrated electrolytes and single additive species, a universal strategy is proposed to boost Zn reversibility in dilute electrolytes via adding carbonyl‐containing organic solvents. Based on experimental investigations and multiscale simulations, the representative electrolyte with a N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone polar additive is proved to assist in structural reshaping of Zn2+‐solvation and stabilizing the hydrogen bond network of water. This synergy is instrumental in contributing to suppressed water‐induced parasitic reactions and dendrite formation, which enables high average coulombic efficiency of 99.7% over 1000 cycles in an Zn/Cu asymmetric cell, and an ultralong cycling lifespan of 2000 cycles with 99.4% capacity retention in a Zn/VS2@SS full cell. Even with an elevated cathodic mass loading (up to 9.5 mg cm‐2), the cycling stability is still maintained. The proposed strategy provides new insight into electrolyte additive design and sheds light on high‐performance Zn‐ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy. Most patients with T‐ALL are treated with high‐dose multi‐agent chemotherapy due to limited targeted therapeutic options. To further investigate its pathogenesis and establish new therapeutic targets, we studied the role of FAPP2, a Golgi protein, that is, highly expressed in T‐ALL, in the growth and function of T‐ALL. We found that T‐ALL cells underwent reduced cell proliferation and sub‐G1 accumulation after knocking down of FAPP2 gene using shRNA systems. Instead, FAPP2 downregulation promoted cell autophagy. The level of autophagy markers, LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ, Beclin1, and ATG5, was markedly increased, whereas that of P62 decreased after FAPP2 knocking down in T‐ALL cells. FAPP2 knocking down led to the accumulation of LC3 in the cytoplasm of T‐ALL cells as shown by fluorescence microscopy. In addition, the level of PI(4)P and PI(3,4,5)P decreased and phosphorylation of P‐AKT and P‐mTOR were downregulated in FAPP2 knock‐down cells. In summary, our results show that decreased expression of FAPP2 inhibited cell proliferation, resulted in the sub‐G1 phase accumulation of T‐ALL cells, and enhanced autophagy of T‐ALL cells, likely mediated by PI(4)P, PI(3,4,5)P, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Our results provide a new insight into the pathogenesis and development of potential targeted therapy of T‐ALL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen the widespread use of a new gob-side entry retaining technology, namely, automatic roadway forming based on roof cutting and pressure relief. However, because of the complex geological conditions, stability control methods for the surrounding rock remain unexplored. In this paper, through theoretical analysis, field measurement, and numerical simulation, the stability control of a roadway surrounding rock under roof-cutting and pressure-relief conditions is studied. The key stage in the steady-state control of this type of rock is determined by establishing a mechanical model of the hard roof in the process of automatic roadway formation. The results show that the roof-cutting and pressure-relief technology outperforms the conventional mining technology in terms of surface crack development and subsidence. The roadway roof movement can be divided into three stages: a direct roof-caving activity period, a basic roof-breaking activity period, and a roof-stabilizing period. The stress above the original roadway is gradually transferred to the adjacent working face, and a stress concentration is formed on the working face 6 m away from the roadway retaining section. In this scenario, the roadway is in a stress-reducing area, which ensures its safety. Based on the research results, we suggest adding a constant resistance and large deformation anchor cable near the cutting seam side for active support. A single-hydraulic prop + I-beam + steel mesh can support the working face, and a grouting bolt support can help reinforce the broken and loose surrounding rocks at the gangue-retaining side of the roadway. Thus, the movement of the surrounding rock can be effectively controlled. An industrial test shows that the effect of retaining roadway is evidently improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple‐hit lymphoma (THL), which is classified into high‐grade B‐cell lymphoma with rearrangements of MYC, BCL2 and BCL6, presents aggressive biological behaviour. High‐dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto‐HSCT) is considered to be one of the recommended treatment options. Here, we reported 3 THL patients received carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine and cyclophosphamide (BEAC) combined with chidamide and high‐dose rituximab conditioning regimen and found that this conditioning showed good efficacy and tolerance without increase of adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural hydrogen (H2) has gained considerable attentions as a renewable energy resource to mitigate the globally increasing environmental concerns. Low‐temperature serpentinization (<200 °C) as a typical water–rock reaction is a major source of the natural H2. However, the reaction mechanism and the controlling step to product H2 remained unclear, which hinders the further utilization of natural H2. Herein, we demonstrated that the H2 production rate could be determined by the Fe(OH)2 oxidation during low‐temperature serpentinization. Moreover, the co‐existence of Ni2+ could largely enhance the H2 production kinetics. With the addition of only 1 % Ni2+, the H2 production rate was remarkably enhanced by about two orders of magnitude at 90 °C. D2O isotopic experiment and theoretical calculations revealed that the enhanced H2 production kinetics could be attributed to the catalytic role of Ni2+ to promote the reduction of H2O. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To harvest acoustic energy from urban railways, a novel and practical acoustic energy harvester is developed. The harvester consists of a piezoelectric circular plate and a Helmholtz resonator. Based on the field test data of urban railways, the resonance frequencies of the piezoelectric circular plate and the Helmholtz resonator are near 800 Hz. The Helmholtz resonator is designed to amplify the sound pressure. Thus, a lumped parameter model is established. The piezoelectric circular plate is used to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. The simulation results show that the output power of the harvester is approximately 25 μW and the maximum voltage is 0.149 V under the excitation of urban railway noise. The experiment device is also developed. The maximum output power of the harvester is 8.452 μW, and the maximum voltage is 0.082 V. The experimental and the numerical results are in good agreement and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed acoustic energy harvester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fiber‐optic magnetic field sensor based on magnetic fluid (MF) infiltrated hollow core fiber (HCF) was proposed. The MF infiltrated HCF was used as a micro‐capillary ring resonator, in which, whispering‐gallery modes (WGMs) were exited through a closely placed tapered fiber. Through the intensity modulation introduced by external magnetic field on the resonance dip of the WGM excited in the MF infiltrated HCF, magnetic field measurement can be realized through a cost‐effective way. Experimental results demonstrated a magnetic field linear measurement range of 40–140 Oe, and a sensitivity of 0.04 dB/Oe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Li+ storage rate capability and diffusion dynamics in two‐dimensional (2D) materials are mainly determined by the interlayer spacing of materials. Investigating the effects of interlayer spacing on Li+ diffusion rate in 2D materials can provide a theoretical guidance for developing the high rate 2D materials for Li+ storage. Herein, a novel approach that P‐phenylenediamine (PPDA) electrostatically intercalated into Nb2CTx layers is employed to facilitate fast Li+ diffusion dynamics and improve diffusion rate for Li+ storage. The PPDA molecules existed between Nb2CTx layers have "support and dragline" effects on layers structure during Li+ insertion/exaction. The PPDA‐Nb2CTx not only enlarges interlayer spacing (d=1.27 nm) to accelerate the Li+ diffusion rate, but also enhances the layered structure stability due to the "support and dragline" effects of PPDA molecules. The PPDA‐Nb2CTx exhibits the excellent capacity of 400 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 and displays a superior capacity retention as 70.2 % at 5.0 A g−1 compared with that of 0.5 A g−1. The PPDA‐Nb2CTx//AC lithium ions hybrid capacitor (LIHC) delivers an excellent power density of 2754.8 W kg−1 at an energy density of 58.3 Wh kg−1 and a capacity retention with 80.0 % at 1.0 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. The interlayer engineering based on electrostatic intercalation provides a novel perspective to expand interlayer spacing, possessing a theoretical guidance for developing the Li+ storage materials with high‐rate capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted intensive attention due to the low cost, high safety, and abundant resources. However, up to date, challenges still exist in searching for cathode materials with high working potential, excellent electrochemical activity, and good structural stability. To address these challenges, microstructure engineering has been widely investigated to modulate the physical properties of cathode materials, and thus boosts the electrochemical performances of ZIBs. Here, the recent research efforts on the microstructural engineering of various ZIB cathode materials are mainly focused upon, including composition and crystal structure selection, crystal defect engineering, interlayer engineering, and morphology design. The dependency of cathode performance on aqueous electrolyte for ZIB is further discussed. Finally, future perspectives and challenges on microstructure engineering of cathode materials for ZIBs are provided. It is aimed to provide a deep understanding of the microstructure engineering effect on Zn2+ storage performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mechanical model of a hard roof was built to analyze the pressure relief roof cutting (RCPR) process for gob-side entry retaining (GER) and identify the critical stage of roadway stability control during RCPR. Based on the mechanical analysis of key parameters of automatic roadway with RCPR, the FLAC3D software was adopted to conduct a numerical simulation to investigate the influence law of height and angle of RCPR, to analyze the trend of variations in the vertical displacement of roadway surrounding rock stress and the roof under different conditions, and to verify that the optimal roof cutting height and seam cutting angle of the 12201 working face of Halagou Coal mine are 6 m and 20°, respectively. The effect of automatic roadway with RCPR has been well implemented through conducting the bidirectional cumulative blasting test on site. To impose effective roadway surrounding rock controlling measures on Halagou Coal mine in RCPR of hard, coal-bearing roof structures at a shallow mining depth, constant resistance large deformation anchor cables, in combination with a single hydraulic prop, joist steel 11#, and steel mesh reinforcement, could provide active surrounding rock support. In addition to the active support, surrounding rock control could be strengthened using grouting bolts. Based on the result, the stress in the roadway coal side and the vertical displacement of the roof can be reduced through increasing the roof cutting height, contributing to the stability of the roadway. Increasing of the roof cutting angle will lead to the increasing of stress in the coal side of the roadway and the increasing of roof displacement with a maximum angle of 20°. Meanwhile, the peak of stress concentrating on both sides of the extreme angle is decreased. Thus, increasing the cutting roof angle at random can be unfavorable to the management of roadway roof. To develop RCPR GER, roadway surrounding rock requires greater support when the mine face passes through a cutting slot. After industrial trials, these measures are proved to be effective in controlling surrounding rock movement and developing GER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of multiseam mining under goaf, the surrounding rock control problem of lower coal roadway will be affected by concentrated coal pillar left in upper coal seam goaf and dynamic pressure superposition of working face in this coal seam. Under the geological environment of No. 16 extrathick coal seam in the Laoshidan coal mine and taking the working face 031604 as the research background, the reasonable docking position selection of the withdrawal roadway and the docking roadway in the middle mining period and the surrounding rock stability control problems of the withdrawal roadway and the docking roadway during the final mining period were studied by using the methods of field theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field measurement. The mechanical mechanism of the nonuniform failure of the retreating roadway and the docking roadway during the final mining period is shown, and the control method of the surrounding rock stability of the roadway is put forward and applied. The results show that (1) through the analysis of the superimposed stress under the concentrated coal pillar and the coal seam in advance, the specific butt joint position is arranged at 860 m away from the open-off cut, which is 10 m away from the goaf of No. 12 coal seam. (2) With the working face 031604 advancing through the process, the deviatoric stress value of the withdrawal roadway gradually increases, the maximum principal stress of the two sides of the roadway deflects clockwise from the vertical direction to the horizontal direction, its angle also gradually increases, and the shape of the plastic zone gradually expands from symmetry to asymmetry. (3) It is revealed that the peak value of deviatoric stress on both sides of the docking position of docking roadway increases gradually under the influence of mining and deflects anticlockwise to the vertical direction with the principal stress angle. The joint action of both is the mechanical mechanism that causes the plastic zone to expand in an asymmetric shape. (4) The coordinated control scheme of support (anchor bolt and anchor cable)—modified (grouting)—is adopted for the withdrawal roadway, and the coordinated control scheme of support (anchor bolt and anchor cable)—changing the cross-section shape of the roadway—is adopted for the docking roadway. The purpose of the smooth connection of working face and rapid and safe withdrawal of equipment is achieved on site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fe–Al based flocculants (PAFC) have been widely used in sewage treatment. In this article, a new method for preparing PAFC from red mud was proposed, the magnetic product was upgraded and "downgrading Fe of red mud" was obtained based on a microwave selective carbothermic reduction and magnetic separation technique. The results showed that the Fe and Al contents in "downgrading Fe of red mud" were determined to be 24.60% and 22.27%, respectively. The Fe and Al digestion rates of "downgrading Fe of red mud" were 81.24% and 28.55% during the preparation of PAFC, respectively. The prepared PAFC can effectively achieve the effect of sewage treatment, and the turbidity removal rate of sewage reached 88.17%. In addition, microwave can realize rapid reduction at low temperature, and the magnetite obtained by magnetic separation can be used in the iron‐making process to realize the recycling of resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology of the auroral oval is an important geophysical parameter that helps to further understand the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling process. However, it is still a challenging task to automatically obtain auroral poleward and equatorward boundaries completely and accurately. In this paper, a new model based on the deep feature and dual level set method is proposed to extract the auroral oval boundaries in the images acquired by the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) onboard the Polar spacecraft. With the deep feature extracted by the convolutional neural network (CNN), the corresponding deep feature energy functional is constructed and incorporated into the variational segmentation framework. The dual level set method is implemented to extract the accurate poleward and equatorward boundaries with the gradient descent flow. The experimental results on the test data set demonstrate that this model can extract complete auroral oval contours that are consistent well with annotations and owns higher accuracy compared with the previously proposed methods. Comparison between the extracted auroral boundaries and the precipitating boundaries determined by Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) SSJ precipitating particle data validates that the proposed method is trustworthy to capture the global morphology of the auroral ovals. Key Points: We adopt the convolutional neural network to extract the deep features from Polar/UVI auroral imagesThe deep feature energy functional is constructed and incorporated into the variational framework to determine the auroral boundariesThe extracted boundaries agree well with expert annotations and conform to the DMSP precipitating particle data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is one of the leading countries in the mining and utilization of coal resources, and the problems of coal-mining technology and safety have been concerned by the world, while the serious deformation and destruction of surrounding rock and the difficulty of support have brought inconvenience to the mining of coal resources due to repeated mining. This paper takes the actual engineering 22205 mining roadway in Buertai mine as the research background, through the combination of numerical simulation and field measurement. In this paper, the stress environment, plastic zone, and surrounding rock deformation in the advancing process of coal-mining face are studied, and the stress evolution law of surrounding rock in repeated mining roadway is obtained. It is clarified that the surrounding rock deformation is the failure mechanism under the combined action of principal stress difference and stress direction deflection. As a result, the surrounding rock of the roadway is asymmetrically deformed and destroyed, and the corresponding surrounding rock control scheme is put forward. The results show that the influence of repeated mining on roadway stress environment can be divided into four stages with the mining process: the stability stage of mining influence, the expansion stage of primary mining, the stable stage after primary mining, and the expansion stage of second mining. At the same time, the shape changes of the plastic zone and the displacement monitoring results of the monitoring are analyzed, and the results are obtained; the stage of stress change is suitable, and combined with the failure characteristics of surrounding rock in each stage, it is put forward that reinforcement measures should be taken in the stable stage after mining; the specific reinforcement scheme is determined according to the expansion form of plastic zone and field measurement. The on-site monitoring shows that there is no roof fall accident during the use of the roadway, which ensures the safety in production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the CaAl4O7 ceramics and CaAl12O19 ceramics were fabricated by the solid‐state sintering technology and the effects of CeO2 as the additive on their sintering behavior subjected to sintering at temperatures of 1500°C, 1550°C, and 1600°C were investigated. It was demonstrated that the bulk densities of the CaAl4O7 ceramics and CaAl12O19 ceramics increased about 23.8% and 24.2% after adding 3.0 wt% of CeO2 than that of the samples without additives. Meanwhile, an increase in lattice parameters occurred in the CaAl4O7 ceramics and CaAl12O19 ceramics. The CeO2 could form the solid solution in the CaAl4O7 ceramics, inducing the lattice distortion and the activation of the lattice. The Ce4+ in CeO2 could be dissolved in the structure of CaAl12O19 phase and result in the structural defects, which would accelerate ion exchange and promote the in situ reaction of synthetic products. These behaviors could promote the sintering process of the CaAl4O7 ceramics and CaAl12O19 ceramics and improve their sinterability. Moreover, a considerable increase in bulk density occurred in both CaAl4O7 ceramics and CaAl12O19 ceramics with increasing sintering temperatures due to the greater densification obtained from the enhanced mass transport at elevated temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamellar molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has attracted a wide range of research interests in recent years because of its two‐dimensional layered structure, ultrathin thickness, large interlayer distance, adjustable band gap, and capability to form different crystal structures. These special characteristics and high anisotropy have made MoS2 widely applicable in energy storage and harvesting. In this Minireview, a systematic and comprehensive introduction to MoS2, as well as its composites, is presented. It is aimed to summarize the various synthetic methods of MoS2‐based composites and their application in energy‐storage devices (lithium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, and supercapacitors) in detail. Based on recent studies, this Minireview provides important and comprehensive guidelines for further study and development efforts in the MoS2 in energy‐storage field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a newsvendor model to study the retailer's order quantity, the manufacturer's returns handling strategy, and channel coordination. The manufacturer chooses one of two returns handling strategies: manufacturer handling or retailer handling under the coordinated and decentralized scenarios, respectively. Under the coordinated scenario, we find that when consumer's returns handling cost under manufacturer handling or the manufacturer's returns handling cost is small, consumer returns should be handled by the manufacturer. Under the decentralized scenario, when the retailer's returns handling cost or the consumer's returns handling cost under retailer handling is low, the manufacturer will choose manufacturer handling; both the manufacturer and the retailer may be better off using manufacturer handling (a win–win situation). The impact of the returns handling strategy on the retailer's ordering quantity largely depends on its effect on the consumer's returns handling cost. Finally, we also design buyback contracts to coordinate the supply chain and find that both wholesale price and buyback price under manufacturer handling are higher than those under retailer handling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high performance magnetic nanomaterials has a good application prospect in wastewater treatment. Herein, Fe3O4/C nanocomposites was synthesized by eco‐friendly hydrolysis‐calcination method using potassium fulvic acid (FA−K) and FeCl3⋅6H2O as raw materials. The morphology of Fe3O4/C nanocomposites exhibited a loose pore structure with uniform size (a diameter ∼ 27 nm). The prepared Fe3O4/C nanocomposites possessed excellent dispersibility and magnetic properties in aqueous solution. The removal efficiency and maximum adsorption capacity of Fe3O4/C nanocomposites were 98% and 64.0 mg g−1, respectively. Moreover, it was confirmed that the adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI) contains electrostatic attraction and redox reaction. In this work, we provide a convenient means for manufacturing Fe3O4/C nanocomposites, and prove that FA−K is a cheap carbon source for manufacturing Fe3O4/C nanocomposites, which makes Fe3O4/C nanocomposites have potential application value in the effective adsorption of Cr(VI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the natural history of chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB), the function of B cells is still obscure. Several limited studies have suggested that B cells are highly active in patients with CHB. In the present study, we reported that the 4‐1BB ligand (4‐1BBL) expression on B cells was significantly higher in patients with CHB than that in healthy subjects, meanwhile, the patients with CHB had higher serological IgG levels. Further, after being stimulated with sCD40L or hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg), B cells had higher levels of 4‐1BBL. After being cocultured with 4‐1BBL+ B cells, the expressions of CD69 and 4‐1BB on CD4+ T cells were significantly higher than that cocultured with 4‐1BB− B cells. Cytokines including interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐4, and IL‐6 were significantly higher in the supernatant from 4‐1BBL+ B cells coculture group than those from coculture group of 4‐1BBL− B cell group, respectively; while IFN‐γ and TNF‐α in cocultured supernatant of 4‐1BBL+ B cell group were significantly lower. Consistently, the total IgG levels in culture supernatant were significantly higher in 4‐1BBL+ B cell group. Thus, hyperactive status of B cells in patients with CHB could be partially derived from the higher 4‐1BBL expression on B cells triggered by HBcAg. 4‐1BBL signaling pathway is involved in B cells activation, and further regulates B cell‐T cell interaction by modulating the cytokines secretion, which might be critical in B cells dysfunction during CHB infection. Highlights: CHB patients have higher portion of 4‐1BBL+ B cells and serological IgG levels compared with healthy subjects. HBcAg could induce the upregulation of 4‐1BBL on B cells. 4‐1BBL+ B cells could activate CD4+ T cells and regulate cytokines secretion of T cells. 4‐1BB/4‐1BBL signaling pathway may be critical in high activation and dysfunction of B cells during CHB infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]