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Insulin resistance is a significant contributor to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and low maximal oxygen uptake. While intense and prolonged exercise may have negative effects, physical activity can have a positive influence on cellular metabolism and the immune system. Moderate exercise has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve antioxidant status, whereas intense exercise can increase oxidative stress in the short term. The impact of exercise on pro‐inflammatory cytokine production is complex and varies depending on intensity and duration. Exercise can also counteract the harmful effects of ageing and inflamm‐ageing. This review aims to examine the molecular pathways altered by exercise in non‐obese individuals at higher risk of developing T2D, including glucose utilization, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, inflammation and oxidative stress, with the potential to improve insulin sensitivity. The focus is on understanding the potential benefits of exercise for improving insulin sensitivity and providing insights for future targeted interventions before onset of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress of lipid oxidation in fishery products is complex, as it involves a whole lot of reactions that deter product quality. On the other hand, the use of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has, over the years, been effective in improving food product safety and nutritional quality. In addition, as an oxygen-free and protective food packaging technique, MAP has been shown to effectively minimize overall lipid damage. In this article we discuss how cold to freezing/sub zero-temperatures could be promising for reducing the development of lipid oxidation in fishery products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quality changes and antioxidant properties of microencapsulated kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil (MKSO) were investigated at 6-day intervals during 24 days of storage at 65 °C. DPPH, ABTS, FRAP and BCB assays were used to determine the antioxidant activity (AOA) and their correlations were reported. Total flavonoids content (TFC) and oxidative stability in terms of evolution of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were also studied. The results showed that there was a significant ( p < 0.05) effect of microencapsulation whereby AOA of MKSO showed only a 23.28 % decrease as compared to a 61.51 % decrease in the control bulk oil (KSO) when assessed by FRAP. MKSO showed significantly ( p < 0.05) lower reduction of its initial TFC as compared to KSO and total increase in TBARS of MKSO was reported to be significantly ( p < 0.05) lower than that of KSO. AOA determined by all assays were well correlated with TFC and also among themselves. Microencapsulation of kenaf seed oil was found to be effective in the stabilisation of natural antioxidants and prolonging the shelf-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study that evaluates the genotoxic and oxidative damage potential of glyphosate on human lymphocytes. It states that testing was done with and without metabolic activation and the genotoxicity was evaluated with the use of alkaline comet assay, micronuclei analysis, and other nuclear instabilities. The results showed that DNA damage is not dose-dependent and the lack of observed effects is due to the low number of samples.

The first aim of this study was to test whether there are changes in erythrocyte lipid peroxidation products and membrane fluidity during cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass. Secondly, in vitro tests were performed to examine whether melatonin alters induced lipid peroxidation and reduced membrane fluidity in erythrocytes from these patients. Fifteen patients undergoing cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were selected. Five blood samples were taken at different times during surgery for analysis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) content and membrane fluidity of the erythrocytes. TBARS are an index of the level of lipid peroxidation. The results revealed an increase in TBARS levels and a parallel decrease in erythrocyte membrane fluidity (increased membrane rigidity) after the onset of CPB with respect to the reference sample. Likewise, in vitro induction of lipid peroxidation in the erythrocyte samples from CPB patients followed a similar pattern. The changes in TBARS levels and membrane fluidity were suppressed by pre-incubation of erythrocytes with melatonin prior to the induction (by 70 μ m Fe2+ + 250 μ m ascorbate) of lipid peroxidation in a concentration-dependent manner. The results constitute a persuasive argument for the use of melatonin for preventive and therapeutic purposes during CPB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]