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Low‐grade inflammation is central to coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is reduced by exercise training. The objective of this study was to compare the anti‐inflammatory potential of moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity continuous training (MICT) and high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) in patients with CAD with or without T2D. The design and setting of this study is based on a secondary analysis of registered randomized clinical trial NCT02765568. Male patients with CAD were randomly assigned to either MICT or HIIT, with subgroups divided according to T2D status (non‐T2D‐HIIT n = 14 and non‐T2D‐MICT n = 13; T2D‐HIIT n = 6 and T2D‐MICT n = 5). The intervention was a 12‐week cardiovascular rehabilitation program consisting of either MICT or HIIT (twice weekly sessions) and circulating cytokines measured pre‐ and post‐training as inflammatory markers. The co‐occurrence of CAD and T2D was associated with increased plasma IL‐8 (p = 0.0331). There was an interaction between T2D and the effect of the training interventions on plasma FGF21 (p = 0.0368) and IL‐6 (p = 0.0385), which were further reduced in the T2D groups. An interaction between T2D, training modalities, and the effect of time (p = 0.0415) was detected for SPARC, with HIIT increasing circulating concentrations in the control group, while lowering them in the T2D group, and the inverse occurring with MICT. The interventions also reduced plasma FGF21 (p = 0.0030), IL‐6 (p = 0.0101), IL‐8 (p = 0.0087), IL‐10 (p < 0.0001), and IL‐18 (p = 0.0009) irrespective of training modality or T2D status. HIIT and MICT resulted in similar reductions in circulating cytokines known to be increased in the context of low‐grade inflammation in CAD patients, an effect more pronounced in patients with T2D for FGF21 and IL‐6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the interplay between high fat and low muscle mass on cardiometabolic risk factors at baseline and in response to exercise in type 2 diabetes.Methods: Using baseline percent body fat and skeletal muscle mass index, 248 participants were divided into high fat versus low fat and low muscle versus high muscle. Linear mixed models were used to examine the main effects of fat mass and muscle mass and their interaction on baseline cardiometabolic risk factors and changes in risk factors in response to 6-month exercise training.Results: At baseline, there was a fat mass by muscle mass interaction effect on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c ; P = 0.009), suggesting that low muscle was associated with elevated HbA1c in those with high fat but not low fat. Significant interactions between baseline fat mass and muscle mass on the exercise-induced changes in visceral adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and triglyceride concentration indicated that low muscle attenuated the exercise responses in participants with high fat at baseline (all P < 0.05).Conclusions: High fat and low muscle may be synergistically associated with higher HbA1c in type 2 diabetes. In participants with high fat mass, low muscle mass may attenuate exercise-induced improvements in some cardiometabolic risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]