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Background Objectives Participants and Methods Results Conclusions Measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum (SC) pH can help indicate work‐related skin barrier damage, but sensitivity to confounding personal and ambient factors limits their potential as biomonitoring tools.To evaluate the difference between hand and forearm skin barrier conditions as a tool for early recognition of workers with occupational contact dermatitis.The participants were nursing apprentices (N = 238, median age 19 years) from Zagreb, Croatia. They filled out a questionnaire based on the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire, underwent a clinical examination of skin on the hands, and were evaluated for their TEWL and SC pH on the dorsum of the hand and volar part of the forearm.We found that the difference between hand and forearm TEWL values (ΔTEWL) greater than 7 g/m2/h, or >50%, or the difference in SC ΔpH >0.50, predicted visible skin changes found on clinical examination. However, only the association with ΔpH >0.50 retained statistical significance when controlled for sex, age, ambient temperature, and relative humidity in a multiple regression model.The difference between hand and forearm SC pH values is suggested as a reliable biomonitoring tool in recognition of damaged skin barrier conditions in occupational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study explored the enhanced skin moisturizing capabilities and moisture retention effects achieved by forming a polyion complex using sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG), specifically chondroitin sulfate (CS), and amino acids (AA) such as glutamine (Q) and arginine (R). The overall hydration effect of this CS‐AA complex was examined. Methods: After analyzing the CS‐AA polyion complex structure using spectroscopic methods, the ex vivo moisture retention ability was assessed under dry conditions using porcine skin samples. Additionally, the efficacy of the CS‐AA polyion complex in reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and improving skin hydration was evaluated on human subjects using a digital evaporimeter and a corneometer, respectively. Results: Validating a systematic reduction in particle size, the following order was observed: CS > CS/AA simple mixture > CS‐AA complex based on dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Furthermore, observations revealed that the CS‐AA complex exhibits negligible surface charge. Additionally, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) analysis demonstrated a distinct peak shift in the complex, confirming the successful formation of the CS‐AA complex. Subsequently, the water‐holding effect through porcine skin was assessed, revealing a notable improvement in moisture retention (weight loss) for the CS‐Q complex: 40.6% (1 h), 20.5% (2 h), and 18.7% (4 h) compared to glycerin. Similarly, the CS‐R complex demonstrated enhancements of 50.2% (1 h), 37.5% (2 h), and 33% (4 h) compared to glycerin. Furthermore, TEWL improvement efficacy on human skin demonstrated approximately 25% improvement for both the CS‐Q complex and CS‐R complex, surpassing the modest 12.5% and 18% improvements witnessed with water and glycerin applications, respectively. Finally, employing a corneometer, hydration changes in the skin were monitored over 4 weeks. Although CS alone exhibited nominal alterations, the CS‐Q complex and CS‐R complex showed a significant increase in moisture levels after 4 weeks of application. Conclusion: In this study, polyion complexes were successfully formed between CS, a sulfated GAG, and AA. Comparisons with glycerin, a well‐known moisturizing agent, confirmed that the CS‐AA complex exhibits superior moisturizing effects in various aspects. These findings suggest that the CS‐AA complex is a more effective ingredient than CS or AA alone in terms of efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although non‐invasive diagnostic methods are widely used to examine the nail apparatus (NA), studies in healthy ones are scarce, and analyzes were often conducted in small groups. In the literature, there are only a few reports on TOWL measurements. The results of TEWL studies in the proximal nailfold have not been published so far. Materials and Methods: Based on a detailed interview and physical examination, 81 volunteers (40 women and 41 men) aged from 22 to 65 years were qualified for the study. In this study, the overall examination of the NA in relation to water loss was performed for the first time, regarding the hand (d, dominant; n, non‐dominant) and finger types (number, start of count from thumbs) as well as sex and age. Results: The average TEWL value in the entire group ranged from 7.53 c.u. in the finger nd4 to 11.09 c.u. in nd1. Both in the dominant and non‐dominant hand, in the entire analyzed group, and taking into account gender, weak statistically significant relationships were observed between the finger type value and TEWL (p < 0.05).The TEWL values were lower moving away from the thumb, The average TOWL value in the entire group ranged from 5.01 c.u. in d1 to 7.34 c.u. in d5. Both in the dominant and non‐dominant hand, in the entire analyzed group and considering gender, statistically significant relationships were observed between the type of finger and TOWL values (p < 0.05). The TOWL values were higher moving away from the thumb. Subsequently, the values of TOWL and TEWL did not depend on type of hand (dominant or non‐dominant), sex and age. Weak and moderate statistically significant correlations were found between TEWL and TOWL values in the entire study group and in females, as well as in selected fingers in males (d2, nd2, d3, nd3, d5, nd5) (p < 0.05, r < 0.27). Conclusion: Non‐invasive diagnostics such TEWL and TOWL measurements are useful to assess differences in structure and function between types of fingers. However, obtained results demand further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intensified hand hygiene measures were recommended for preventing the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2. However, these measures can lead to skin damage and the development of hand eczema, particularly among health professionals. Objectives: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effects of repeated antiseptic use on healthy skin under controlled conditions and to assess the emollient use. Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers (nine females, age = 22.3 ± 2.8 years (mean ± SD), Fitzpatrick phototypes II and III) with no skin diseases were recruited. Antiseptic was applied daily for 3 weeks on the volar sides of forearms. Emollient cream was also applied daily. Skin assessments were performed using non‐invasive methods (transepidermal water loss—TEWL, skin hydration, erythema and melanin content). Results: Prolonged antiseptic use increased TEWL, decreased hydration and elevated erythema and melanin levels. Emollient cream significantly reduced TEWL and improved hydration on antiseptic‐treated sites, and also enhanced hydration on intact skin. Conclusions: Prolonged use of antiseptics can have adverse effects on the skin, including barrier disruption and inflammation. Emollient showed promise in improving skin hydration and reducing the damage caused by antiseptics. Further research with a larger sample is needed to confirm these findings and assess emollient efficacy during frequent antiseptic use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the utility of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) to stratum corneum hydration (SCH) ratio in atopic dermatitis (AD). The study compares the performance of the TEWL:SCH ratio to TEWL and SCH alone in differentiating nonlesional skin in AD from healthy controls, differentiating disease severity in nonlesional AD skin, and identifying changes after emollient treatment in nonlesional AD skin. The results show that TEWL alone is the best indicator for distinguishing AD from controls and disease severity, while the TEWL:SCH ratio may be more sensitive to changes after emollient use. The study suggests that the TEWL:SCH ratio could be a useful measure in future dermatology trials. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of 1,3‐propanediol at different concentrations (5%, 10%, or 15%), either applied alone or in combination with butylene glycol (BG) (5%) and/or glycerol (5%), on skin hydration and skin barrier function. The measurements were conducted using capacitance to determine skin hydration and trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) rates to evaluate skin barrier function. Methods: A total of 30 healthy female subjects participated in the study. Capacitance and TEWL measurements were conducted at multiple time points, including before application and at 15 min, 2 and 8 h after the humectants were applied to the forearms of the subjects. All the subjects provided written informed consent. Results: The 1,3‐propanediol in all concentrations and in all combinations (with BG and/or glycerol) increased skin hydration and improved skin barrier function 15 min, 2 and 8 h after application. Glycerol increased the hydration performance of 1,3‐propanediol. The application of 1,3‐propanediol at a concentration of 15%, either alone or in combination with other humectants, reduced the TEWL to a greater extent than lower concentrations of 1,3‐propanediol. Furthermore, the addition of glycerol to 1,3‐propanediol 15% improved the skin barrier and reduced TEWL when compared with 1,3‐propanediol alone and with the combination of 1,3‐propanediol + BG. Conclusion: The humectants significantly improved skin hydration and reduced TEWL throughout the 8‐h time course. The increase in 1,3‐propanediol concentration, as well as its combination with glycerol, provided a greater benefit to the skin, improving both hydration and the skin barrier function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gluconolactone (GLA) exhibits antioxidant and moisturizing effects. It also presents soothing effects, protects elastin fibers from UV‐induced degradation, and improves the function of the skin barrier. Aims: Evaluation of skin parameters such as pH, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum levels before, during, and after a series of applications of 10% and 30% GLA chemical peel in a split‐face model. Materials and Methods: The study involved 16 female subjects. Three split‐face procedures were performed using two concentrations of GLA solution applied on two sides of the face. The skin parameters were measured before treatments and 7 days after the last procedure at four measurement sites on either side of the face, that is, on the forehead, around the eye, on the cheek, and on the nose wing. Results: Measurement of sebum demonstrated some statistically significant changes between sebum levels in the cheeks after a series of treatments. The pH measurement showed that the pH value was reduced after each treatment at all measurement points. The level of TEWL after treatments was significantly lower around the eyes, on the left forehead, and on the right cheek. There were no significant differences between the use of different concentrations of the GLA solution. Conclusions: The results of the study show that GLA has a significant influence on lowering skin pH and TEWL. GLA also has seboregulatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The application of polyhydroxy acids and alpha‐hydroxy acids to the skin is often used in cosmetology. To enhance the effect of gluconolactone chemical peeling, a combined method including water‐oxygen oxybrasion or microneedle mesotherapy can be used. Objectives: To evaluate skin parameters such as hydration, sebum, pH and TEWL after application of a 10% gluconolactone chemical peel in combination with oxybrasion and microneedling. Materials and methods: Twenty‐one Caucasian women participated in the study. A series of three split face treatments was carried out at 1‐week intervals. Oxybrasion was performed on the right side of the face and micro‐needle mesotherapy on the left side. A 10% gluconolactone solution was applied to the entire face. Before the first and third treatments and 2 weeks after the last treatment, skin parameters were evaluated. Photographic documentation was also made before and after the treatment series. Results and conclusion: Evaluation of skin parameters using Courage & Khazaka 580 Multi Probe Adapter probes (Courage + Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) showed an increase in hydration and a decrease in sebum, pH and TEWL for both treatments. There were no statistically significant differences between the treatments. Combining chemical peeling of gluconolactone with oxybrasion and microneedle mesotherapy is a good method to seal the hydrolipid barrier and increase skin hydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The fundamental function of the epidermis is to provide an inside‐out barrier to water loss and an outside‐in barrier to penetration of external irritants. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) has been extensively used as a method of estimating the skin barrier quality, typically without any consideration of directionality. The validity of TEWL as an estimate of skin permeability to external substances has been controversial in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this work was to assess the relationship between TEWL and the penetration of a topically applied external marker (caffeine) in healthy skin in vivo before and following a challenge to the barrier. Methods: The skin barrier was challenged by application of aqueous solutions of mild cleanser products under occlusion for 3 h on the forearms of nine human participants. Skin barrier quality was evaluated before and after the challenge by measuring the TEWL rate and the permeated amount of topically applied caffeine using in vivo confocal Raman microspectroscopy. Results: No skin irritation was observed following the skin barrier challenge. TEWL rates and the caffeine penetrated amount in the stratum corneum after the challenge were not correlated. A weak correlation was observed when the changes were corrected to water‐only treatment. TEWL values can be influenced by environmental conditions as well as the skin temperature and water content. Conclusions: Measuring TEWL rates is not always representative of the outside‐in barrier. TEWL may be useful in differentiating large changes in skin barrier function (e.g., between healthy and compromised skin) but is less sensitive to small variations following topical application of mild cleansers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endogenous and exogenous factors can alter the skin layer and appearance, determining skin aging. The extracts and isolated molecules from food matrixes can be used to formulate "healthy" antiaging cosmetics. Two different cosmetic approaches can be used to achieve the antiaging effect. It is possible to use topical products based on food extract (cosmeceutical approach) or take a food supplement and apply a topical cosmetic product based on food extract on the surface to be treated (nutricosmetic approach). This work evaluated in vivo the antiaging potential of a nutricosmetic formulation (cream + food supplement) and a cosmeceutical cream based on Curcuma. The choice of the commercial Curcuma extract to be used for experimental purposes was based on the curcuminoid content determined by an HPLC test. Curcuminoids are the bioactive compounds responsible for Curcuma's antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. Their levels in Curcuma extracts vary according to the storage condition, variety, and pedoclimatic cultivation conditions. The Tewameter® TM300 was used to evaluate the Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL), the Corneometer® CM 825 to determine the moisturizing effect, the Cutometer® to estimate the skin firmness and elasticity, the Dermascan to assess the collagen index, and the Visioface® 1000D to evaluate the wrinkles. The nutricosmetic product showed potential as moisturizing, anti‐age, and anti‐wrinkle action better than the cosmeceutical product alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scalp conditions such as flaky or oily scalp affect people across ethnicities and age groups. In addition to flaking, increased sebum secretion, itching, and compromised scalp barrier function were described. Scalp conditions are aesthetically disturbing and may cause psychological distress in affected individuals who are looking for mild and effective treatment at the same time. Saccharide isomerate has a long history as a skin moisturizer, and it was found to improve skin barrier function, also suggesting possible beneficial effects on scalp. Aims: To provide relevant claim substantiation to introduce saccharide isomerate as a new scalp care active against scalp flaking condition. Material and Methods: We conducted a placebo‐controlled clinical study in an adult Chinese population affected by dandruff scalp as assessed by an adherent scalp flaking score. We monitored transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum secretion, and scalp flaking during 28 days. Results: Formulations containing Saccharide isomerate significantly improved all parameters both over time as well as compared to the placebo formulation. Conclusion: We propose Saccharide isomerate for cosmetic formulations directed toward improving scalp conditions such as dandruff or oily scalp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Moisturizers play an essential role in maintaining the integrity of the skin barrier by increasing stratum corneum hydration (SCH) and reducing transepidermal water loss (TEWL). According to dermatology and allergy guidelines, moisturizers should be applied on the skin within 3 min after bathing or showering. However, there is very little evidence supporting this recommendation. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of immediate and delayed moisturizing after bathing/washing on the improvement of SCH and TEWL. Methods: This was a crossover study of 60 healthy Vietnamese volunteers aged 18–25 years. In each subject, SCH and TEWL levels were measured at three areas: non‐moisturized, immediate moisturizing after washing, and delayed moisturizing at 30 min after washing. Results: In non‐moisturized skin, SCH and TEWL levels were significantly different from the baseline at 60 min after washing, while significantly decreased TEWL levels were observed immediately after moisturizing. In addition, moisturized skin had significantly higher SCH and lower TEWL levels compared with non‐moisturized areas at every time point (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the percentage changes of SCH and TEWL levels from baseline did not differ between immediately and delayed moisturized areas. Conclusions: Tested moisturizer helped increase SCH and decrease TEWL; however, there was no difference in moisturizing effectiveness between immediate and delayed moisturizing in healthy skin. The recommendation of immediate application of moisturizers after bathing/washing should be reconsidered, and more studies are needed to establish a stronger recommendation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The emollients are important ingredients used in skincare formulations that can act as moisturizing agents through their occlusive potential, preventing skin water loss. Consumer interest in natural and sustainable products has grown considerably in the last few years, requiring efforts from the cosmetic industry to design products with raw materials of natural, organic, and sustainable origin. Thus, it is essential to improve the knowledge about the behavior of cosmetic raw materials that can be used as sustainable alternatives to synthetic ingredients. Aim: This work aimed to evaluate the occlusive performance of different vegetable oils used as emollients in skincare cosmetics, through comparative analysis with petrolatum, a synthetic emollient with a high occlusive skin potential. Method: The study included 80 healthy female adult volunteers. TEWL measurements were performed before and after 15 min, 2 and 6 h of emollients application on the forearms of the research participants. All research participants provided written informed consent. Results: The results obtained showed that the vegetable oils were effective in providing an occlusive effect on the skin. When compared to the petrolatum, the vegetable oils did not provide a high immediate skin occlusion effect. However, most of them showed a skin occlusion performance comparable to petrolatum throughout the 6 h time course. Conclusion: Vegetable oils can be used as a sustainable alternative to synthetic emollients, and they are promising in replacing petrolatum in skincare formulations with respect to the occlusion effect of the skin. The vegetable oils did not provide a high immediate skin occlusion effect (15 min post‐application) as the petrolatum, which is known to have increased occlusion properties. However, most of them showed a skin occlusion performance comparable to petrolatum throughout the 6‐hour time course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excised animal and human skins are frequently used in permeability testing in pharmaceutical research. Several factors exist that may have influence on the results. In the current study some of the skin parameters that may affect drug permeability were analysed for human, mouse, rat and pig skin. Materials and methods: Classic biophysical skin parameters were measured (e.g. pH, hydration, permittivity, transepidermal water loss). Physiological characteristics of the skins were also analysed by confocal Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and two‐photon microscopy. Results: Based on biophysical testing, skin barrier function was damaged in psoriatic mouse skin and in marketed pig skin. Hydration and pH values were similar among the species, but freezing and thawing reduced the water content of the skins and shifted the surface pH to acidic. Aging reduced hydration and permittivity, resulting in impaired barrier function. Mechanical sensitization used in permeability studies resulted in proportional thinning of dead epidermis. Discussion: Results indicate that depending on the scientific question it should be considered whether fresh or frozen tissue is used, and for certain purposes rodent skins are well usable. The structure of the skin tissue (ceramide, cholesterol, keratin, natural moisturizing factor or urea) is similar in rats and mice, but due to the higher skin thickness the lipid distribution is different in porcine skin. Psoriasis led to irregular chemical composition of the skin. Conclusion: A comprehensive evaluation of skin samples of four species was performed. The biophysical and microscopic observations should be considered when selecting drug penetration models and experimental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies investigating simultaneous influence of personal and workrelated factors on skin health during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic are missing. Objectives: To investigate the associations of skin hazards relevant for nursing apprentices with parameters of skin barrier function. Methods: A total of 238 nursing apprentices attending the final year of education (median age 19 years) from vocational schools in Zagreb, Croatia, were enrolled in this study. We administered a questionnaire based on the Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire to the nursing apprentices, performed clinical examination of skin on the hands, and evaluated transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum (SC) pH on the dorsum of the hand. Results: Around half of nursing apprentices had compromised hand skin barrier function, as indicated by TEWL values >25 g/m2/h (48%) and SC pH >5.5 (57%). Skin barrier was compromised in around 40% of nursing apprentices without clinically observed skin symptoms. Elevated SC pH was independent of ambient conditions associated with skin symptoms and female sex. Conclusions: Measurement of SC pH was shown to be less sensitive to field conditions than TEWL, and should be employed more in the field studies. Strengthening of skin health promotion in healthcareworkers and apprentices is needed in pandemic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dry skin, caused by improper care or genetic conditions, can affect people of all ages. Skin hydration is determined its lipid content, which inhibits water loss from the epidermis, as well as other substances such as polyhydroxy acids and gluconolactone that can bind water. The aim of this study was to evaluate skin hydration after the application of 10% and 30% gluconolactone solution in a split face model. Materials and methods: Sixteen healthy women were qualified for the study. Three split face treatments were performed, with 10% and 30% gluconolactone solution applied to two sides of the face. Skin moisture was measured before each treatment and a week after the last treatment at three measurement sites on either side of the face, that is, on the forehead, around the eye and on the cheek. Results: Corneometric measurements showed a significant increase in facial skin hydration after gluconolactone treatment. No significant differences were observed between the application of 10% and 30% solution. Conclusion: Gluconolactone is a moisturizing substance which works well in dry skin care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Skin barrier functions develop after birth and may be related to skin disorders in infants. We aimed to assess associations between dynamic trends of four skin barrier functional parameters in early life with infant atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: Based on the prospective cohort MKNFOAD (NCT02889081), we examined transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration (SCH), skin pH, and sebum content at five anatomical sites (cheek, forehead, forearm, abdomen, and lower leg) in 418 term infants at birth, 42 days, and 6 months. Trend differences by sex and association with AD at age 1 year were tested using variance analyses. Associations of the parameters with AD risk were tested using discrete time survival analysis, adjusting extensive covariates including parental history of allergy, infant's sex, birth weight (kg), and delivery mode. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CIs) were reported. Results: Overall TEWL and SCH appeared trends of increase while skin surface pH and sebum content showed trends of decrease within the first six postnatal months. Sex differences were significant for sebum content only (p < 0.001). After adjustment for parental and children covariates, cheek TEWL at birth (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.00–1.57, p = 0.045) and 42 days (OR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.17–1.97, p = 0.002) were significantly associated with increased AD risk. Associations were not observed between SCH, skin pH, and sebum content at birth or 42 days with AD. Conclusions: Skin barrier functions of Chinese term infants varied nonlinearly after birth. Higher postnatal TEWL levels in early life indicate higher risk of early‐onset AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The human skin is greatly affected by external factors such as UV radiation (UVR), ambient temperature (T), and air humidity. These factors oscillate during the year giving rise to the seasonal variations in the skin properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of seasons, environmental T, relative and absolute humidity on the skin parameters of Caucasian women, perform a literature review and discuss the possible factors lying behind the found changes. Materials and Methods: We measured stratum corneum (SC) hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum level, erythema index, and elasticity parameters R2 and R7 on the forehead and the cheek of Caucasian women from the Czech Republic throughout the year. We also performed a non‐systematic literature review focused on the seasonal variations in these skin parameters. Results: We confirmed a well‐documented low SC hydration and sebum production in winter. In spring, we found the lowest TEWL (on the forehead) and the highest SC hydration but also the highest erythema index and the lowest elasticity presumably indicating skin photodamage. For most of the skin parameters, the seasonal variations probably arise due to a complex action of different factors as we extensively discussed. Conclusion: The data about the seasonal variations in the skin parameters are still highly inconsistent and further studies are needed for better understanding of the normal skin changes throughout the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Lips can easily become dry and rough, one reason being the characteristics of their ceramide (CER) profile. Lips have lower levels of total ceramides, higher percentages of CER[NS] and CER[AS], and lower percentages of CER[NP] and CER[NH] than skin in other regions of the body. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of synthetic pseudo‐ceramide (pCer; Cetyl‐PG hydroxyethyl palmitamide) to improve the dryness and roughness of the lips of healthy subjects in a formulation that exclude an occlusive effect. METHODS: Thirty‐one Japanese female subjects with normal skin (age range 21–37 years; mean 28.6) were enrolled in this study. A four‐week continuous use test was conducted using samples with or without 0.5% or 2.0% pCer. The degree of lip roughness was scored, and values of capacitance, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and lip surface elasticity were measured. Endogenous CER profiles and absorption levels of pCer in the stratum corneum (SC) were analysed in tape‐stripped skin specimens. RESULTS: Treatment with the pCer‐2.0% sample significantly improved the visual roughness score after 2 and 4 weeks compared to 0 weeks and compared to the Blank. Moreover, an improvement in TEWL was observed after 4 weeks of treatment with the pCer‐2.0% sample. CER[NP] showed a significant increase in pCer‐2.0% treated lips after 4 weeks compared to the Blank. Both pCer‐0.5% and pCer‐2.0% were significantly absorbed after 2 weeks compared with the Blank. CONCLUSION: The effect of the synthetic pseudo‐ceramide pCer to improve the roughness of lips was shown excluding the effect of occlusiveness derived from the formulation for the first time. Since the improvement of TEWL and absorption of pCer was observed, we concluded that pCer was first absorbed in rough lip areas, improved the ceramide profile and consequently restored the barrier function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated impacts of local skin heating on skin properties and tested whether skin changes depended on heat‐induced hyperaemia. It was reasoned that heat‐induced vasodilation impacts accompanying interstitial fluid changes. Forearm skin was locally heated from a baseline of 35°C to 40–42°C in 30 young adults (15 females, 15 males, 24.9 ± 2.1 years) and non‐heated in 10 others (5 females, 5 males, 25.2 ± 1.3 years. Skin blood flow (SBF) was continuously measured using a laser Doppler method and skin tissue dielectric constant (TDC), stratum corneum capacitance (SCC) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured before and after maintained heat for 12 min. TDC values were determined to effective measurement depths of 1.5 mm (TDC15) and 2.5 mm (TDC25). Results showed a large heat‐induced hyperaemia, with SBF increasing on average 8.8‐fold from its baseline of 35°C. Heating also caused significant increases in TDC, SCC and TEWL that, compared to preheating, increased approximately 1.1‐fold, 3.1‐fold and 4.5‐fold. None of these skin changes correlated with the magnitude of the SBF hyperaemic response. Absence of this correlation may indicate that in young healthy adults, increased capillary filtration due to heat‐induced arteriolar vasodilation is rapidly accommodated by postcapillary reabsorption, enhanced lymphatic activity and TEWL processes. An alternate explanation is that heating caused increased red cell oscillations that were detected as part of the laser Doppler increase without representing increased capillary flux. The major determinant of the Increases in TDC, SCC and TEWL is likely a consequence of heat‐induced eccrine gland activation. Studies of older persons or those with depressed function are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydration is an important factor to promote skin barrier function, metabolism, and appearance. In this process, the presence of aquaglyceroporins, envelope and lipid synthesis, and metabolism proteins are essential to provide greater corneocyte cohesion and to form a barrier avoiding transepidermal water loss. Objective: We evaluated the effects of a new topical pigment‐free agent containing an Anadenanthera colubrina polysaccharide‐rich dermocosmetic preparation (ACP) on the aquaporin‐3 (AQP‐3), filaggrin (FLG), involucrin (INV), glucocerebrosidase (GBA), and elongation of very‐long‐chain fatty acid (ELOVL) proteins production in skin human fragments, as well as on the transepidermal water loss in a double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Methods: AQP3, FLG, INV, GBA, and ELOVL3 levels were measured by immunofluorescence analysis in human skin explants. Clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of ACP 1% and ACP 3% on the transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Results: Image and statistical analysis showed that ACP 3% significantly increased at 90% the expression of AQP3. Similarly, ACP 3% was able to promote a significant increase of 68% and 51% in FLG and INV, respectively. ACP 3% produced no effects on the GBA and ELOVL3 proteins. Transepidermal water loss was significantly reduced in human volunteers under treatment with ACP 1% and ACP 3%. Conclusion: ACP reduced transepidermal water loss in a clinical trial, promoting human skin hydration. These effects were related to modulation of the AQP3, FLG, and INV as evidenced by immunofluorescence assay. This way, A colubrina polysaccharide‐rich phytopharmaceutical preparation is an effective additive product to skin hydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hairdressing apprentices are at high risk for developing occupational contact dermatitis. Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyse whether there are differences in skin health, skin protection and health‐related quality of life between apprentices from two Croatian regions (Zagreb and Dalmatia). Materials and methods: Final‐year hairdressing apprentices from Zagreb (n = 101) and Dalmatia (n = 77) were enrolled in the study. Clinical examination of hands was performed by use of the Osnabrück Hand Eczema Severity Index. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured on forearm and hand. A history of self‐reported skin symptoms, work‐related exposure to skin hazards and health‐related quality of life were assessed with validated questionnaires. Results: Apprentices from Zagreb reported having been engaged in practical work more days per month than Dalmatian apprentices (median 12 days vs 8 days, respectively, P < 0.001), and washing their hands >20 times per day more frequently (28% vs 10%, respectively, P = 0.004), and consequently more frequently having dry hands (37% vs 16%, respectively, P = 0.002), and significantly higher TEWL values on the hand and forearm, which was confirmed by the results obtained with multiple linear regression models. Conclusions: A higher extent of exposure to skin hazards was related to poorer skin barrier function, which confirms the need for improvement of appropriate safety practices in hairdressing schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ostomy barriers are adhesive devices designed to hold pouching systems to the abdomen and protect the peristomal skin from stoma effluent. The objective of this study was to determine differences in the extent of skin trauma resulting from serially applying and removing two types of ostomy barriers. Methods: The study was a randomized, prospective, repeated measure trial involving healthy volunteers. The ostomy skin barriers were applied to the abdomen and changed every 3‐4 days over a 17‐day period. Skin observations (erythema, stripping, edge irritation and overall comparisons) were completed by a trained (blinded) observer. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements were completed by a separate (blinded) technician. TEWL was measured in a designated site and again in the most visually traumatized location at termination. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the two test devices in all assessments but visual observation of erythema. Highly significant differences in TEWL were found between the test products when measured at termination from the most visually traumatized sites. Conclusions: The ostomy barrier with ceramide was significantly less disruptive to the epidermis than the ostomy barrier without ceramide. TEWL measurements were more sensitive to changes in the barrier function of the skin than visual observation of erythema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Panthenol is an active substance used in dermatology to protect the health of the skin, to treat defects in the morphology of the stratum corneum. In cosmetology, hydrating, softening, and barrier function of panthenol are utilized. Detailed studies evaluating the efficacy of panthenol in cosmetic and pharmaceutical semisolid formulations and establishing its optimum concentration are needed. Objectives: To investigate whether an addition of 5‐13 wt% panthenol in o/w and w/o emulsions increases hydration and supports the barrier properties of the skin. Rheological properties and sensory analysis of prepared formulations are supplemented. Methods: Noninvasive instrumental methods in vivo were used. The hydration and barrier effect of semisolid formulations on the skin were observed for 48 hour; testing was conducted on 40 women. The effect was compared with formulations without any content of panthenol. The rheological and organoleptic properties of the formulations were evaluated. Results: After applying either form of the formulations containing 7‐11 wt% of panthenol hydration of the skin increased, transepidermal water loss decreased. pH of the skin shifted toward neutral after application of tested formulations. The rheological properties of the formulations were influenced by the type of vehicle, the amount of panthenol, and temperature. Sensory evaluation of both semisolid forms revealed statistically significant differences in o/w formulations with regard to spreadability. Conclusions: The presence of panthenol in an o/w and w/o semisolid formulations significantly enhances skin barrier repair and hydration of the stratum corneum. Better vehicle for the active substance as regards hydration proved o/w formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Skin hydration is generally assessed using the parameters of skin surface water content (SWC) and trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL). To date, few studies have characterized skin conditions using correlations between skin hydration parameters and corneocyte parameters. Aims: The parameters SWC and TEWL allow the classification of skin conditions into four distinct Groups. The purpose of this study was to assess the characteristics of skin conditions classified by SWC and TEWL for correlations with parameters from corneocytes. Methods: A human volunteer test was conducted that measured SWC and TEWL. As corneocyte‐derived parameters, the size and thick abrasion ratios, the ratio of sulfhydryl groups and disulfide bonds (SH/SS) and CP levels were analyzed. Results: Volunteers were classified by their median SWC and TEWL values into 4 Groups: Group I (high SWC/low TEWL), Group II (high SWC/high TEWL), Group III (low SWC/low TEWL), and Group IV (low SWC/high TEWL). Group IV showed a significantly smaller size of corneocytes. Groups III and IV had significantly higher thick abrasion ratios and CP levels. Group I had a significantly lower SH/SS value. The SWC/TEWL value showed a decline in order from Group I to Group IV. Conclusion: Groups classified by their SWC and TEWL values showed characteristic skin conditions. We propose that the SWC and TEWL ratio is a comprehensive parameter to assess skin conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Dryness‐related heel skin problems are common; however, there are very few studies about heel skin dryness. The objective of this study was to develop new assessment methods for evaluating heel skin dryness, to clarify the characteristics associated with heal skin dryness, and assess the effectiveness of moisturizer use according to dryness severity. Materials and methods: We investigated the heel skin of 150 Korean women (aged 20‐78 years). Heel skin images were taken using a DSLR camera and the distribution or severity of flakes, scaling, cracking, and fissures were visually assessed. Skin properties such as hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), amount of dead skin cells, and efficacy of moisturizer were evaluated according to heel xerosis grade. Furthermore, as conventional evaluation methods for desquamation are not appropriate for heel skin, we developed new techniques using binarization of magnified images. Results: Skin hydration tended to decrease and TEWL tended to increase as heel dryness grade increased. The amount of dead skin cells increased with increasing dryness grade using the new technique. Subjects in the severe dryness group achieved similar hydration levels as normal subjects at baseline after 3 hours of moisturizer application. Conclusion: Our new methods of visually classifying heel dryness and quantifying dead skin cells using magnified images effectively evaluated heel skin properties. As heel skin is prone to dryness, daily repetitive application of moisturizer might be helpful for hydrating dry heel skin, and ultimately preventing complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Noninvasive quantification of stratum corneum water content is widely used in skin research and topical product development. Methods: The original EEMCO guidelines on measurements of skin hydration by electrical methods and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) by evaporimeter published in 1997 and 2001 have been revisited and updated with the incorporation of recently available technologies. Results: Electrical methods and open‐chamber evaporimeters for measurement of TEWL are still the preferred techniques to measure the water balance in the stratum corneum. The background technology and biophysics of these instruments remain relevant and valid. However, new methods that can image surface hydration and measure depth profiles of dermal water content now available. Open‐chamber measurement of TEWL has been supplemented with semiopen and closed chamber probes, which are more robust to environmental influence and therefore convenient to use and more applicable to field studies. However, closed chamber methods interfere with the evaporation of water, and the methods cannot be used for continuous monitoring. Validation of methods with respect to intra‐ and inter‐instrument variation remains challenging. No validation standard or test phantom is available. Results and Conclusions: The established methods for measurement of epidermal water content and TEWL have been supplemented with important new technologies including methods that allow imaging of epidermal water distribution and water depth profiles. A much more complete and sophisticated characterization of the various aspects of the dermal water barrier has been accomplished by means of today's noninvasive techniques; however, instrument standardization and validation remain a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background/aims: Lips can easily become dry and rough and their biggest problems are drying and chapping. The cause of those problems is considered to be that the stratum corneum (SC) moisture is small and its barrier function is low. However, those problems decrease in subjects as they approach 40 years of age, after which problems due to their shape and color increase. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between SC properties of the lips during aging and to clarify the cause(s) of lip problems. Methods: One hundred and 38 Japanese female subjects with normal skin ranging in age from 16 to 78 years were enrolled in the study. The capacitance and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) values, viscoelasticity, and color of their lips were measured and compared with their cheeks. Results: The capacitance values for the lip and the cheek increased and TEWL values for both areas decreased with age. TEWL values for the lip decreased until ~30 years of age and this is considered to be related to the problem of drying. Although the maximum amplitude Uf of the lip increased with age, the Ur/Uf had no correlation with age. As for color, the L* and a* values decreased with age. Conclusion: Age‐related changes with regard to SC functions, viscoelasticity and color of the lips have been clarified for the first time, and it is clear that these changes are related to problems of the lips. Compared with the cheeks, differences with the lips are more apparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although keratin hydrolysates have become established as standard components in hair and nail cosmetics, studies on the moisturizing effects of keratin hydrolysates do not appear among contemporary literature. Objectives: To test if adding keratin hydrolysate into an ointment base increases hydration of the skin and improves skin barrier function, or diminishes trans-epidermal water loss. Methods: Formulations were prepared containing 2%, 4%, and 6% keratin hydrolysates (based on weight of the ointment base). The moisturizing properties of keratin hydrolysates were tested by measuring skin hydration, trans-epidermal water loss and skin pH; measurements were carried out at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 4, 24, and 48 h. Testing was conducted on 10 women. Results: As regards hydration, adding 2% keratin hydrolysate to the ointment base is optimal, as an increase of 14%-23% occurs in hydration of the stratum corneum. For trans-epidermal water loss, adding 4% KH to the ointment base is preferential, as this triggers a 26%-46% decrease in trans-epidermal water loss. Conclusions: Keratin hydrolysate acts as a humectant (it binds water from lower layers of the epidermis to the stratum corneum) as well as an occlusive (it reduces trans-epidermal water loss). The highly favorable properties of keratin hydrolysates are attributed to the wide distribution of keratin hydrolysates molecular weights; low-molecular weight fractions easily penetrate the SC, while high-molecular weight fractions form a protective film on the epidermis. Adding keratin hydrolysates to the ointment base did not cause phase separation even after 6 mo storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Experimental work on skin hydration is technologically challenging, and mostly limited to observations where environmental conditions are constant. In some cases, like diapered baby skin, such work is practically unfeasible, yet it is important to understand potential effects of diapering on skin condition. To overcome this challenge, in part, we developed a computer simulation model of reversible transient skin hydration effects. Methods: Skin hydration model by Li et al. (Chem Eng Sci, 138, 2015, 164) was further developed to simulate transient exposure conditions where relative humidity (RH), wind velocity, air, and skin temperature can be any function of time. Computer simulations of evaporative water loss (EWL) decay after different occlusion times were compared with experimental data to calibrate the model. Next, we used the model to investigate EWL and SC thickness in different diapering scenarios. Results: Key results from the experimental work were: (1) For occlusions by RH=100% and free water longer than 30 minutes the absorbed amount of water is almost the same; (2) Longer occlusion times result in higher water absorption by the SC. The EWL decay and skin water content predictions were in agreement with experimental data. Simulations also revealed that skin under occlusion hydrates mainly because the outflux is blocked, not because it absorbs water from the environment. Further, simulations demonstrated that hydration level is sensitive to time, RH and/or free water on skin. In simulated diapering scenarios, skin maintained hydration content very close to the baseline conditions without a diaper for the entire duration of a 24 hours period. Conclusion: Different diapers/diaper technologies are known to have different profiles in terms of their ability to provide wetness protection, which can result in consumer-noticeable differences in wetness. Simulation results based on published literature using data from a number of different diapers suggest that diapered skin hydrates within ranges considered reversible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Purpose: Although measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is important to assess the barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC), the commercially available instruments are rather expensive. Recently launched Model H4500 employs a closed-chamber system to measure TEWL and is more reasonably priced compared to devices currently in general use. Methods: To check the reproducibility of the obtained data with H4500, we conducted measurements on the volar forearms of healthy volunteers and compared these data with those measured with Vapometer® and Tewameter®. Then, we checked the correlations between the TEWL data obtained with these different devices on the same volar forearms of 15 healthy volunteers before and after the artificial production of barrier damage of the SC by tape stripping or by 0.5% aqueous solution of sodium lauryl sulfate. Results: The obtained intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC, [1, 1]) with 95% CI of H4500 was 0.927 (0.835-0.978). Namely, an excellent correlation could be found in the values of TEWL measured with these three different instruments not only on healthy skin but also on the artificially barrier-damaged skin. Conclusions: H4500 is considered to be practical for daily use because of its performance as well as its reasonable price as compared with conventional devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Bioactive peptides have beneficial effects on the skin. Objective We investigated to evaluate the effect of acetyl hexapeptide-3 and tripeptide-10 citrulline and the possible synergism between these two peptides. Methods Twenty-four healthy volunteers were randomized to receive combination of acetyl hexapeptide-3 with tripeptide-10 citrulline (Group G1), tripeptide-10 citrulline (Group, G2), acetyl hexapeptide-3 (Group G3), or neither peptide (Group G4) for 60 days. Skin properties evaluated included skin microtopography, parameters cR2 and cR3, and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) using a skin visioscan and a tewameter, respectively. Results After 20 days, the measurements between G1 and G2 groups ( cR2 P=.045, cR3 P=.044), G2 and G3 groups ( cR2 P=.017, cR3 P=.017), G3 and G4 groups ( CR2 P=.022), and G2 and G4 groups ( cR3 P=.028) from baseline were significant. After 60 days, measurements between groups G1 and G3 ( cR2 P=.016, cR3 P=.025), groups G2 and G3 ( cR2 P=.044, cR3= P=.044), and groups G1 and G4 ( cR2 P=.025) were significant. After 20 days, changes in TEWL between groups G1 and G3 ( P=.03), groups G2 and G3 ( P=.045), and groups G3 and G4 ( P=.025) were significant. After 40 days, changes between groups G2 and G3 ( P=.028) and groups G3 and G4 ( P=.01) from baseline were significant. Conclusion Our results confirm the antiwrinkle activity of acetyl hexapeptide-3. A significant decrease in TEWL with acetyl hexapeptide-3 treatment is observed. We provided clinical evidence for the antiwrinkle efficacy of tripeptide-10 citrulline and possibly TEWL. The underlying mechanism by which these two peptides can act synergistically was not clear in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/purpose The detectors from Courage & Khazaka and DermaLab® from Cortex Technology were two series of the most commonly used non-invasive instruments for the skin physiological properties measurements. The aim of this study is to reveal the differences and correlations in measuring skin color, hydration, transepidermal water loss ( TEWL), sebum and elasticity on the forearm or faces between two commercially available series of instruments. Methods 30 subjects were enrolled to be measured by the two series of instruments. The measurements by each series were performed on the left/right side of the body randomly. The hydration, sebum, elasticity and TEWL measurements were performed on different sites. Results Positive correlations were found in the values of skin color, hydration, TEWL, sebum and visco-elasticity detected by the two series. The values related to skin firmness measured by the two instruments were statistically negative correlated. Contrary to the results in measuring the skin color, the detectors from Courage & Khazaka presented lower values of variation in measuring skin hydration and TEWL than those from DermaLab®. Conclusion The two series have significant correlations.The differences of the two series can be due either to differences in the design of the probe or left/right part of the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The risk of developing occupational skin disease ( OSD) is high in hairdressers, but may differ between countries. Objective To evaluate safety at work measures, and the prevalence and severity of skin symptoms and their impact on quality of life ( QoL), among Croatian hairdressing apprentices. Methods Data on self-reported skin symptoms, safety measures and QoL were collected for 101 final-year apprentices. The presence and severity of skin lesions were assessed with the Osnabrueck Hand Eczema Severity Index ( OHSI). Transepidermal water loss ( TEWL) was measured on the forearm and hand. Results Ninety-one percent of apprentices reported wearing gloves while dyeing hair, 45% while rinsing hair dyes, and 4% while washing hair. A history of skin symptoms was found in 35% of apprentices, and a history of dry hands in 37%. Skin changes were clinically observed in 40% of apprentices, most frequently erythema, infiltration, and desquamation. The OHSI score ranged from 0 to 6. Only washing hands >20 times per day was positively associated with TEWL. A history of skin symptoms negatively correlated with self-esteem, and social and mental functioning, and positively with anxiety and depression. Conclusions The results indicate the need for the continuation of efforts to establish effective primary preventive programmes for OSDs at national and EU levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The purpose of this study was the evaluation of thiolated silicone oil as novel skin protectant exhibiting prolonged residence time, enhanced barrier function and reinforced occlusivity. Methods Two silicone conjugates were synthesized with mercaptopropionic acid ( MPA) and thioglycolic acid ( TGA) as thiol ligands. Adhesion, protection against artificial urine and water vapour permeability with both a Payne cup set-up and transepidermal water loss ( TEWL) measurements on porcine skin were assessed. Results Silicone thiomers showed pronounced substantivity on skin with 22.1 ± 6.3% and 39.2 ± 6.7% remaining silicone after 8 h for silicone- TGA and silicone- MPA, respectively, whereas unmodified silicone oil and dimethicone were no longer detectable. In particular, silicone- MPA provided a protective shield against artificial urine penetration with less than 25% leakage within 6 h. An up to 2.5-fold improved water vapour impermeability for silicone- MPA in comparison with unmodified control was discovered with the Payne cup model. In addition, for silicone- MPA a reduced TEWL by two-thirds corresponding to non-thiolated control was determined for up to 8 h. Conclusion Thiolation of silicone oil leads to enhanced skin adhesiveness and barrier function, which is a major advantage compared to commonly used silicones and might thus be a promising treatment modality for various topical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The work is aimed at the description and study of the hydration effect of different active substances (hyaluronic acid, sericin, glycerol, and urea) incorporated in two different vehicles commonly used for compounding pharmaceutical ingredients, gel, and emulsion. Methods The effects of the formulations were investigated by instrumental methods in vivo after their administration to the skin of volar forearms in a group of 20 healthy volunteers (women, mean age of 28 years). Hydration effect was observed by corneometry and barrier properties ( TEWL) by tewametr at regular time intervals (1-26 h) after application of the prepared samples. Results The results indicate that the active substances incorporated in the emulsion moisturize the skin better compared to the same substances contained in the gel. Furthermore, it was found that these ingredients, whether they are present in the emulsion or in the gel, prevent TEWL in a similar manner. Conclusion The study showed that differences exist among the tested active ingredients in their ability to moisturize the skin. These differences are dependent not only on the type and concentration of the active substance used but also on the type of vehicle in which they are applied. It was also found that the active substances influence the viscosity of the prepared formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Striae Distensae ( SD) or stretch marks are manifestations of epidermal atrophy that occurs after tissue tearing due to rapid growth or over-stretching and are characterized by distinct microstructural features. The objective of this in vivo study was to investigate the biophysical properties of SD lesions, including skin barrier function, skin surface hydration, mechanical properties, and chromophore concentrations, compared to normal adjacent skin. Methods Non-invasive methods were used on 29 volunteers with SD to characterize: (i) visual appearance (visual assessment and clinical imaging), (ii) skin barrier function by measuring transepidermal water loss, (iii) skin surface hydration using corneometry (skin capacitance), (iv) mechanical properties measuring skin elasticity under vacuum and surface propagation of a sonic wave, (v) the presence of erythema and pigmentation using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and (vi) the levels of interleukin-1α on the skin surface. Results No difference was observed in skin barrier function and a slight difference in skin hydration between the striae and adjacent uninvolved skin. Viscoelasticity measurements showed that SD lesions were significantly less firm, less elastic, and less deformable than normal skin ( P < 0.05). Mechanical anisotropy was increased in SD compared to normal skin, reflecting the skin surface anisotropy reported previously. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed no differences in the apparent hemoglobin concentrations between SD and control. Skin pigmentation and light scattering values were significantly lower in SD ( P < 0.001) compared to adjacent skin and there was no correlation between them indicating independent causes: lower melanin production for pigmentation and altered collagen fiber structure in the dermis for light scattering. Conclusions Based on these results, the distinct microstructural features characterizing SD lesions are accompanied by changes in the mechanical and optical properties. These changes however do not seem to affect the skin barrier and moisturization properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In reactive and proactive therapy of atopic dermatitis a well established agent is tacrolimus, a member of calcineurin inhibitors' family. The clinical safety and efficacy of this drug were evaluated previously in randomized multicenter trials. However, so far in clinical studies the assessment of its action on the skin has been made only on the basis of different scores and scales. We present the 6-month observations of tacrolimus therapy in atopic dermatitis patients monitored with the use of noninvasive techniques like high-frequency ultrasonography and evaporimetry. Methods The study consisted of 39 patients with AD and their mean age was 26.3 ± 12.8 years. The study lasted 6 months and every 4 weeks patient visited the outpatient clinic (totally 7 visits). The evaluation of disease severity within right antecubital fossa was obtained on the basis of Investigator's Global Assessment ( IGA) score. During every control visit noninvasive measurements were carried in the form of HF- USG (with determination of subepidermal low echogenic band, SLEB) and evaporimetry. Results 39 patients started the study and 22 of them (54.6%) finished it. Out of 39 patients, 31 (79.5%) received at least 4 week long proactive treatment. We observed statistically significant change of IGA, mean SLEB value and TEWL during underwent therapy. There were also statistically significant differences in mean SLEB and TEWL values between lesional and nonlesional measures. Conclusions This report shows the usefulness of HF- USG in monitoring tacrolimus therapy in atopic dermatitis. It is worth emphasizing, that this tool is easily reproducible and allows clinicians to visualize pathologic changes of all skin in vivo. As a noninvasive and independent of subjective judgment method, HF- USG should be included in overall evaluation of atopic dermatitis disease severity together with common scores or scales, especially in the era of evidence based medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/purpose This multicenter study assessed the impact of two types of extreme seasons (i.e. summer and winter) on the facial skin of female subjects living in different regions of Asia. Methods Facial skin of female subjects of various Asian ethnicities was characterized during summer and winter using dermatological assessments of the cheek and instrumental evaluations of the forehead and cheek. Approximately, 100 female subjects each from five cities in Asia (Harbin and Shanghai in China; New Delhi, India; Seoul, South Korea; and Sendai, Japan) ranging in age from 14 to 75 years were included in this study. Results Dermatologist assessments revealed a general decrease in severity of roughness, wrinkles, pigmentation, and lentigines during winter compared with summer. Instrumental assessments revealed significant differences in various parameters in winter vs. summer such as reductions in melanin index and skin surface hydration, and increases in transepidermal water loss, skin pH, redness, and sebum production. Conclusion Facial skin in female subjects living in different Asian cities exhibited a wide range of changes and worsening of various biophysical parameters in response to the low temperature and humidity during the winter season as compared with summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/purpose We aimed to evaluate the impact of age and skincare habits on facial skin of different Asian ethnicities by comparing skin properties and skincare habits among various Asian populations of varying age groups. Methods We evaluated approximately 100 female subjects each from a total of eight Asian cities in China, India, South Korea, Japan, and the Philippines grouped according to age ranging from 14 to 75 years during a summer season. Facial skin was characterized using dermatological examinations of the cheek and instrumental evaluations of the forehead and cheek. Information regarding personal skincare habits was collected using a questionnaire. Results In 834 female subjects, characteristics related to skin surface moisture, elasticity, and sebum level decreased with age. Differences in skincare habits corresponded with variations in skin parameters. Subjects with the least severe photodamage reported a generally early onset of their skincare habits. Conclusion These results demonstrate common trends as well as inherent differences in skin characteristics among Asian populations, reflecting the impact of age and the diversity of skincare habits of Asian women. These results may be beneficial when developing new skincare products that are well suited to these Asian populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Moisturizers are often used to overcome dry skin conditions. However, cosmetic moisturizers may lack in efficiency and may also deteriorate skin barrier function. The objective of this study was to generate data on a new humectant-rich formulation (15% alfahydroxy acids and 15% urea) in the treatment of normal skin as well as in dry feet with hyperkeratosis and cracked skin with fissures. Changes in permeability and effectiveness of the product after once- and twice-daily applications to the feet will be monitored. Methods The study was randomized, bilateral, controlled and evaluator-blind. The first part of the study included 12 healthy volunteers and the second part 50 patients with hyperkeratotic feet. The changes in the skin was evaluated by an expert, the patients and using non-invasive biophysical measurements of skin barrier function (transepidermal water loss, TEWL), erythema, thickness (ultrasound) and hydration (conductance). Results The humectant-rich formulation increased skin hydration, removed scales and reduced thickness of hyperkeratotic skin. Skin barrier function was improved in normal skin, but no changes in TEWL were noted in the feet. No difference between once and twice-daily applications was found. Some smarting and stinging was noted. Conclusion The humectant-rich formulation efficiently relieved the xerosis on the feet without inducing any weakening of the skin barrier function. Instead the normal skin became more resistant to external insults by the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synopsis Recently, we developed a biophysical approach to characterize in vivo facial cheek skin as a function of stratum corneum ( SC) depth, barrier function and during a 24-h recovery period. The current study extends this work and characterizes the human facial cheek after barrier challenge and, for the first time, facial SC barrier recovery over a 4-week period. Changes in the corneocyte size over the 4-week recovery period, and correlations with changes in Trans-Epidermal Water Loss ( TEWL) were monitored. This approach allows complete characterization of SC barrier function after a full biological regeneration of the SC barrier following tape stripping. The structural and compositional changes in facial cheek were investigated using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infra Red ( ATR- FTIR) spectroscopy, tape stripping, TEWL measurements and image analysis combined with optical microscopy to characterize the SC depth profile during the tape stripping stress and over 4-week recovery period. TEWL increased significantly from baseline after sequential tape stripping. Corneocyte size decreased with successive tape stripping. An inverse direct correlation was determined between TEWL and corneocyte surface area. After 4 weeks, the corneocyte size and TEWL for the facial cheek recovered 100% from the tape stripping procedure. The in vivo ATR- FTIR data demonstrated that lipid and sebum components on the surface of the facial cheek SC recovered within 24 h post tape stripping, whereas protein (Amide II) and water components recovered after 1 week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Many in vivo biophysical studies focus on parts of the body which are generally less exposed to the environment compared with facial skin. This study characterizes in vivo changes in the barrier function of cheek stratum corneum ( SC) during controlled conditions of damage. Objectives The objective was to investigate structural and compositional changes in cheek SC in vivo using tape stripping and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared ( ATR- FTIR) spectroscopy. Methods In vivo ATR- FTIR spectra of the cheek were collected before and after tape stripping. Trans epidermal water loss ( TEWL) measurements from the same site were conducted before and after stripping. Data were also collected 24 h after the last tape strip to investigate any initial recovery process. Results Sequential tape stripping of the cheek progressively increases TEWL to twice baseline values but some barrier recovery is evident 24 h later. ATR- FTIR spectra show increasing water content within the SC with each tape strip with concomitant increase in lipid conformational order. Conclusions Several structural and compositional parameters have been analyzed for cheek SC and these have been correlated with barrier function. The depth dependent changes in face SC map those in body skin but over a much shorter distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Biophysical measures to assess that skin water includes stratum corneum hydration via capacitance ( SC), dermal water via tissue dielectric constant ( TDC), and transepidermal water loss ( TEWL). Since skin differs among anatomical sites and tissue depth we sought to determine the site and depth variability of these measures and their relationships. Methods Measurements were done at 17 skin sites from forehead to foot in 32 supine healthy women. Measurements included SC at 1.25 MHz, TDC at 300 MHz to depths of 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mm and TEWL. Results Tissue dielectric constant decreased with increasing depth at forehead, forearm, and calf; increased with depth at palm, thenar eminence and great toe; and was independent of depth at cheek, hand dorsum, thumb pulp, and foot dorsum. SC correlated with TDC at most sites and depths. TEWL correlated with TDC at 2.5 mm only at calf sites and thenar eminence. Conclusions Results establish parameter ranges for each measure, show that TDC values do not necessarily change with skin depth, and show a significant correlation between TDC and SC values at most sites. These correlations suggest that SC hydration but not TEWL is directly linked to dermal tissue water levels in normal skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synopsis Reduction and prevention of health care-associated infections is a worldwide priority with emphasis on increasing hand hygiene compliance. Repetitive exposure to hand hygiene products and procedures is a significant factor in the development of occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Compliance has been difficult to achieve often due to skin irritation. The introduction of alcohol hand rubs has positively influenced compliance but rates remain lower than required. Genetic and environmental factors to the frequency and severity of irritant contact dermatitis have been identified. Because of the skin's role in innate immunity, maintenance of epidermal integrity is a key strategy for reducing health care-associated infections. In this review, we examine the interdependence of the two issues and the challenges of simultaneously accomplishing both goals. We emphasize research conducted among healthcare workers in their clinical settings. The factors that influence skin integrity and the challenges in meeting both goals simultaneously are explored. Cosmetic scientists have played key roles in the development of improved skin care products, and the issues present an excellent opportunity for them to provide potentially life-saving contributions to health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The skin represents a potent barrier to the environment, which can be enhanced by the topical application of skin care products, such as oil and oil-based formulations by moisturizing the skin. Methods The aim of this study was the investigation of the penetration behaviour of four vegetable oils and of paraffin oil into the stratum corneum by laser scanning microscopy. In addition, the occlusion capacity of these substances was assessed by transepidermal water loss ( TEWL) measurements. Petrolatum served as a positive control for skin occlusion. The study was conducted in vivo and included six healthy volunteers. Results Paraffin oil, as well as the vegetable oils, penetrated only into the first upper layers of the stratum corneum. TEWL measurements indicated that the application of the vegetable oils (except jojoba oil) as well as paraffin oil, led to a similar occlusion of the skin surface. The most effective occlusion was found for petrolatum. Conclusion For the investigated oils, a deeper penetration than into the first upper layers of the stratum corneum could be excluded. The decreased TEWL values indicate that the application of the oils leads to a semi-occlusion of the skin surface as it is intended by the use of oils to retain moisture in skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin exposure to lipophilic irritants at workplaces is a risk factor for the development of occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Suitable lipophilic model irritants to be used in repeated irritation studies in volunteers are needed to gain a better understanding of the chemical-dependent mechanisms of skin irritation. To investigate acute and cumulative irritation elicited by two new lipophilic model irritants, octane (CAS No. 111-65-9) and cumene (CAS No. 98-82-8), in stingers as compared with non-stingers. Short-time occlusive and repetitive occlusive irritation patch tests were performed over 5 days with octane and cumene in two groups of healthy volunteers ( n = 15 each) who were classified as stingers and non-stingers according to a preceding lactic acid stinging test. Acute and cumulative irritation was quantified using clinical assessments and bioengineering methods (laser Doppler flowmetry, transepidermal water loss, capacitance measurements, and skin colour reflectance). Significantly stronger cumulative irritation was observed in stingers than in non-stingers for both irritants (visual scoring, stratum corneum hydration, and skin colour reflectance). The preliminary results suggest the existence of a distinct sub-population with increased susceptibility to cumulative irritation induced by lipophilic irritants that can be identified by the lactic acid stinging test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synopsis Oxidation hair -dyes, which are the principal hair -dyes, sometimes induce painful sensory irritation of the scalp caused by the combination of highly reactive substances, such as hydrogen peroxide and alkali agents. Although many cases of severe facial and scalp dermatitis have been reported following the use of hair -dyes, sensory irritation caused by contact of the hair -dye with the skin has not been reported clearly. In this study, we used a self-assessment questionnaire to measure the sensory irritation in various regions of the body caused by two model hair-dye bases that contained different amounts of alkali agents without dyes. Moreover, the occipital region was found as an alternative region of the scalp to test for sensory irritation of the hair-dye bases. We used this region to evaluate the relationship of sensitivity with skin properties, such as trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum water content, sebum amount, surface temperature, current perception threshold (CPT), catalase activities in tape-stripped skin and sensory irritation score with the model hair-dye bases. The hair-dye sensitive group showed higher TEWL, a lower sebum amount, a lower surface temperature and higher catalase activity than the insensitive group, and was similar to that of damaged skin. These results suggest that sensory irritation caused by hair -dye could occur easily on the damaged dry scalp, as that caused by skin cosmetics reported previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Measurements of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) as an indicator of skin barrier function and colorimetry for quantifying erythema have been recommended for monitoring persons at risk of occupational hand dermatitis. Objective: This study examines the practicability and usefulness of biophysical measurements at the workplace. Patients/Material/Methods: A sample of 1020 male metal workers was enrolled; 800 participants were followed up for 1 year. TEWL results and colorimetry ( a* value), respectively, were used as effectiveness outcomes, comparing the findings in the four study arms (skin care, skin protection, both combined, and control group). Results: At 1 year follow-up, the TEWL was slightly but significantly lower in the group of participants randomized for application of barrier cream alone, indicating a protective effect. However, addressing both the individual absolute change of a* value and the differences of TEWL (delta-TEWL) of the dominant hand over the study period, no significant difference was found between the four groups. Conclusions: Dermatological examinations at the workplace cannot be replaced by bioengineering techniques. The supplementary benefit is apparently low, possibly because of difficulties in achieving standardized measurement conditions and other technical reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/purpose: Water content is the most vital parameter governing the overall function of the epidermal stratum corneum (SC). Thus, knowledge of the in vivo absolute water content of the SC is of great interest. Methods: We have investigated a non-invasive method for the estimation of in vivo SC water content based on transepidermal water loss measurements combined with desorption studies of SC in vitro, by means of a dynamic vapour sorption setup where relative humidity (RH) and temperature are controlled. Results: The SC equilibrium water content of the volar forearm in our study was estimated to be 80±7 μg/cm2. The estimate of the water content seems to decrease slightly with increasing ambient RH. Conclusion: The estimated water content is a bit lower than what can be expected to be realistic. A calibration against ambient RH is most probably needed if our method is to be applied over a broad range of values of the RH in the ambient air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]