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ABSTRACT Sulphur limitation 1 (SLIM1), a member of ethylene‐insensitive3‐like (EIN3/EIL) protein family, is recognised as the pivotal transcription factor regulating sulphur assimilation, essential for maintaining sulphur homoeostasis in Arabidopsis. However, the function of its monocot homologues is largely unknown. In this study, we identified PvEIL3a, a homologous gene of AtSLIM1, from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a significant perennial bioenergy crop. Our results demonstrated that introducing PvEIL3a into Arabidopsis slim1 mutants significantly increased the expression of genes responsive to sulphur deficiency, and transgenic plants exhibited shortened root length and delayed development. Moreover, PvEIL3a activated the expression of AtAPR1, AtSULTR1;1 and AtBGLU30, which plays an important role in sulphur assimilation and glucosinolate metabolism. Results of transcriptome and metabonomic analysis further indicated a perturbation in the metabolic pathways of tryptophan‐dependent indole glucosinolates (IGs), camalexin and auxin. In addition, PvEIL3a conservatively regulated sulphur assimilation and the biosynthesis of tryptophan pathway‐derived secondary metabolites, which reduced the biosynthesis of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) and inhibited the root elongation of transgenic Arabidopsis. In conclusion, this study highlights the functional difference of the ethylene‐insensitive 3‐like (EIL) family gene in monocot and dicot plants, thereby deepening the understanding of the specific biological roles of EIL3 in monocot plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer (LC) is one of the major malignant diseases threatening human health. The study aimed to identify the effect of citrulline on the malignant phenotype of LC cells and to further disclose the potential molecular mechanism of citrulline in regulating the development of LC, providing a novel molecular biological basis for the clinical treatment of LC. The effects of citrulline on the viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of LC cells (A549, H1299) were validated by CCK‐8, colony formation, EdU, and transwell assays. The cell glycolysis was assessed via determining the glucose uptake, lactate production, ATP levels, extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), and oxygen consumption rate (OCR). RNA‐seq and molecular docking were performed to screen for citrulline‐binding target proteins. Western blotting experiments were conducted to examine the expression of related signaling pathway molecules. In addition, the impacts of citrulline on LC growth in vivo were investigated by constructing mouse models. Citrulline augmented the viability of LC cells in a concentration and time‐dependent manner. The proliferation, migration, invasion, glycolysis, and EMT processes of LC cells were substantially enhanced after citrulline treatment. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that citrulline could bind to RAB3C protein. Western blotting results indicated that citrulline activated the IL‐6/STAT3 pathway by binding to RAB3C. In addition, animal experiments disclosed that citrulline promoted tumor growth in mice. Citrulline accelerated the glycolysis and activated the IL6/STAT3 pathway through the RAB3C protein, consequently facilitating the development of LC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the ablation resistance of C/C–SiC composites using the ground simulation internal flow‐field supersonic oxygen‐rich ablation test technology. The microstructure evolution and ablation mechanism of the composites in a supersonic oxygen‐rich environment were explored by examining the macroscopic and microscopic ablation morphologies of the composites before and after the test. The results demonstrate that C/C–SiC composites exhibit excellent ablation resistance, with mass and linear ablation rates of.46 × 10−2 g/s and.42 × 10−2 mm/s, respectively, after 120 s of ablation in a low gas temperature and high oxygen‐rich ablation thermal environment. As the gas temperature increases, the mass and linear ablation rates of C/C–SiC composites gradually increase, even though the oxygen enrichment within the gas components decreases. When the gas temperature reaches 2178–2491 K, the mass and linear ablation rates increase to 1.31 × 10−2 g/s and.84 × 10−2 mm/s, respectively. Furthermore, at high temperatures above 2650 K, the mass and linear ablation rates of the composites exhibit a geometric multiple increase, reaching 4.73 × 10−2 g/s and 1.89 × 10−2 mm/s, respectively. These findings indicate that the ablation resistance of C/C–SiC composites in the supersonic oxygen‐rich ablation environment is more sensitive to gas temperature than oxygen enrichment. The main factors contributing to the increased ablation rate of C/C–SiC composites in the supersonic oxygen‐rich ablation process include the formation of a glass SiO2 oxide film, transition to molten SiO2, erosion of molten SiO2, and high‐temperature sublimation of the SiC matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macau, an internationally renowned gambling city, has experienced rapid growth in casino space expansion and tourism since 2002 when the new Macau SAR government liberalised gambling. Despite the impact of COVID‐19 on the city's economy over the past three years, infrastructure construction and remodelling of casino resorts continue. This study focuses on the spatial production of casino resorts and tourist identity in Macau's Cotai Strip. Methodologically, the study conducts an assemblage analysis to interpret the data collected mainly through participant observation and in‐depth interviews. The research findings show that the Cotai Strip homogenises the human and non‐human elements through the repetitive rhythms of buildings and multi‐tiered enclosed territorialisation. The identity of Macau casino tourists emerges from their interactions with other components within the Strip assemblage. The emerging identity is defined as a post‐postmodern flâneur, characterised by their programmed and controlled tourist activities and their intensified visual sensations and photographic gazes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mapping ocean‐continent transitions (OCTs) separating equivocal continental and oceanic crusts is fundamental to investigate breakup processes and define the age and location of initial seafloor spreading. However, proposed limits of OCTs are rarely consistent, do not use uniform criteria, and result in conflicting interpretations as shown for the case of the northern South China Sea (SCS). We review original datasets including reflection and refraction seismic sections, drilling and potential field data with the aim to develop a 'drilling‐constrained integrated geological‐geophysical' approach to define the OCT along the northern SCS, understand the breakup process, and to compare the OCT in the SCS with those at Atlantic type rifted margins. The result shows a narrow, 5–15 km wide OCT. It separates a segmented margin that rifted a former arc in the west and a forearc in the east, both facing a Penrose oceanic crust that thins from the west towards the east. Seafloor spreading may have first nucleated at two centres during magnetic anomaly C11 in the NE and central subbasins, which then locally propagated both W and E to break through salients and produce full breakup at 29 Ma (anomaly C10r). Breakup at the SCS shows many differences to Atlantic type margins, in part due to inheritance but also due to rift/spreading‐related parameters such as strain/spreading rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is a common type of lung cancer. Prior investigations have elucidated the pivotal role of miR‐29b‐3p in restraining tumor growth and metastasis. Nonetheless, it remains to be determined whether miR‐29b‐3p can effectively suppress NSCLC progression and enhance the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to cisplatin. This investigation sought to determine the mechanism by which miR‐29b‐3p inhibited the advancement of NSCLC and mitigated resistance to cisplatin. Methods: We initially assessed miR‐29b‐3p and VEGF levels in NSCLC tissues and cell lines. Next, miR‐29b‐3p expression was elevated in NSCLC cell lines H1975 and A549 by overexpression plasmid transfection. Following this, a sequence of molecular biology experiments was conducted to evaluate the impact of miR‐29b‐3p on the biological behaviors of NSCLC cells and their resistance to cisplatin. Additionally, we predicted VEGF was a target gene of miR‐29b‐3p by bioinformatics analysis. We next employed western blot to evaluate the protein expression of Nrf2 and HO‐1 in NSCLC cells. Finally, we elucidated the effects of VEGF and Nrf2/HO‐1pathway on NSCLC progression and cisplatin resistance by in vitro assays. Results: In comparison to paracancerous tissues and human normal lung epithelial cells, the expression of miR‐29b‐3p was notably reduced and VEGF expression was clearly elevated in NSCLC tissues and cells. Moreover, miR‐29b‐3p upregulated obviously suppressed the biological activities of NSCLC cells and increased their sensitivity to cisplatin. Furthermore, in NSCLC cells, miR‐29b‐3p bound to VEGF and negatively regulate its transcription. Additionally, miR‐29b‐3p overexpression also inhibited the Nrf2/HO‐1 signaling pathway. Finally, the overexpression of VEGF and the activation of the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway reversed miR‐29b‐3p‐mediated inhibitory effect on biological behaviors of NSCLC cells and increased the cisplatin resistance. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that miR‐29b‐3p impedes NSCLC cells' biological behaviors and augments their sensitivity to cisplatin by targeting VEGF to modulate the Nfr2/HO‐1 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND METHODS RESULTS CONCLUSION Betel nut chewing is a significant risk factor for oral cancer due to arecoline, its primary active component. Resveratrol, a non‐flavonoid polyphenol, possesses anti‐cancer properties. It has been shown to inhibit arecoline‐induced oral malignant cells in preliminary experiments but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This research therefore aimed to explore the potential therapeutic targets of resveratrol in treating arecoline‐induced oral cancer.Data mining identified common targets and hub targets of resveratrol in arecoline‐induced oral cancer. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) was used to score and validate the expression and clinical significance of these hub targets in head and neck cancer (HNC) tissues. Molecular docking analysis was conducted on the hub targets. The effect of resveratrol intervention on hub targets was verified by experiments.Sixty‐one common targets and 15 hub targets were identified. Hub targets were highly expressed in HNC and were associated with unfavorable prognoses. They played a role in HNC metastasis, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, and invasion. Their expression also affected immune cell infiltration and correlated negatively with sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents such as bleomycin and docetaxel. Experiments demonstrated that resveratrol down‐regulated the expression of the hub targets, inhibited their proliferation and invasion, and induced apoptosis.Resveratrol inhibits the arecoline‐induced malignant phenotype of oral epithelial cells by regulating the expression of some target genes, suggesting that resveratrol may be used not only as an adjuvant treatment for oral cancer, but also as an adjuvant for oral cancer prevention due to its low toxicity and high efficacy. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase separation (PS) is a fundamental principle in diverse life processes including immunosurveillance. Despite numerous studies on PS, little is known about its dissolution. Here, it is shown that oleic acid (OA) dissolves the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS)–deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) PS and inhibits immune surveillance of DNA. As solvent components control PS and metabolites are abundant cellular components, it is speculated that some metabolite(s) may dissolve PS. Metabolite‐screening reveals that the cGAS–DNA condensates formed via PS are markedly dissolved by long‐chain fatty acids, including OA. OA revokes intracellular cGAS–PS and DNA‐induced activation. OA attenuates cGAS‐mediated antiviral and anticancer immunosurveillance. These results link metabolism and immunity by dissolving PS, which may be targeted for therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pd‐catalyzed chemistry has played a significant role in the growing subfield of bioorthogonal catalysis. However, rationally designing Pd nanocatalysts that show outstanding catalytic activity and good biocompatibility poses a great challenge. Herein, we propose an innovative strategy through exploiting black phosphorous nanosheets (BPNSs) to enhance Pd‐mediated bioorthogonal catalytic activity. Firstly, the electron‐donor properties of BPNSs enable in situ growth of Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) on it. Meanwhile, due to the superb capability of reducing PdII, BPNSs can act as hard nucleophiles to accelerate the transmetallation in the decaging reaction process. Secondly, the lone pair electrons of BPNSs can firmly anchor PdNPs on their surface via Pd−P bonds. This design endows Pd/BP with the capability to retard tumor growth by activating prodrugs. This work proposes new insights into the design of heterogeneous transition‐metal catalysts (TMCs) for bioorthogonal catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baicalin (7‐d‐glucuronic acid‐5, 6‐dihydroxyflavone) derived from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis used as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been revealed to exert potential antiviral activity via various pathways, while the molecular mechanisms have not been fully understood. Pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of programmed cell death (PCD), is reported to play a crucial role in host cell fate during viral infection. In this study, transcriptome analysis of mice lung tissue reveals that baicalin reverses the alterations of the mRNA levels of PCD‐associated genes upon H1N1 challenge, with a concomitant decrease in the population of H1N1‐induced propidium iodide (PI)+ and Annexin Ⅴ+ cells. Intriguingly, we find that baicalin contributes to the survival of infected lung alveolar epithelial cells partly through its inhibition of H1N1‐induced cell pyroptosis, which is manifested by reduced bubble‐like protrusion cells and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Moreover, the antipyroptosis effect of baicalin in response to H1N1 infection is found to be mediated by its repression on caspase‐3/Gasdermin E (GSDME) pathway. Cleaved caspase‐3 and N‐terminal fragment of GSDME (GSDME‐N) are detected in H1N1‐infected cell lines and mice lung tissues, which are markedly reversed by baicalin treatment. Furthermore, inhibition of caspase‐3/GSDME pathway by caspase‐3 inhibitor or siRNA exerts an antipyroptosis effect equal to that of baicalin treatment in infected A549 and BEAS‐2B cells, indicating a pivotal role of caspase‐3 in the antiviral activities of baicalin. Conclusively, for the first time, we demonstrate that baicalin could effectively suppress H1N1‐induced pyroptosis of lung alveolar epithelial cells via caspase‐3/GSDME pathway both in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outstanding interfacial issues exist between oxide cathodes and sulfide electrolytes in all‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs), while high‐capacity Li‐rich sulfide cathodes are gaining attention for application. Herein, a sulfide cathode active material Li2TiS3 (LTS) that is chemically compatible with sulfide solid electrolytes, is used in high‐performance Li6PS5Cl‐based ASSLBs at room temperature. The batteries demonstrate a maximum discharge capacity of 423.2 mAh g−1 (910 Wh kg−1 based on Li2TiS3) with 95% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 0.1 C (0.33 mA cm−2). Traces of elemental sulfur on the surface of LTS are mainly responsible for the excessive Li‐intercalation and the capacity exceedance. The Li6PS5Cl is also found to offer a nonnegligible capacity (at least 27% of excess capacity) by comparing the Li6PS5Cl‐based and Li3YCl6‐based cells using Li2TiS3 as cathode active material. During long cycling, the amorphization and degradation of Li2TiS3 and Li6PS5Cl cause capacity decay. The electrochemical kinetics of Li6PS5Cl‐based cells are evaluated as a reference to further exploit the potential of Li2TiS3 material for practical applications in ASSLBs. Overall, this superior Li‐rich sulfide material is an attractive alternative to oxide cathodes for the development of high‐performance ASSLBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interestingly, only critically ill COVID-19 and hospitalized COVID-19 were found to have a suggestive causal effect on gastric cancer, while the causal effects of COVID-19 on other digestive tract cancers disappeared (Figure 1). Previous studies have shown that patients suffering from cancer are more susceptible to COVID-19 and more severe.[[4]] Therefore, it is worth addressing whether COVID-19 has causal effects on cancer or cancer causes COVID-19. COVID-19 has causal effects on cancer risk?. [Extracted from the article]

Advanced exfoliation techniques are crucial for exploring the intrinsic properties and applications of 2D materials. Though the recently discovered Au‐enhanced exfoliation technique provides an effective strategy for the preparation of large‐scale 2D crystals, the high cost of gold hinders this method from being widely adopted in industrial applications. In addition, direct Au contact could significantly quench photoluminescence (PL) emission in 2D semiconductors. It is therefore crucial to find alternative metals that can replace gold to achieve efficient exfoliation of 2D materials. Here, the authors present a one‐step Ag‐assisted method that can efficiently exfoliate many large‐area 2D monolayers, where the yield ratio is comparable to Au‐enhanced exfoliation method. Differing from Au film, however, the surface roughness of as‐prepared Ag films on SiO2/Si substrate is much higher, which facilitates the generation of surface plasmons resulting from the nanostructures formed on the rough Ag surface. More interestingly, the strong coupling between 2D semiconductor crystals (e.g., MoS2, MoSe2) and Ag film leads to a unique PL enhancement that has not been observed in other mechanical exfoliation techniques, which can be mainly attributed to enhanced light‐matter interaction as a result of extended propagation of surface plasmonic polariton (SPP). This work provides a lower‐cost and universal Ag‐assisted exfoliation method, while at the same time offering enhanced SPP‐matter interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not rare to observe subduction zones transferring into collision zones. However, it is poorly understood the lateral variation in flexural deformation. Constrained by newly published seismic reflection data, we investigate the mechanical behavior of lithosphere from oceanic subduction to collision at the northern Manila trench using the 3‐D flexural modeling. Results show that both plate rigidity and the loadings increase from the Manila subduction zone to the Taiwan orogenic belt. In order to fit all observations, an upward loading was required at the transition zone from subduction to collision, which may be related to the variation of buoyancy due to density contrast of plate from south to north. The resultant maximum bending stress is consistent with the concentrated seismic activity at the southwest of Taiwan, suggesting that huge loading from the orogeny and lateral density change of subducting plate play important roles in bending and seismicity. Plain Language Summary: Converge of two plates forms the subduction zone and collision zone, causing great bending of lithosphere. Faulting and earthquakes may be induced by plate bending when the deformation exceeds strength limit of lithosphere. Here, the flexural of the subducting plate along the northernmost Manila trench has been simulated by a 3D model. Results show that from subduction to collision, both surface loading coming from mountain belt and buoyancy difference between oceanic and continental plate play critical roles in plate bending. The results also reveal that the buoyancy difference due to density contrast between the oceanic and continental plate may generate an upward loading at the transition zone from subduction to collision. Concentrated intraplate seismic activity at depth of ∼50 km is consistent with the maximum value of simulated bending stress and we finally proposed a concept model to illustrate plate bending and seismicity at the transition from subduction to collision. Key Points: Plate bending at the transition from the Manila subduction zone to the Taiwan collision zone was simulated by a 3‐D flexural modelHigh value of plate bending stress in simulation is consistent with the concentrated seismic activity at southwest of the TaiwanWe proposed a concept model to illustrate plate bending and seismicity at the transition from subduction to collision [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is an important cause leading to recurrence and development of head and neck carcinoma (HNC), with the precise mechanisms unclear. Thus, we aimed to identify the key genes involved in LNM and further evaluate their expressions and roles.Methods: A cohort of HNC in the TCGA was analyzed. The study involved three phases (one screening and two validation phases). First, the differentially expressed genes regarding LNM were screened, from which a key gene was identified by a series of data mining approaches. Then, the expressions and roles of the key gene were validated in HNC through bioinformatics. Afterward, the expression of the key gene was detected by qPCR, western blot, and Immunohistochemistry based on a cell model and a tissue microarray. Further, colony formation and transwell migration and invasion assays were used to evaluate the roles of the key gene.Results: SPP1 was overexpressed in HNC tissues and was identified as the key gene. Overexpression of SPP1 in HNC was correlated with advanced pathological stages and T-stage, as well as the presence of LNM, which predicted poor prognosis. The expression of SPP1 was closely associated with the infiltration of immune cells in HNC, especially M2 macrophages. Lab experiments confirmed that SPP1 silence in HNC cells resulted in weakened invasive and metastatic abilities.Conclusion: This study reveals that SPP1 may be a key gene associated with LNM in HNC, raising the possibility of SPP1 as a target for HNC prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is a strong drive to discover alternative materials that exhibit room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) for displays, bioimaging, and data security. Ideally, these materials should be nontoxic, cheap, and possess controllable photoluminescent properties. Carbon dots (CDs) possess each of these characteristics, but to date, less attention has been paid to their RTP mechanism. Herein, we synthesized a series of CDs by self‐crosslinking and carbonization of precursor. The resultant CDs were luminescent and exhibited a bright, micro‐second afterglow lifetime. To increase the RTP, a second microwave processing step was used to coat the CDs with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylamide (PAM), or tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), producing CDs@PVA, CDs@PAM, and CDs@TEOS composites. The core–shell structure acted to enhance crosslinking at the surface of the CDs to boost the RTP, creating abundant energy levels for intersystem crossover. In situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy verified electron transfer during luminescence. Finally, we present a design rule that can be used to tune the quantum yields and RTP lifetime of CDs, based on the effective stabilization of triplet excited states through the extent and strength of cross‐linking. This simple strategy provides a flexible route for guiding the further development of CDs with tailored RTP properties for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed the regio‐ and enantioselective N—H functionalization of N‐alkylaniline with pyrazolones derived ketimines as electrophiles, providing a variety of chiral pyrazolones containing a tetrasubstituted stereocenter bearing a new N,N'‐acetal motif in excellent yields and high enantioselectivities. This strategy was featured by low catalyst loading, mild conditions, and high efficiency and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a micro/nano electromechanical power system that converts mechanical energy into electricity based on contact electrification and electrostatic induction. At present, research on improving TENG performance mainly focus on material optimization and texture fabrication. This paper proposes a simple material optimization method based on regulating the ratio of elastomer base to curing agent (base/agent ratio) of Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to improve the performance of TENG with rectangular groove textures, and the influence of texture sizes on TENG output is explored. By analyzing the contact behavior, dielectric, and mechanical property, the influence mechanism of PDMS base/agent ratios and texture sizes on TENG performance is revealed. Results show that PDMS base/agent ratios affect TENG output mainly through material dielectric properties, while texture sizes mainly by contact behaviors. As the base/agent ratio decreases, although the real contact area and displacement of PDMS exhibit slight reductions, the relative permittivity of PDMS increases, and thus the surface charge density and performance of TENG increases. As the boss width increases or the groove width decreases, the displacement of PDMS declines, which would lead to the slight drop of the surface charge density, but the real contact area increases, which still results in improved TENG output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of subducting plateaux on inter‐plate earthquakes has been extensively studied. However, its effects on plate bending, stress distribution and intraplate earthquakes remain unclear. Here we model the deflection of a subducting oceanic plate with an oceanic plateau regarded as a high flexure rigidity body near the trench using a thin plate model. Dozens of models were carried out to study the effects of the distance between plateau and trench on flexural bending and stress with variable flexural rigidity. We find that the influence of plateau depends on its location with respect to the trench axis and it begins to affect the plate bending when its distance from the trench axis is ~70–120 km. It changes the bending stress distribution and causes concentrated deformation to the trench‐ward of the plateau. After the plateau starts to subduct, pre‐existing bending faults may be reactivated by the differential forces caused by the lateral variation in slab buoyancy between the shallower seamounts/plateaus and the deeper slab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To investigate the efficacy and safety of apatinib alone or apatinib plus paclitaxel/docetaxel versus paclitaxel/docetaxel in the treatment of advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) through pooling of open published data. Methods: The electronic databases of Medline (1960–2021.5), Cochrane central register of controlled trials (CENTRAL), EMBASE(1980–2021.5) and Wan fang (1986–2021.5) were systematically searched by two reviewers to identify the relevant clinical trials related to the above subject. The objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and drug relevant adverse reactions were pooled and demonstrated by risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The statistical heterogeneity across studies was assessed by I‐square test. The publication bias was evaluated by Egger's line regression test and demonstrated by Begg's funnel plot. Results: Eleven prospective studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The pooled results indicated that the ORR (RR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.32–2.00, p < 0.05) and DCR (RR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.18–1.41, p < 0.05) of apatinib alone or apatinib plus paclitaxel/docetaxel was significantly higher than that of the paclitaxel/docetaxel group for advanced NSCLC, respectively. The drug‐related adverse reaction was not statistically different between apatinib alone or apatinib plus paclitaxel/docetaxel with regard to the hand‐foot syndrome, gastrointestinal reaction, thrombocytopenia, anemia and leukocytopenia (pall > 0.05) except for hypertension (RR = 3.60, 95% CI: 1.26–10.31, p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis also indicated that the hypertension and hand‐foot syndrome in apatinib + paclitaxel/docetaxel were higher than that of the paclitaxel/docetaxel group with a statistical difference (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Apatinib alone or apatinib plus paclitaxel/docetaxel was superior to paclitaxel/docetaxel for ORR and DCR. However, combined treatment with apatinib appears to increase the risk of a patient developing an adverse reaction, especially hypertension and hand‐foot syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although liver‐humanized animals are desirable tools for drug development and expansion of human hepatocytes in large quantities, their development is restricted to mice. In animals larger than mice, a precondition for efficient liver humanization remains preliminary because of different xeno‐repopulation kinetics in livers of larger sizes. Since rats are ten times larger than mice and widely used in pharmacological studies, liver‐humanized rats are more preferable. Here, Fah–/–Rag2–/–IL2rg–/– (FRG) rats are generated by CRISPR/Cas9, showing accelerated liver failure and lagged liver xeno‐repopulation compared to FRG mice. A survival‐assured liver injury preconditioning (SALIC) protocol, which consists of retrorsine pretreatment and cycling 2‐(2‐nitro‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzoyl)‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione (NTBC) administration by defined concentrations and time intervals, is developed to reduce the mortality of FRG rats and induce a regenerative microenvironment for xeno‐repopulation. Human hepatocyte repopulation is boosted to 31 ± 4% in rat livers at 7 months after transplantation, equivalent to approximately a 1200‐fold expansion. Human liver features of transcriptome and zonation are reproduced in humanized rats. Remarkably, they provide sufficient samples for the pharmacokinetic profiling of human‐specific metabolites. This model is thus preferred for pharmacological studies and human hepatocyte production. SALIC may also be informative to hepatocyte transplantation in other large‐sized species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compressional uplift has long been considered as the basic response to basin inversion. However, significant discrepancies are recently observed in the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB), where anomalous subsidence occurs during the Miocene compression phase. Whether the subsidence is another scenario that is associated with the tectonic inversion under certain circumstances remains unknown. Here we conduct systematic numerical modeling to explore the patterns of rift basin evolution from extension to compression. Our results show that two distinct inversion types develop depending on the stretching degree and tectonic quiescence. A less stretched continental crust would facilitate the uplift of basin center accompanied by erosion during shortening; otherwise, the basin center exhibits anomalous subsidence with abundant sediment accumulation. We further demonstrate that these two contrasting types, consistent with the Miocene evolutionary pathways of the eastern and western PRMB, respectively, are strongly conditioned by the along‐strike variation of stretching degree during extension. Plain Language Summary: Uplift was previously considered as the only evolutionary pathway during basin inversion. Our expanded modeling study has demonstrated that the response is not unique. For example, the numerical results show that, when the continental crust is highly extended (e.g., to a thickness lower than 7 km) at the end of extension, the subsequent compression would promote the development of anomalous subsidence. By contrast, uplift and erosion of the basin center will occur only when the continental crust is slightly stretched. These results compare well with the along‐strike variations observed in the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB), northern South China Sea margin. The continental crust in the western PRMB has been stretched by a larger amount and thus is characterized by anomalously fast subsidence, whereas the eastern PRMB has undergone a smaller amount of crustal stretching and then is uplifted by several kilometers during the basin inversion. Key Points: The central uplift accompanied by erosion or subsidence with abundant sediment accumulation may develop during the basin inversionCrustal thickness and tectonic quiescence are crucial factors determining whether the basin center will be uplifted or subsidedVariation in the crustal thickness may be a mechanism for the different evolutionary pathways along the strike of the Pearl River Mouth Basin [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state batteries exhibit promising prospects due to their potential in terms of safety and energy density. Sulfide solid electrolytes have received much attention due to their high ionic conductivity (about 10−2 S cm−1). However, high side reactions between solid sulfide electrolytes and oxide cathodes, such as LiCoO2, have hampered the development of all‐solid‐state sulfide batteries. Here, first‐principles calculations and experiments are combined to demonstrate a novel protective layer to cope with the Li6PS5Cl electrolyte and LiCoO2 cathode interface problem. By uniformly coating LiCoO2 with a layer of Li2WO4, the interfacial resistance (the 100th cycle) between the sulfide electrolyte and LiCoO2 is reduced to about 68 Ω cm2, which is nearly 15 times lower than the premodified 1061 Ω cm2. The 2 wt% Li2WO4‐coated LiCoO2(2%LWO‐LCO)/Li6PS5Cl/Li‐In all‐solid‐state battery exhibits satisfactory capacity and excellent cycling stability at room temperature (93% capacity retention after 100 cycles). Furthermore, the ab initio molecular dynamics based on the Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof density functional theory calculations show that Li2WO4 can effectively prevent the diffusion of Co and O from LiCoO2 into the Li6PS5Cl solid electrolyte. It is shown that molecular dynamics help predict the interfacial reactions in all‐solid‐state sulfide batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor hypoxia severely limits the therapeutic effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Although many methods for oxygen generation exist, substantial safety concerns, spatiotenporal uncontrollability, limited efficacy, and complicated procedures have compromised their practical application. Here, we demonstrate a biocompatiable all‐in‐one organic semiconductor to provide a photoxidation catalysis mechanism of action. A facile method is developed to produce gram‐level C5N2 nanoparticles (NPs)‐based organic semiconductor. Under 650 nm laser irradiation, the semiconductor split water to generate O2 and simultaneously produce singlet oxygen (1O2), showing that the photocatalyst for O2 evolution and the photosensitizer (PS) for 1O2 generation could be synchronously achieved in one organic semiconductor. The inherent nucleus targeting capacity endows it with direct and efficient DNA photocleavage. These findings pave the way for developing organic semiconductor‐based cancer therapeutic agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune checkpoint therapy, where CD8 tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) are reactivated, is a promising anti‐cancer treatment approach, yet with low response rates. The extracellular matrix, in particular tenascin‐C, may generate barriers for TIL. To investigate this possibility, we used a MMTV‐NeuNT and syngeneic mammary gland grafting model derived thereof with engineered tenascin‐C levels and observed accumulation of CD8 TIL in tenascin‐C‐rich stroma. Inhibition studies revealed that tenascin‐C induced CXCL12 through TLR4. By binding CXCL12, tenascin‐C retained CD8 TIL in the stroma. Blockade of CXCR4, the receptor of CXCL12, enhanced macrophage and CD8 TIL infiltration and reduced tumor growth and subsequent metastasis. Retention of CD8 TIL by tenascin‐C/CXCL12 was also observed in human breast cancer by tissue staining. Moreover, whereas high CD8 TIL numbers correlated with longer metastasis‐free survival, this was not the case when also tenascin‐C and CXCL12 levels were high. Altogether, these results may be useful for improving tumor immunity as diagnostic tool and to formulate a future "TIL‐matrix‐release‐and‐reactivate" strategy. Synopsis: Matrix molecule Tenascin‐C influences immune exclusion by retaining CD8 TILs in the stroma. The release of CD8 TILs from the matrix restores immune defense, resulting in reduced tumor growth and subsequent metastasis of human breast cancer. CXCL12 binds to and is upregulated by Tenascin‐C.CD8 TILs are retained by the Tenascin‐C/CXCL12 matrix, contributing to the immune exclusion phenotype.Upon CXCR4 blockade, CD8 TILs get activated and infiltrate the tumor nests, reducing tumor growth and metastasis.Short survival in breast cancer patients is correlated with high CXCL12 and CD8 TIL abundance in the Tenascin‐C rich stroma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe side effects and poor therapeutic efficacy are the main drawbacks of current anticancer drugs. These problems can be mitigated by targeting, but the targeting efficacy of current drugs is poor and urgently needs improvement. Taking this into consideration, this Review first summarizes the current targeting strategies for cancer therapy in terms of cancer tissue and organelles. Then, we analyse the systematic targeting of anticancer drugs and conclude that a typical journey for a targeted drug administered by intravenous injection is a CTIO cascade of at least four steps. Furthermore, to ensure high overall targeting efficacy, the properties of a targeting drug needed in each step are further analysed, and some guidelines for structure optimization to obtain effective targeting drugs are offered. Finally, some viewpoints highlighting the crucial problems and potential challenges of future research on targeted cancer therapy are presented. This review could actively promote the development of precision medicine against cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schwerwiegende Nebenwirkungen und mangelhafte therapeutische Wirksamkeit sind die primären Nachteile der derzeitigen Krebsmedikamente. Diese Problematik kann durch gezielte Ansteuerung, das sogenannte Targeting, minimiert werden, jedoch ist die zielgerichtete Wirksamkeit gegenwärtiger Medikamente noch dürftig und benötigt dringend Verbesserungen. Vor diesem Hintergrund fasst dieser Aufsatz zunächst die aktuellen Targetingstrategien in der Krebstherapie hinsichtlich Krebsgewebe und Organellen zusammen. Anschließend analysieren wir das systematische Targeting mit Krebsmedikamenten und schlussfolgern, dass der typische Verlauf eines zielgerichteten Medikaments, das durch intravenöse Injektion verabreicht wurde, eine CTIO‐Kaskade von mindestens vier Schritten durchläuft. Des Weiteren werden zur Sicherstellung einer hohen Gesamt‐Targetingeffizienz die in jedem Schritt benötigten Eigenschaften eines zielgerichteten Wirkstoffs weiter untersucht sowie einige Richtlinien für die Strukturoptimierung zur Gewinnung effektiver Targetingmedikamente offeriert. Zum Schluss beleuchten wir die wesentlichen Probleme und potenziellen Herausforderungen für die künftige Erforschung zielgerichteter Krebstherapien. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, die Entwicklung von Arzneimitteln für die Hochtechnologiemedizin gegen Krebs aktiv voranzutreiben. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Tubulointerstitial nephritis antigen‐like 1 (TINAGL1), as a novel matricellular protein, has been demonstrated to participate in cancer progression, whereas the potential function of TINAGL1 in gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. Methods: The expression pattern of TINAGL1 in GC was examined by immunohistochemistry, ELISA, real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. Correlation between TINAGL1 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was analyzed by the GEPIA website and Kaplan–Meier plots database. The lentivirus‐based TINAGL1 knockdown, CCK‐8, and transwell assays were used to test the function of TINAGL1 in vitro. The role of TINAGL1 was confirmed by subcutaneous xenograft, abdominal dissemination, and lung metastasis model. Microarray experiments, ELISA, real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot were used to identify molecular mechanism. Results: TINAGL1 was increased in GC tumor tissues and associated with poor patient survival. Moreover, TINAGL1 significantly promoted GC cell proliferation and migration in vitro as well as facilitated GC tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. TINAGL1 expression in GC cells was accompanied with increasing MMPs including MMP2, MMP9, MMP11, MMP14, and MMP16. GEPIA database revealed that these MMPs were correlated with TINAGL1 in GC tumors and that the most highly expressed MMP was MMP2. Mechanically, TINAGL1 regulated MMP2 through the JNK signaling pathway activation. Conclusions: Our data highlight that TINAGL1 promotes GC growth and metastasis and regulates MMP2 expression, indicating that TINAGL1 may serve as a therapeutic target for GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Maisonneuve fracture is a special type of injury which are rare in clinic. The manifestation of such fractures is variable. The aim of this study is to describe the pathoanatomical features of typical Maisonneuve fracture on the basis of radiographs, computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and intraoperative exploration findings, and to investigate the injury mechanism of this variety. Methods: The data of 41 patients with Maisonneuve fracture from April 2014 to September 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 32 males and nine females, the average age was 37.9 years (range, 18 to 61 years), the fractures occurred on the left side in 20 patients and on the right side in 21 patients. The cause of injuries were traffic accident in five patients, sprain injury in 20 patients, and falling injury from height in 16 patients. All patients underwent posteroanterior and lateral X‐ray examinations of the ankle and calf. CT scan of the ankle was performed in 38 patients, including three‐dimensional reconstruction in 33 patients. MRI examination of the ankle and calf was performed in 28 and five patients, respectively. Forty patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. The features of proximal fibular fracture, injuries of the medial and posterior structures of the ankle, injuries of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament and the interosseous membrane were recorded and analyzed. Results: Forty‐one patients had proximal one‐third fractures of the fibula including six patients with fracture involving the fibular neck, 30 with proximal one‐third fractures of the fibular shaft, and five with proximal–medial one‐third junction fracture of the fibular shaft. Thirty‐five patients (35/41, 85.37%) with injury of posterior structures, 34 patients had posterior malleolar fracture (34/41, 82.93%), and one patient had posterior inferior tibiofibular ligament rupture (1/41, 2.44%). There were 20 patients with type I fracture, four patients with type II fracture, and 10 patients with type III fracture according to the Haraguchi classification of posterior malleolus fracture. The fracture of the medial malleolus was in 30 patients (30/41, 73.17%), rupture of the deltoid ligament was in 10 patients (10/41, 24.39%), and medial structures intact were in one patient (1/41, 2.44%). All 41 patients had injury of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament. Conclusions: Maisonneuve fracture is characterized by fractures of the proximal fibula and the complete rupture of the anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament. Pronation–external rotation is the main injury mechanism. The manifestations of typical Maisonneuve fracture including that the fibular fracture located in proximal one‐third diaphysis and the fracture line was from anterosuperior to posteroinferior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The single nucleotide polymorphism T‐1031C has shown to have an important role in the regulation and transcription efficiency of TNF‐α gene. Yet, the relationship between TNF‐α T‐1031C gene polymorphism and the development of endometriosis (EM) still remains unclear. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to summarize the effects of TNF‐α T‐1031C gene polymorphism and clarify their possible association with EM. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (up to August 10, 2019). A fixed‐ or random‐effects model was employed according to the heterogeneity among studies. The log odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated in the models of allele comparison (T vs C), homozygote comparison (TT vs CC) and (TC vs CC), dominant (TT vs TC + CC), hyperdominant (TT + CC vs TC), and recessive (TT + TC vs CC) to estimate the strength of the associations. A total of 7 case‐control studies were included in this meta‐analysis. Overall, significant associations between TNF‐α T‐1031C and EM were identified from (T vs C: log OR [95% CI] = 0.31 [−0.09, 0.71]; TT + CC vs TC: 0.27 [0.04, 0.50]; TC + CC vs TT: −0.83 [−1.19, −0.47]). On the other hand, no significant correlation was found in other gene models (TT vs TC: log OR [95% CI] = 0.89 [0.64, 1.13]; TT vs CC: 0.3 [−0.74, 1.36]; TT + TC vs CC: 0.17 [−0.81, 1.15]). In subgroup analyses by ethnicity or HWE P‐value, there was a statistically significant association between TNF‐α T‐1031C polymorphisms and EM in the dominant model (TT vs TC + CC: log OR [95%] = −0.84 [−1.60, −0.09]) for the European population, and in hyperdominant model (TT + CC vs TC: log OR [95%] = 0.24 [0.001, 0.49]) for Asian population. To sum up, this meta‐analysis showed that TNF‐α T‐1031C polymorphism was associated with EM susceptibility and has a protective effect in Asian and European populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute lung injury (ALI) caused by gas explosion is common, and warrants research on the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, the role of abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis in this process has not been defined. It was hypothesized that the abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis promoted ALI caused by gas explosion. Based on the presence of ALI, 74 cases of gas explosion injury were divided into the ALI and non‐ALI groups. The results of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), and platelet count (PLT) were collected within 24 hours and compared between the groups. ALI models caused by gas explosion were established in Sprague Dawley rats, and injuries were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and histopathological scoring. Moreover, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to examine thrombin‐antithrombin complex (TAT), tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) levels by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The patients in ALI group had shorter PT and longer APTT, raised concentration of FIB and decreased number of PLT, as compared to the non‐ALI group. In ALI rats, the HE staining revealed red blood cells in alveoli and interstitial thickening within 2 hours which peaked at 72 hours. The levels of TAT/TF in the BALF increased continually until the seventh day, while the PAI‐1 was raised after 24 hours and 7 days. The TFPI was elevated after 2 hours and 24 hours, and then decreased after 72 hours. Abnormalities in coagulation and fibrinolysis in lung tissues play a role in ALI caused by gas explosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of continental breakup at convergent margins has been described as the results of backarc opening caused by slab rollback or drag force induced by subduction direction reversal. Although the rollback hypothesis has been intensively studied, our understanding of the consequence of subduction direction reversal remains limited. Using thermo‐mechanical modeling based on constraints from the South China Sea (SCS) region, we investigate how subduction direction reversal controls the breakup of convergent margins. The numerical results show that two distinct breakup modes, namely, continental interior and edge breakup ("edge" refers to continent above the plate boundary interface), may develop depending on the "maturity" of the convergent margin and the age of the oceanic lithosphere. For a slab age of ~15 to ~45 Ma, increasing the duration of subduction promotes the continental interior breakup mode, where a large block of the continental material is separated from the overriding plate. In contrast, the continental edge breakup mode develops when the subduction is a short‐duration event, and in this mode, a wide zone of less continuous continental fragments and tearing of the subducted slab occur. These two modes are consistent with the interior (relic late Mesozoic arc) and edge (relic forearc) rifting characteristics in the western and eastern SCS margin, suggesting that variation in the northwest‐directed subduction duration of the Proto‐SCS might be a reason for the differential breakup locus along the strike of the SCS margin. Besides, a two‐segment trench associated with the northwest‐directed subduction is implied in the present‐day SCS region. Key Points: The drag force induced by subduction direction reversal can invoke the continental breakup at continental convergent marginsContinental interior and edge breakup modes develop depending on the "maturity" of the convergent margins and the oceanic lithosphere ageVariation in the northwest‐directed subduction of the PSCS is a reason breaking the relic arc and forearc along the strike of the SCS margin [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This work surveys an r‐adaptive moving mesh finite element method for the numerical solution of premixed laminar flame problems. Since the model of chemically reacting flow involves many different modes with diverse length scales, the computation of such a problem is often extremely time‐consuming. Importantly, to capture the significant characteristics of the flame structure when using detailed chemistry, a much more stringent requirement on the spatial resolution of the interior layers of some intermediate species is necessary. Here, we propose a moving mesh method in which the mesh is obtained from the solution of so‐called moving mesh partial differential equations. Such equations result from the variational formulation of a minimization problem for a given target functional that characterizes the inherent difficulty in the numerical approximation of the underlying physical equations. Adaptive mesh movement has emerged as an area of intense research in mesh adaptation in the last decade. With this approach, points are only allowed to be shifted in space leaving the topology of the grid unchanged. In contrast to methods with local refinement, data structure hence is unchanged and load balancing is not an issue as grid points remain on the processor where they are. We will demonstrate the high potential of moving mesh methods for effectively optimizing the distribution of grid points to reach the required resolution for chemically reacting flows with extremely thin boundary layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, most blue‐red composite LED light sources are widely used in the field of plant lighting. However, their full‐width at half‐maximum of blue light is too small to meet the requirements of plants for photosynthesis. Herein, a dual‐emitting single‐phase self‐luminescent phosphor CaEuAl3O7 (CEAO) is reported in this study, which provides broadband blue emission of Eu2+ ions and red emissions of Eu3+ ions. According to the optical properties of Eu2+ and Eu3+ ions in the CEAO phosphor, it can be found that all emissions are consistent with the absorption of chlorophylls and pigment carotenoids. In addition, the temperature sensing based on the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) in the CEAO phosphor is also studied and the maximum sensitivity (S) can reach as high as 6.90% K−1 at 313 K. The results indicate that the single‐component phosphor CEAO with blue and red double‐color emission possesses an outstanding potential in plant growth lamps and optical thermometry applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the ratiometric temperature sensing based on thermally coupled levels and nonthermally coupled levels dominates the optical thermometers. Herein, Gd2(WO4)3:Er,Yb@SiO2 phosphors are successfully synthesized by the one‐pot coprecipitation method. The themperature sensing properties based on fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) at 808 nm excitation are investigated in detail. In the visible region, the maximum relative sensitivity (Sr) of 0.0112 K−1 based on thermally coupled energy levels of Er3+ (2H11/2 and 4S3/2) is achieved at 323 K, whereas the maximum of Sr based on nonthermally coupled energy levels of Er3+ (4I13/2) and Yb3+ (2F5/2) in the near‐infrared region is 0.0035 K−1 at the lowest temperature 303 K, indicating that the thermometer can be used in the biological temperature range. Moreover, to determine which kind of thermal sensing method is more reliable, the relative standard deviation (RSD) is calculated. In comparison, it is confirmed that temperature sensing based on thermally coupled levels is more stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among human cancers, and the majority of deaths can be attributed to metastatic spread. Lung cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a component of the tumour microenvironment that contributes to this process. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by all types of cells that mediate cell interactions, including cancer metastasis. Here, we show that lung CSC‐derived exosomes promote the migration and invasion of lung cancer cells, up‐regulate expression levels of N‐cadherin, vimentin, MMP‐9 and MMP‐1, and down‐regulate E‐cadherin expression. Moreover, we verified that these exosomes contribute to a pro‐metastatic phenotype in lung cancer cells via miR‐210‐3p transfer. The results of bioinformatics analysis and dual‐luciferase reporter assays further indicated that miR‐210‐3p may bind to fibroblast growth factor receptor‐like 1 (FGFRL1); silencing FGFRL1 enhanced the metastatic ability of lung cancer cells, whereas overexpressing FGFRL1 suppressed metastasis. Taken together, our results provide new insights into a potential molecular mechanism whereby lung CSC‐derived exosomal miR‐210‐3p targets FGFRL1 to promote lung cancer metastasis. FGFRL1 may be a promising therapeutic target in lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luminescence nanothermometers are promising for noninvasive, high resolution thermographics ranging from aeronautics to biomedicine. Yet, limited success has been met in the NIR‐II/III biological windows, which allow temperature evaluation in deep tissues. Herein, a new type of phonon‐based ratiometric thermometry is described that utilizes the luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) between holmium (Ho3+) emission at ≈1190 nm (NIR‐II) and erbium (Er3+) emission at ≈1550 nm (NIR‐III) from a set of oxide nanoparticles of varying host lattices. It is shown that multi‐phonon relaxation in Er3+ ions and phonon‐assisted transfer process in Ho3+ ions play a significant role in LIR determination through channeling the harvested excitation energy to the corresponding emitting states. As a result, temperature sensitivity can be tuned by the dominant phonon energy of host lattice, thus endowing aqueous yttrium oxide (Y2O3, 376 cm−1) nanoparticles to have a relative temperature sensitivity of 1.01% K−1 and absolute temperature sensitivity of 0.0127 K−1 at 65 °C in a physiological temperature range (25–65 °C). And their temperature sensing for biological tissues is further explored and the influence of water and chicken breast on thermometry is discussed. This work constitutes a solid step forward to build sensitive NIR‐II/III nanothermometers for biological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aseptic loosening caused by wear particles is a common complication after total hip arthroplasty. We investigated the effect of the quercetin on wear particle‐mediated macrophage polarization, inflammatory response and osteolysis. In vitro, we verified that Ti particles promoted the differentiation of RAW264.7 cells into M1 macrophages through p‐38α/β signalling pathway by using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence assay and small interfering p‐38α/β RNA. We used enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays to confirm that the protein expression of M1 macrophages increased in the presence of Ti particles and that these pro‐inflammatory factors further regulated the imbalance of OPG/RANKL and promoted the differentiation of osteoclasts. However, this could be suppressed, and the protein expression of M2 macrophages was increased by the presence of the quercetin. In vivo, we revealed similar results in the mouse skull by μ‐CT, H&E staining, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assay. We obtained samples from patients with osteolytic tissue. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that most of the macrophages surrounding the wear particles were M1 macrophages and that pro‐inflammatory factors were released. Titanium particle‐mediated M1 macrophage polarization, which caused the release of pro‐inflammatory factors through the p‐38α/β signalling pathway, regulated OPG/RANKL balance. Macrophage polarization is expected to become a new clinical drug therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: A few small retrospective studies recently found that endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in asymptomatic compared with symptomatic common bile duct stones (CBDSs) patients appeared to increase the risk of post‐ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). This study aimed to determine the risk of ERCP in asymptomatic CBDS patients. Methods: A total of 327 consecutive patients with native papilla were invited to participate into the study and divided into two groups: 53 in the asymptomatic group and 274 in the symptomatic group, who underwent CBDS removal by ERCP. Patient's characteristics and outcomes were analyzed. Results: A total of 46 (14.1%) patients had ERCP‐related complications, including PEP, cholangitis, perforation, and bleeding. The overall complication rate in the asymptomatic group was higher than in the control group (26.4% vs 11.7%, P < 0.01). PEP was the most common complication (30/327, 9.2%). Of the 30 cases of PEP, 25 (83.3%) were mild, and the severity in both groups was similar (9/1/1 vs 16/2/1, P > 0.05). The incidence rate of PEP in the asymptomatic group was higher than in the symptomatic group (20.8% vs 6.9%, P < 0.01). Multivariate regression analysis identified asymptomatic CBDSs (odds ratio = 0.241, 95% confidence interval: 0.092–0.628) as being independently associated with PEP occurrence. Conclusion: Asymptomatic CBDSs were associated with increased incidence of PEP compared with symptomatic CBDSs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet demands for fresh flavor and unique taste from beer consumer, there is an increase in the popularity of craft beer, which is more susceptible to microbial contamination than the industry beer. A beer‐spoilage strain was isolated from craft beer and identified as Staphylococcus xylosus strain BS7. The isolate BS7 showed that high beer‐spoilage ability at low temperature (4°C), low pH (4.0) and high ethanol concentration (7.0%, v/v). Compared with the other known strains of S. xylosus, strain BS7 was resistant to hop compounds and had an evolutionary stability in hop resistance. Strain BS7 was able to grow quickly and utilizes nutrients in commercial beer, produces organic acids and biogenic amines, and changes beer flavor profile. These results suggest that S. xylosus strain BS7 is a beer‐spoilage strain with the danger, which can lead to the beer‐spoilage issues during craft beer production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrostructures preserved in deformed rocks are essential for the understanding of their evolution, especially when the deformation is weak and hard to discriminate in regional scale or purely through geophysical data. In order to resolve the inconsistency between NS trending fracture zones and NE oriented spreading fabrics of the South China Sea during the latest spreading stage, we analyzed macrostructures identifiable from the basalt and consolidated sediment samples of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Sites U1431 and U1433. These two sites are close to the East and Southwest relict spreading ridges and provide critical information on the latest spreading stages. The structures in the basalt of both sites suggest two dominant orientations of NS and NE. At U1431, sediments show mainly WNW trending slickensides, different from that of basalt. At U1433, no structures were found in postspreading sediment. Thus, NE and NS trending structures in basalt are most possibly formed by seafloor spreading. Crosscutting relationship suggests that NE trending structures formed first, followed by NS and finally WNW trending structures. These observations are consistent with geophysical features. Magnetic anomalies and ocean bottom seismometer velocity suggest that the latest relict ridge of the East Subbasin coincides with the EW trending seamount chain. Located between the relict ridges of East and Southwest Subbasins, NS trending Zhongnan‐Liyue Fracture Zone had acted as the latest transform fault. Based on the above evidences, we proposed that the South China Sea may have experienced a short period of NS oriented spreading after earlier SE spreading. These results resolve the previous inconsistencies. Key Points: Basalt and sediment show different macrostructure orientations, indicating different stress fields between the synspreading and postspreading stagesMagnetic anomalies and low upper crust P wave velocities indicate that the youngest relict ridge in the East Subbasin may coincide with a seamount chainCross‐cutting relationship of fractures suggests a short period of roughly NS trending spreading after a SE trending spreading [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality traits of beer, which include flavor, texture, foam stability, gushing, and haze formation, rely on contributions from beer proteins and peptides. Large‐scale proteomic analysis of beer is gaining importance, not only with respect to authenticity of raw material in beer but also to improve quality control during beer production. In this work, foam proteins were first isolated from beer by virtue of their high hydrophobicity. Then sequential filter‐aided sample preparation coupled with liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze both beer protein and foam protein. Finally, 4692 proteins were identified as beer proteins, and 3906 proteins were identified as foam proteins. In total, 7113 proteins were identified in the beer sample. Several proteins contributing to beer quality traits, including lipid transfer protein, serpin, hordein, gliadin, and glutenin, were detected in our proteins list. This work constructed a comprehensive beer proteome map that may help to evaluate potential health risks related to beer consumption in celiac patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]