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The hydrogenolysis of polymers is emerging as a promising approach to deconstruct plastic waste into valuable chemicals. Yet, the complexity of plastic waste, including multilayer packaging, is a significant barrier to handling realistic waste streams. Herein, we reveal fundamental insights into a new chemical route for transforming a previously unaddressed fraction of plastic waste – poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) and related polymer blends – into alkane products. We report that Ru/ZrO2 is active for the concurrent hydrogenolysis, hydrogenation, and hydrodeoxygenation of EVOH and its thermal degradation products into alkanes (C1−C35) and water. Detailed reaction data, product analysis, and catalyst characterization reveal that the in‐situ thermal degradation of EVOH forms aromatic intermediates that are detrimental to catalytic activity. Increased hydrogen pressure promotes hydrogenation of these aromatics, preventing catalyst deactivation and improving alkane product yields. Calculated apparent rates of C−C scission reveal that the hydrogenolysis of EVOH is slower than low‐density polyethylene. We apply these findings to achieve hydrogenolysis of EVOH/polyethylene blends and elucidate the sensitivity of hydrogenolysis catalysts to such blends. Overall, we demonstrate progress towards efficient catalytic processes for the hydroconversion of waste multilayer film plastic packaging into valuable products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People vary in how they perceive, think about, and respond to moral issues. Clearly, we cannot fully understand the psychology of morality without accounting for individual differences in moral functioning. But decades of neglect of and explicit skepticism toward such individual differences has resulted in a lack of integration between moral psychology and personality psychology—the study of psychological differences between people. In recent years, these barriers to progress have started to break down. This special issue aims to celebrate and further increase the visibility of the personality psychology of morality. Here, we introduce the articles in this special issue by highlighting some important contributions a personality‐based perspective has to offer moral psychology—particularly in comparison to the currently prominent social psychological approach. We show that personality psychology is well‐placed to (a) contribute toward a rigorous empirical foundation for moral psychology, (b) tackle the conceptualization and assessment of stable moral tendencies, (c) assess the predictive validity of moral traits in relation to consequential outcomes, (d) uncover the mechanisms underlying individual differences in moral judgments and behavior, and (e) provide insights into moral development. For these reasons, we believe that moral psychology needs personality psychology to reach its full scholarly potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The psychological profile of the moral person might depend on whose perspective is being used. Here, we decompose moral impressions into three components: (a) Shared Moral Character (shared variance across self‐ and informant reports), (b) Moral Identity (how a person uniquely views their morality), and (c) Moral Reputation (how others uniquely view that person's morality). Method: In two samples (total N = 458), we used an extended version of the Trait‐Reputation‐Identity model to examine the extent to which each perspective accounts for the overall variance in moral impressions and the degree to which social and personal outcomes were associated with each perspective, controlling for method variance (i.e., positivity and acquiescence bias). Results: Results suggest that moral character impressions are strongly influenced by positivity and largely idiosyncratic. All components were related to higher levels of agreeableness. For the most part, however, the three components had unique correlates: people higher in Shared Moral Character tended to have higher standings on conscientiousness and honesty‐humility, were more respected, and donated more during an in‐lab game; people higher in Moral Identity endorsed various moral foundations to a greater extent; and people higher in Moral Reputation valued the loyalty foundation less. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the value of considering multiple perspectives when measuring moral character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: What types of moral improvements do people wish to make? Do they hope to become more good, or less bad? Do they wish to be more caring? More honest? More loyal? And why exactly do they want to become more moral? Presumably, most people want to improve their morality because this would benefit others, but is this in fact their primary motivation? Here, we begin to investigate these questions. Method: Across two large, preregistered studies (N = 1818), participants provided open‐ended descriptions of one change they could make in order to become more moral; they then reported their beliefs about and motives for this change. Results: In both studies, people most frequently expressed desires to improve their compassion and more often framed their moral improvement goals in terms of amplifying good behaviors than curbing bad ones. The strongest predictor of moral motivation was the extent to which people believed that making the change would have positive consequences for their own well‐being. Conclusions: Together, these studies provide rich descriptive insights into how ordinary people want to be more moral, and show that they are particularly motivated to do so for their own sake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore whether MR fingerprinting (MRF) scans provide motion‐robust and quantitative brain tissue measurements for non‐sedated infants with prenatal opioid exposure (POE). Study Type: Prospective. Population: 13 infants with POE (3 male; 12 newborns (age 7–65 days) and 1 infant aged 9‐months). Field Strength/Sequence: 3T, 3D T1‐weighted MPRAGE, 3D T2‐weighted TSE and MRF sequences. Assessment: The image quality of MRF and MRI was assessed in a fully crossed, multiple‐reader, multiple‐case study. Sixteen image quality features in three types—image artifacts, structure and myelination visualization—were ranked by four neuroradiologists (8, 7, 5, and 8 years of experience respectively), using a 3‐point scale. MRF T1 and T2 values in 8 white matter brain regions were compared between babies younger than 1 month and babies between 1 and 2 months. Statistical Tests: Generalized estimating equations model to test the significance of differences of regional T1 and T2 values of babies under 1 month and those older. MRI and MRF image quality was assessed using Gwet's second order auto‐correlation coefficient (AC2) with confidence levels. The Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test was used to assess the difference in proportions between MRF and MRI for all features and stratified by the type of features. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The MRF of two infants were excluded in T1 and T2 value analysis due to severe motion artifact but were included in the image quality assessment. In infants under 1 month of age (N = 6), the T1 and T2 values were significantly higher compared to those between 1 and 2 months of age (N = 4). MRF images showed significantly higher image quality ratings in all three feature types compared to MRI images. Conclusions: MR Fingerprinting scans have potential to be a motion‐robust and efficient method for nonsedated infants. Level of Evidence: 2 Technical Efficacy Stage: 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Quantitative MRI techniques such as MR fingerprinting (MRF) promise more objective and comparable measurements of tissue properties at the point‐of‐care than weighted imaging. However, few direct cross‐modal comparisons of MRF's repeatability and reproducibility versus weighted acquisitions have been performed. This work proposes a novel fully automated pipeline for quantitatively comparing cross‐modal imaging performance in vivo via atlas‐based sampling. Methods: We acquire whole‐brain 3D‐MRF, turbo spin echo, and MPRAGE sequences three times each on two scanners across 10 subjects, for a total of 60 multimodal datasets. The proposed automated registration and analysis pipeline uses linear and nonlinear registration to align all qualitative and quantitative DICOM stacks to Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) 152 space, then samples each dataset's native space through transformation inversion to compare performance within atlas regions across subjects, scanners, and repetitions. Results: Voxel values within MRF‐derived maps were found to be more repeatable (σT1 = 1.90, σT2 = 3.20) across sessions than vendor‐reconstructed MPRAGE (σT1w = 6.04) or turbo spin echo (σT2w = 5.66) images. Additionally, MRF was found to be more reproducible across scanners (σT1 = 2.21, σT2 = 3.89) than either qualitative modality (σT1w = 7.84, σT2w = 7.76). Notably, differences between repeatability and reproducibility of in vivo MRF were insignificant, unlike the weighted images. Conclusion: MRF data from many sessions and scanners can potentially be treated as a single dataset for harmonized analysis or longitudinal comparisons without the additional regularization steps needed for qualitative modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To propose a new reconstruction method for multidimensional MR fingerprinting (mdMRF) to address shading artifacts caused by physiological motion‐induced measurement errors without navigating or gating. Methods: The proposed method comprises two procedures: self‐calibration and subspace reconstruction. The first procedure (self‐calibration) applies temporally local matrix completion to reconstruct low‐resolution images from a subset of under‐sampled data extracted from the k‐space center. The second procedure (subspace reconstruction) utilizes temporally global subspace reconstruction with pre‐estimated temporal subspace from low‐resolution images to reconstruct aliasing‐free, high‐resolution, and time‐resolved images. After reconstruction, a customized outlier detection algorithm was employed to automatically detect and remove images corrupted by measurement errors. Feasibility, robustness, and scan efficiency were evaluated through in vivo human brain imaging experiments. Results: The proposed method successfully reconstructed aliasing‐free, high‐resolution, and time‐resolved images, where the measurement errors were accurately represented. The corrupted images were automatically and robustly detected and removed. Artifact‐free T1, T2, and ADC maps were generated simultaneously. The proposed reconstruction method demonstrated robustness across different scanners, parameter settings, and subjects. A high scan efficiency of less than 20 s per slice has been achieved. Conclusion: The proposed reconstruction method can effectively alleviate shading artifacts caused by physiological motion‐induced measurement errors. It enables simultaneous and artifact‐free quantification of T1, T2, and ADC using mdMRF scans without prospective gating, with robustness and high scan efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cytochrome P450 3As (CYP3As) are abundantly expressed in the liver and metabolize many commonly prescribed medications. Their expression is highly variable between individuals with little known genetic cause. Despite extensive investigation, cis‐acting genetic elements that control the expression of the CYP3As remain uncharacterized. Using chromatin conformation capture (4C assays), we detected reciprocal interaction between a distal regulatory region (DRR) and the CYP3A4 promoter. The DRR colocalizes with a variety of enhancer marks and was found to promote transcription in reporter assays. CRISPR‐mediated deletion of the DRR decreased expression of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7, supporting its role as a shared enhancer regulating the expression of three CYP3A genes. Using reporter gene assays, we identified two single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (rs115025140 and rs776744/rs776742) that increased DRR‐driven luciferase reporter expression. In a liver cohort (n = 246), rs115025140 was associated with increased expression of CYP3A4 mRNA (1.8‐fold) and protein (1.6‐fold) and rs776744/rs776742 was associated with 1.39‐fold increased expression of CYP3A5 mRNA. The rs115025140 is unique to the African population and in a clinical cohort of African Americans taking statins for lipid control rs115025140 carriers showed a trend toward reduced statin‐mediated lipid reduction. In addition, using a published cohort of Chinese patients who underwent renal transplantation taking tacrolimus, rs776744/rs776742 carriers were associated with reduced tacrolimus concentration after adjusting for CYP3A5*3. Our results elucidate a complex regulatory network controlling expression of three CYP3A genes and identify two novel regulatory variants with potential clinical relevance for predicting CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Personality traits are associated with well-being, but the precise correlates vary across well-being dimensions and within each Big Five domain. This study is the first to examine the unique associations between the Big Five aspects (rather than facets) and multiple well-being dimensions.Method: Two samples of U.S. participants (total N = 706; Mage  = 36.17; 54% female) recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk completed measures of the Big Five aspects and subjective, psychological, and PERMA well-being.Results: One aspect within each domain was more strongly associated with well-being variables. Enthusiasm and Withdrawal were strongly associated with a broad range of well-being variables, but other aspects of personality also had idiosyncratic associations with distinct forms of positive functioning (e.g., Compassion with positive relationships, Industriousness with accomplishment, and Intellect with personal growth).Conclusions: An aspect-level analysis provides an optimal (i.e., parsimonious yet sufficiently comprehensive) framework for describing the relation between personality traits and multiple ways of thriving in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]