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Objectives: The incorporation of retromolar bone grafts used for alveolar ridge augmentation is not well understood. This prospective observational study aims to supply histomorphometrical data from bone graft biopsies taken at the time of retrieval and after a 3‐month healing period using patient‐matched biopsies. Materials and Methods: In 17 patients, trephine biopsies of the graft were acquired at the time of graft retrieval and after a 3‐month healing period. The biopsies were compared histomorphometrically regarding the number of osteocytes, appearance of osteocyte lacunae, quantity, surface area, and activity of the Haversian canals. Results: All grafts appeared clinically stable after screw removal and 17 implants were placed. Histomorphometric analysis revealed no significant difference in the number of osteocytes (p =.413), osteocyte lacunae (p =.611), the ratio of filled/empty osteocyte lacunae (p =.467) and active Haversian canals (p =.495) between the biopsies retrieved after a 3‐months healing period with those at the time of grafting. The only significant difference was noted in the mean surface area of the Haversian canals (p =.002). Specifically, the grafts post 3‐month healing showed a significantly larger mean area (0.069 mm2) compared to the time of grafting (0.029 mm2). Conclusion: This study demonstrates, compared to other data, a high rate of vital structures in retromolar bone block grafts after 3 months of healing, exhibiting the same histological features in comparison to the biopsies from the native alveolar ridge. Standard histomorphometrical parameters, e.g., the amount of filled or empty osteocyte lacunae for the description of the vitality of the graft need to be reappraised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Common genetic variations in the nitric oxide synthase‐1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) gene are associated with QT‐interval prolongation. In a previous study, we observed an association between the rs10494366 variant of this gene and an increased QT‐interval shortening in digoxin users. As QT‐interval shortening is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death (SCD), in this study, we investigated whether the association between digoxin use and risk of SCD differs in participants with different NOS1AP rs10494366 genotypes. Methods: We included 11 377 individuals from the prospective population‐based cohort of the Rotterdam Study. We used Cox proportional hazard regression analysis with digoxin as time‐dependent exposure to estimate the associations between current digoxin use and the risk of SCD among different rs10494366 genotype groups in the adjusted models. We also studied whether such an association was dose‐dependent, comparing high dosage (≥ 0.250 mg), moderate dosage (0.125 mg ≤ dose< 0.250 mg) and low dosage (< 0.125 mg) digoxin users with non‐users. Results: The median baseline age of the total study population was 62 (interquartile range [IQR] 58–71) years. The cumulative incidence of SCD was 4.1% (469 cases), and among them, 74 (15.7%) individuals were current digoxin users at the time of death, during a median follow‐up of 11.5 (IQR 6.5–17) years. Current digoxin users had an increased risk of SCD (multivariable adjusted model hazard ratio [HR]: 3.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.38–3.98), with no significant differences between the three genotype groups. The adjusted HRs were 4.03 [95% CI: 1.98–8.21] in the minor homozygous GG, 3.46 [95% CI: 2.37–5.04] in the heterozygous TG and 2.56 [95%CI: 1.70–3.86] in the homozygous TT genotype groups. Compared to low‐ and moderate‐dose, high‐dose digoxin users with GG genotype had the highest risk of SCD (HR: 5.61 [95% CI: 1.34–23.47]). Conclusions: Current use of digoxin is associated with a significantly increased risk of SCD. The NOS1AP gene rs10494366 variant did not modify the digoxin‐associated risk of SCD in a population of European ancestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has emerged as a promising platform for gene editing; however, the lack of an efficient and safe delivery system to introduce it into cells continues to hinder clinical translation. Here, we report a rationally designed gene‐editing nanoparticle (NP) formulation for brain applications: an sgRNA:Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex is immobilized on the NP surface by oligonucleotides that are complementary to the sgRNA. Irradiation of the formulation with a near‐infrared (NIR) laser generates heat in the NP, leading to the release of the ribonucleoprotein complex. The gene‐editing potential of the formulation was demonstrated in vitro at the single‐cell level. The safety and gene editing of the formulation were also demonstrated in the brains of reporter mice, specifically in the subventricular zone after intracerebral administration and in the olfactory bulb after intranasal administration. The formulation presented here offers a new strategy for the spatially controlled delivery of the CRISPR system to the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number line estimation task is frequently used to measure children's numerical magnitude understanding. It is unclear whether the resulting straight, horizontal, left‐to‐right‐oriented estimate patterns indicate task constraints or children's intuitive number–space mapping. Three‐ to six‐year‐old children (N = 72, Mage = 4.89, 56% girls, 94% German citizenship) were asked to explain the meaning of numbers to a teddy by laying out a rope and attaching cards showing non‐symbolic numerosities (dots) to it. Most children intuitively created straight, horizontal, and left‐to‐right‐oriented representations. Characteristics of the line correlated with age, mathematical competencies, and home numeracy. This demonstrates the usefulness of the number line estimation task for assessing how children intuitively map numbers onto space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to assess the effect of antidepressant use on dementia risk, cognitive decline, and brain atrophy. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, we included 5511 dementia‐free participants (Mini‐Mental State Examination [MMSE] > 25) of the Rotterdam study (57.5% women, mean age 70.6 years). Antidepressant use was extracted from pharmacy records from 1991 until baseline (2002–2008). Incident dementia was monitored from baseline until 2018, with repeated cognitive assessment and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) every 4 years. RESULTS: Compared to never use, any antidepressant use was not associated with dementia risk (hazard ratio [HR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92–1.41), or with accelerated cognitive decline or atrophy of white and gray matter. Compared to never use, dementia risk was somewhat higher with tricyclic antidepressants (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.01–1.83) than with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.81–1.54), but without dose–response relationships, accelerated cognitive decline, or atrophy in either group. DISCUSSION: Antidepressant medication in adults without indication of cognitive impairment was not consistently associated with long‐term adverse cognitive effects. Highlights: Antidepressant medications are frequently prescribed, especially among older adults.In this study, antidepressant use was not associated with long‐term dementia risk.Antidepressant use was not associated with cognitive decline or brain atrophy.Our results support safe prescription in an older, cognitively healthy population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Neonates have a high incidence of respiratory and cardiac perioperative events. Disease severity and indications for surgical intervention often dovetail with an overall complex clinical course and predispose these infants to adverse long‐term neurodevelopmental outcomes and increased length of stay. Our aims were to describe severe and nonsevere early postoperative complications to establish a baseline of care outcomes and to identify subgroups of surgical neonates and procedures for future prospective studies. Methods: Electronic health record data were examined retrospectively for a cohort of patients who had general anesthesia from January 26, 2015 to August 31, 2018. Inclusion criteria were full‐term infants with postmenstrual age less than 44 weeks or premature infants less than 60 weeks postmenstrual age undergoing nonimaging, noncardiac surgery. Severe postoperative complications were defined as mortality, reintubation, positive blood culture, and surgical site infection. Nonsevere early postoperative outcomes were defined as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, hypothermia, hyperthermia, and readmission within 30 days. Results: About 2569 procedures were performed in 1842 neonates of which 10.9% were emergency surgeries. There were 120 postoperative severe complications and 965 nonsevere postoperative outcomes. Overall, 30‐day mortality was 1.8% for the first procedure performed, with higher mortality seen on subgroup analysis for patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy (10.3%) and congenital lung lesion resection (4.9%). Postoperative areas for improvement included hyperglycemia (13.9%) and hypothermia (7.9%). Discussion: The mortality rate in our study was comparable to other studies of neonatal surgery despite a high rate of emergency surgery and a high prevalence of prematurity in our cohort. The early outcomes data identified areas for improvement, including prevention of postoperative glucose and temperature derangements. Conclusions: Neonates in this cohort were at risk for severe and nonsevere adverse postoperative outcomes. Future studies are suggested to improve mortality and adverse event rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the use of magnetic resonance guided adaptive radiotherapy (MRgART) in the post‐prostatectomy setting; comparing dose accumulation for our initial seven patients treated with fully adaptive workflow on the Unity MR‐Linac (MRL) and with non‐adaptive plans generated offline. Additionally, we analyzed toxicity in patients receiving treatment. Methods: Seven patients were treated with MRgART. The prescription was 70–72 Gy in 35–36 fractions. Patients were treated with an adapt to shape (ATS) technique. For each clinically delivered plan, a non‐adaptive plan based upon the reference plan was generated and compared to the associated clinically delivered plan. A total of 468 plans were analyzed. Concordance Index of target and Organs at Risk (OARs) for each fraction with reference contours was analyzed. Acute toxicity was then assessed at six‐months following completion of treatment with Common Terminology for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Toxicity Criteria. Results: A total of 246 fractions were clinically delivered to seven patients; 234 fractions were delivered via MRgART and 12 fractions delivered via a traditional linear accelerator due to machine issues. Pre‐treatment reference plans met CTV and OAR criteria. PTV coverage satisfaction was higher in the clinically delivered adaptive plans than non‐adaptive comparison plans; 42.93% versus 7.27% respectively. Six‐month CTCAE genitourinary and gastrointestinal toxicity was absent in most patients, and mild‐to‐moderate in a minority of patients (Grade 1 GU toxicity in one patient and Grade 2 GI toxicity in one patient). Conclusions: Daily MRgART treatment consistently met planning criteria. Target volume variability in prostate bed treatment can be mitigated by using MRgART and deliver satisfactory coverage of CTV whilst minimizing dose to adjacent OARs and reducing toxicity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immune response–gut microbiota interaction is implicated in various human diseases, including cancer. Identifying the link between the gut microbiota and systemic inflammatory markers and their association with cancer will be important for our understanding of cancer etiology. The current study was performed on 8090 participants from the population‐based Rotterdam study. We found a significant association (false discovery rate [FDR] ≤0.05) between lymphocytes and three gut microbial taxa, namely the family Streptococcaceae, genus Streptococcus, and order Lactobacillales. In addition, we identified 95 gut microbial taxa that were associated with inflammatory markers (p < 0.05). Analyzing the cancer data, we observed a significant association between higher systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) levels at baseline (hazard ratio (HR): 1.65 [95% confidence interval (CI); 1.10–2.46, p ≤ 0.05]) and a higher count of lymphocytes (HR: 1.38 [95% CI: 1.15–1.65, p ≤ 0.05]) and granulocytes (HR: 1.69 [95% CI: 1.40–2.03, p ≤ 0.05]) with increased risk of lung cancer after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and study cohort. This association was lost for SII and lymphocytes after additional adjustment for smoking (SII = HR:1.46 [95% CI: 0.96–2.22, p = 0.07] and lymphocytes = HR: 1.19 [95% CI: 0.97–1.46, p = 0.08]). In the stratified analysis, higher count of lymphocyte and granulocytes at baseline were associated with an increased risk of lung cancer in smokers after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and study cohort (HR: 1.33 [95% CI: 1.09–1.62, p ≤0.05] and HR: 1.57 [95% CI: 1.28–1.92, p ≤0.05], respectively). Our study revealed a positive association between gut microbiota, higher SII levels, and higher lymphocyte and granulocyte counts, with an increased risk of developing lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographic distribution models of environmentally stable isotopes (the so‐called "isoscapes") are widely employed in animal ecology, and wildlife forensics and conservation. However, the application of isoscapes is limited to elements and regions for which the spatial patterns have been estimated. Here, we focused on the ubiquitous yet less commonly used stable sulfur isotopes (δ34S). To predict the European δ34S isoscape, we used 242 feather samples from Eurasian Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) formed at 69 European wetland sites. We quantified the relationships between sample δ34S and environmental covariates using a random forest regression model and applied the model to predict the geographic distribution of δ34S. We also quantified within‐site variation in δ34S and complementarity with other isotopes on both individual and isoscape levels. The predicted feather δ34S isoscape shows only slight differences between the central and southern parts of Europe while the coastal regions were most enriched in 34S. The most important covariates of δ34S were distance to coastline, surface elevation, and atmospheric concentrations of SO2 gases. The absence of a systematic spatial pattern impedes the application of the δ34S isoscape, but high complementarity with other isoscapes advocates the combination of multiple isoscapes to increase the precision of animal tracing. Feather δ34S compositions showed considerable within‐site variation with highest values in inland parts of Europe, likely attributed to wetland anaerobic conditions and redox sensitivity of sulfur. The complex European geography and topography as well as using δ34S samples from wetlands may contribute to the absence of a systematic spatial gradient of δ34S values in Europe. We thus encourage future studies to focus on the geographic distribution of δ34S using tissues from diverse taxa collected in various habitats over large land masses in the world (i.e., Africa, South America, or East Asia). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical registries are multicenter prospective observational datasets that have been used to examine current perioperative practices in pediatric anesthesia. These datasets have proven useful in quantifying the incidence of rare adverse outcomes. Data from registries can highlight associations between severe patient safety events and patient and procedure‐related risk factors. Registries are an effective tool to delineate practices and outcomes in niche patient populations. They have been used to quantify uncommon complications of medications and procedures. Registries can be used to generate knowledge and to support quality improvement. Multicenter engagement can promote best clinical practices and foster professional networks. Registries are limited by their observational nature, which entails a lack of randomization as well as selection and treatment bias. The maintenance of registries over time can be challenging due to difficulties in modifying the included variables, collaborator fatigue, and continued outlay of resources to maintain the database and onboard new sites. These latter issues can lead to decreased data quality. In this article, we discuss key insights from several pediatric anesthesia registries and propose a new type of registry that addresses some shortcomings of the current paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the passive solar façade, an external wall insulation system is presented, with which solar energy gains can be used to a greater extent through a transparent facing shell in front of the insulation layer. A parameter study shows that the transmission heat loss compared to an ETICS can be reduced by between 20 and 40 % across all insulating material thicknesses, depending on the façade orientation. The absorbed solar energy heats the outside of the insulating material and the air layer between the insulation and the transparent façade cladding, so that the temperature difference from the inside to the outside is reduced. This effect reduces the transmission heat flow linearly, i. e. independently of the insulation thickness and is therefore not affected by the so‐called "U‐value reciprocal dilemma". The necessary goal of the energy transition – the use of heat pumps in existing buildings requires a reduction of the heating load along with a corresponding insulation thickness beside to reducing heating energy. Out of this, the conclusion that the transparent façade cladding means that insulation thickness can be dispensed with would be a fallacy. With the passive solar façade, however, the insulation thickness level can be reduced to achieve a passive house heating energy requirement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Easily accessible and self‐administered cognitive assessments that can aide early identification of individuals at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia are critical for timely intervention. Mayo Test Drive (MTD) is a remote, self‐administered, multi‐device compatible, web‐based cognitive assessment (Stricker et al., 2022). We investigated continuous associations between MTD and amyloid and tau PET biomarkers and compared the strength of association to PET biomarkers and in‐person cognitive measures. Method: 556 adults from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging participated (mean age = 70.6; mean education = 16.0 years; 50.7% female; 97.5% white). Participants were predominantly cognitively unimpaired (95.3%; 4.7% had a consensus diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment). Participants completed (1) brain amyloid and tau PET scans, (2) in‐person neuropsychological assessment including Mayo Preclinical Alzheimer's disease Cognitive Composite (Mayo‐PACC) and Global‐z, and (3) remote MTD comprised of the Stricker Learning Span (SLS) and the Symbols test, which are combined into an MTD composite. Multiple regressions adjusted for age, sex, and education queried associations between imaging biomarkers [amyloid meta‐region of interest (ROI), tau meta‐ROI, and tau entorhinal cortex (EC)‐ROI)] and composite and subtest scores from remote and in‐person measures. Davidson‐Mackinnon J‐test compared R‐squared values of models with remote versus in‐person composites. Result: Lower performances on MTD composite and Mayo‐PACC were associated with higher amyloid meta‐ROI (p's<.05; Table 1). MTD composite was also negatively associated with tau meta‐ROI and EC‐ROI (p's<.05). For memory measures, SLS sum of trials was negatively associated with tau meta‐ROI (p =.01) and EC‐ROI (p<.001) with no associations between AVLT sum of trials and PET (p's≥.06; Table 2). Among processing speed/executive function measures, worse Trails B performance was associated with higher amyloid meta‐ROI (p<.001). Symbols and Digit Symbol Coding were not associated with PET (p's≥.29). A multivariable model with MTD explained significantly less variance (p =.04) for amyloid meta‐ROI (adjusted R‐squared = 0.165) than a multivariable model with Mayo‐PACC (adjusted R‐squared = 0.176); remote and in‐person composite measures were comparable for other associations (p's>.05). Conclusion: MTD is associated with continuous measures of amyloid and tau PET biomarkers of AD, demonstrating criterion validity for MTD. Several associations were comparable to relationships between gold‐standard in‐person neuropsychological tests and imaging biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brief self‐administered cognitive assessments deployed remotely and combined with plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are well suited to assess clinical symptoms and underlying biology in large‐scale decentralized studies. We investigated whether associations of self‐administered cognitive measures and plasma biomarkers were comparable to associations of in‐person cognitive measures and plasma biomarkers. Method: Participants included 327 adults from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (mean age = 70.8; 48% female; mean education = 16.0 years; 96.9% white). Most (94.5%) were cognitively unimpaired; 5.5% had consensus diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. Participants completed Mayo Test Drive (MTD; Stricker et al., 2022), a remote, self‐administered, multi‐device compatible web‐based cognitive assessment comprised of the Stricker Learning Span (SLS) and Symbols test that are combined into a MTD composite. Participants also completed in‐person neuropsychological assessment (global‐z; Mayo Preclinical Alzheimer's disease Cognitive Composite [Mayo‐PACC]) and fasting venipuncture. Plasma was assayed via HD‐X simoa platform for amyloid‐beta (Aβ)‐42 and Aβ‐40 to create an Aβ42/40 ratio, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) using the N4PE Quanterix kit as well as phosphorylated‐tau protein 181 (p‐tau181). P‐tau181, GFAP, and NfL were log10‐transformed. Multiple regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, and education examined associations between plasma biomarkers and composite and subtest scores from remote and in‐person measures. Davidson‐Mackinnon J‐test compared R‐squared values of models with remote versus in‐person composites. Result: Lower performances on MTD, global‐z, and Mayo‐PACC (Table 1) were associated with higher GFAP (p's≤.02), NfL (p's≤.003), and p‐tau181 (p's =.04). For memory, worse SLS and AVLT sum of trials were associated with higher GFAP (p's≤.01) and NfL (p's≤.03). For processing speed/executive function, worse Symbols and Trails B were associated with higher p‐tau181 (p's≤.02). Worse Trails B and Digit Symbol Coding were associated with higher NfL (p's≤.02), and worse Digit Symbol Coding was associated with lower Aβ42/40 (p = 0.03; Table 2). A multivariable model with MTD explained significantly more variance (p =.04) for NfL (adjusted R‐squared = 0.461) than a multivariable model with Mayo‐PACC (adjusted R‐squared = 0.447); remote and in‐person composite measures were comparable for other associations (p's>.05). Conclusion: Remote and in‐person composite measures showed comparable associations with AD‐related plasma biomarkers, supporting MTD's criterion validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal water resource recovery facilities are not designed to eliminate micropollutants, leading to many pollutants entering the aquatic environment. Within this study, as part of the project MicroStop, the biological treatment of nanofiltration effluent (retentate) under pure aerobic (without nitrification) as well as nitrifying and denitrifying conditions has been investigated for micropollutant elimination. A potential of further biotransformation under increased hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 14 days was shown. Under both HRT of 7 and 14 days, eliminations below LOQ were achieved in the aerated bioreactor for gabapentin, iomeprol, and metoprolol, reaching > 95%, > 69 to > 92%, and > 72%, respectively. The reduction of diclofenac was positively influenced by longer HRT leading to an elimination of up to 67%. Sulfamethoxazole was reduced under denitrification, but accumulated under aeration, resulting in fluctuating results and an overall elimination of 78% under 14 days HRT. Practitioner Points: The micropollutant elimination in fixed‐bed bioreactors of highly concentrated nanofiltration retentate was studied.Pure aerobic (without nitrification), nitrifying, and denitrifying conditions were investigated under hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 7 and 14 days.Higher initial pollutant concentrations enhanced the biological degradability in attached growth for substances being moderately degradable in activated sludge systems.4A potential of further biological micropollutant elimination was shown for gabapentin, iomeprol, metoprolol, and diclofenac. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta‐blocker usage is inconsistently associated with increased fall risk in the literature. However, due to age‐related changes and interindividual heterogeneity in pharmacokinetics and dynamics, it is difficult to predict which older adults are more at risk for falls. Therefore, we wanted to explore whether elevated plasma concentrations of selective and nonselective beta‐blockers are associated with an increased risk of falls in older beta‐blocker users. To answer our research question, we analyzed samples of selective (metoprolol, n = 316) and nonselective beta‐blockers (sotalol, timolol, propranolol, and carvedilol, n = 179) users from the B‐PROOF cohort. The associations between the beta‐blocker concentration and time to first fall were assessed using Cox proportional hazard models. Change of concentration over time in relation to fall risk was assessed with logistic regression models. Models were adjusted for potential confounders. Our results showed that above the median concentration of metoprolol was associated with an increased fall risk (HR 1.55 [1.11–2.16], p =.01). No association was found for nonselective beta‐blocker concentrations. Also, changes in concentration over time were not associated with increased fall risk. To conclude, metoprolol plasma concentrations were associated with an increased risk of falls in metoprolol users while no associations were found for nonselective beta‐blockers users. This might be caused by a decreased β1‐selectivity in high plasma concentrations. In the future, beta‐blocker concentrations could potentially help clinicians estimate fall risk in older beta‐blockers users and personalize treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of the tethered DROP‐IN gamma probe has enabled targeted robot‐assisted radioguided prostate cancer (PCa) resection of pelvic sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) and prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA)‐positive lesions. While both procedures use 99mTc‐isotopes, the two vary in signal and background intensity. To understand how the different levels of image guidance impact surgical decision‐making, computer‐vision algorithms are used to extract the DROP‐IN probe kinematic form clinical videos. 44 PCa patients undergo SLN (25) and PSMA‐targeted (19) resections. PSMA‐PET/CT and SPECT/CT create preoperative roadmaps, and intraoperative probe signal intensities are recorded. Using neural network‐based software, probe trajectories are extracted from videos to extract multiparametric kinematics and generate decision‐making and dexterity scores. PSMA‐targeted resections yield significantly lower nodal signal intensities in preoperative SPECT‐CT scans (three‐fold; p = 0.01), intraoperative probe readouts (eight‐fold; p < 0.001), and signal‐to‐background ratios (SBR; two‐fold; p < 0.001). Kinematics assessment reveal that the challenges encounter during PSMA‐targeted procedures converted to longer target identification times and increase in probe pick‐ups (both five‐fold; p < 0.001). This results in a fourfold reduction in the decision‐making score (p < 0.001). Reduced signal intensities and intraoperative SBR values negatively affect the impact that image‐guided surgery strategies have on the surgical decision‐making process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mayo Test Drive (MTD): Test Development through Rapid Iteration, Validation and Expansion, is a web‐based platform optimized for remote self‐administered assessment that includes a computer adaptive word list memory test (Stricker Learning Span; SLS) and a measure of processing speed (Symbols Test). Study aims were to determine 1) convergent validity of MTD through correlations with in‐person neuropsychological measures and 2) criterion validity of MTD by qualitatively comparing the ability of Mayo Test Drive and in‐person administered neuropsychological measures to differentiate biomarker‐defined groups, independent of clinical diagnosis. Methods: Mayo Clinic Study of Aging participants (N = 282) completed a brief remote cognitive assessment (mean age = 74, SD = 12; 262 CU and 20 MCI per consensus conference diagnosis; see Table 1). A subset of participants had brain amyloid and/or brain tau PET scans available within 3 years; overlapping groups were formed for 1) those on the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum (A+, n = 31) or not (A‐, n = 57) and for 2) those with biological AD (A+T+, n = 19) or without any AD biomarkers (A‐T‐, n = 47). Primary outcome variables were SLS sum of trials, AVLT sum of trials, SYM Correct Trials response time, Digit Symbol Coding, MTD composite and Mayo‐PACC (AVLT sum of trials, Trails B, animals). Bivariate correlations were performed across all participants. Linear model ANOVAs were used to investigate biomarker subgroup differences; Hedge's g effect sizes are reported. Results: Convergent validity was supported through significant correlation (p's <.001) of SLS and AVLT (r =.63), SYM and Coding (r = ‐.64), and MTD composite with Mayo‐PACC (r =.67); see Table 2. MTD subtests showed expected relationships with age and education (p's <.05; Table 3). All MTD performances were significantly lower for A+ and A+T+ participants relative to A‐ or A‐T‐ (p's<.001; Table 4). All MTD outcome measures showed a similar or greater group difference effect size relative to traditional in‐person administered neuropsychological measures for separating A+ vs. A‐ and A+T+ vs. A‐T‐ groups. See Figure 1 and Table 4. Conclusions: MTD subtests show evidence of convergent validity through strong correlations with traditional in‐person cognitive measures. Preliminary analyses suggest MTD has promise for differentiating PET biomarker groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Remote assessment tools offer significant promise for aiding early detection of cognitive impairment. Mayo Test Drive (MTD): Test Development through Rapid Iteration, Validation and Expansion, is a web‐based platform for remote self‐administered assessment that includes a computer adaptive word list memory test (Stricker Learning Span; SLS) and a measure of processing speed (Symbols Test). We examined the diagnostic accuracy of the SLS and a MTD composite (SLS max span, SLS trials 1–5 total correct, SLS delay correct, [Symbols correct item response time*‐1]) for amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). We also explored diagnostic accuracy for a broader group that included individuals with possible MCI (pMCI; see Figure 1). Methods: Participants were recruited from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging for this ancillary remote study. 226 were cognitively unimpaired (CU; concordant CU diagnosis by 3 independent raters). Fifty‐six participants had possible MCI (at least 1 of 3 raters indicated MCI) and 16 had a consensus diagnosis of aMCI. Primary outcome variables were SLS sum of trials, AVLT sum of trials, Symbols correct items response time, and MTD composite. Mean difference analyses used linear model ANOVAs (alpha =.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were applied; we derived optimal cutoff scores based on the Youden index method. Results: Both aMCI and possible MCI groups showed significantly lower performance than the CU group on SLS (Hedge's g aMCI = ‐1.72, pMCI = ‐1.04), Symbols (Hedge's g aMCI = 1.38, pMCI = 0.64), and MTD composite (Hedge's g aMCI = ‐1.89, pMCI = ‐1.09); see Tables 1 and 2 (all p's<.01 even when additionally covarying age, education, sex). Total area under the curve was high for differentiating of CU vs. aMCI (MTD Composite = 0.91, SLS = 0.91) and acceptable for CU vs. pMCI (MTD Composite = 0.77, SLS = 0.77); see Table 2. Consistent with our flexible platform, a variety of device types were used to complete remote testing (32% smartphone, 12% tablet, 56% PC). Conclusions: MTD and the SLS show high diagnostic accuracy for aMCI. MTD is a flexible, brief, and easy‐to‐use remote cognitive assessment tool with great potential for scalable use in future studies seeking to maximize inclusion of individuals with aMCI in clinical trials or for cognitive screening in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mayo Test Drive (MTD): Test Development through Rapid Iteration, Validation and Expansion, is a web‐based platform for self‐administered assessment for novel (Stricker Learning Span) and open access (Symbols Test) cognitive measures with previously demonstrated validity and reliability. Our study aim was to examine the usability of MTD, defined as the extent to which MTD was used to achieve the desired study goal of completing a testing session among participants willing to engage in an all‐remote study. Methods: 248 Mayo Clinic Study of Aging and Mayo Alzheimer's Disease Research Center participants were invited to participate in this ancillary, uncompensated remote pilot study via email. To examine 1) willingness to participate in a remote cognitive assessment study and 2) usability of MTD, the initiation and completion rates of MTD were examined by cognitively unimpaired (CU; n = 142) and cognitively impaired (CI; n = 106) groups (see Figure 1). These rates and other factors associated with MTD feasibility were further explored across age in CU (i.e., 50–69, 70–79, and 80+ years) and specific diagnostic groups in CI (i.e., individuals with dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and possible MCI). Results: Session completion rate (usability) was 98% across all participants who chose to participate, and, surprisingly, completion rates did not vary by age or diagnostic groups (p =.69; see Table 1). As expected, more individuals chose to participate in the CU (77%) versus CI (52%) group (p <.001). In terms of feasibility, individuals over 80 and with CI were more likely to have some contact with the study coordinator. Use of smartphones decreased with age, with most CU individuals over 70 using a personal computer (69‐73%; Table 2). Conclusions: Though the CI group was less likely to choose to participate than the CU group, out of those that did choose to participate the rate of completion was 98%. This demonstrates high usability of MTD. Study coordinator support and a flexible testing platform is critical for facilitating participation in remote testing across the aging population, and more supports and incentives may be needed for individuals with cognitive impairment to improve participation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Children with difficult tracheal intubation are at increased risk of severe complications, including hypoxaemia and cardiac arrest. Increasing experience with the simultaneous use of videolaryngoscopy and flexible bronchoscopy (hybrid) in adults led us to hypothesise that this hybrid technique could be used safely and effectively in children under general anaesthesia. We reviewed observational data from the international Pediatric Difficult Intubation Registry from 2017 to 2021 to assess the safety and efficacy of hybrid tracheal intubation approaches in paediatric patients. In total, 140 patients who underwent 180 attempts at tracheal intubation with the hybrid technique were propensity score‐matched 4:1 with 560 patients who underwent 800 attempts with a flexible bronchoscope. In the hybrid group, first attempt success was 70% (98/140) compared with 63% (352/560) in the flexible bronchoscope group (odds ratio (95%CI) 1.4 (0.9–2.1), p = 0.1). Eventual success rates in the matched groups were 90% (126/140) for hybrid vs. 89% (499/560) for flexible bronchoscope (1.1 (0.6–2.1), p = 0.8). Complication rates were similar in both groups (15% (28 complications in 182 attempts) hybrid; 13% (102 complications in 800 attempts) flexible bronchoscope, p = 0.3). The hybrid technique was more likely than flexible bronchoscopy to be used as a rescue technique following the failure of another technique (39% (55/140) vs. 25% (138/560), 2.1 (1.4–3.2) p < 0.001). While technically challenging, the hybrid technique has success rates similar to other advanced airway techniques, few complications and may be considered an alternative technique when developing an airway plan for paediatric patients whose tracheas are difficult to intubate under general anaesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climatic conditions affect animals but range‐wide impacts at the population level remain largely unknown, especially in migratory species. However, studying climate–population relationships is still challenging in small migrants due to a lack of efficient and cost‐effective geographic tracking method.Spatial distribution patterns of environmental stable isotopes (so called 'isoscapes') generally overcome these limitations but none of the currently available isoscapes provide a substantial longitudinal gradient in species‐rich sub‐Saharan Africa. In this region, sulphur (δ34S) has not been sufficiently explored on a larger scale.We developed a δ34S isoscape to trace animal origins in sub‐Saharan Africa by coupling known‐origin samples from tracked migratory birds with continental remotely sensed environmental data building on environment–δ34S relationships using a flexible machine learning technique. Furthermore, we link population‐specific nonbreeding grounds with interannual climatic variation that might translate to breeding population trends.The predicted δ34S isotopic map featured east–west and coast‐to‐inland isotopic gradients and was applied to predict nonbreeding grounds of three breeding populations of Eurasian Reed Warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus with two distinct migratory phenotypes. Breeding populations as well as migratory phenotypes exhibited large‐scale segregation within the African nonbreeding range. These regions also differed substantially in the interannual climatic variation, with higher interannual variability in the eastern part of the range during 2001–2012. Over the same period, the eastern European breeding population seemed to have experienced a more steep decline in population size.The link between migratory patterns and large‐scale climatic variability appears important to better understand population trajectories in many declining migratory animals. We believe animal tracing using sulphur isotopes will facilitate these efforts and offers manifold ecological and forensic applications in the biodiversity hotspot of sub‐Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the safety, and short to mid‐term oncological and quality‐of‐life (QoL) outcomes of focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) for radio‐recurrent prostate cancer (PCa) at a median follow‐up of 4 years. Patients and Methods: This was a single‐centre series of men with biopsy‐proven radio‐recurrent PCa treated with IRE between December 2013 and February 2022, with a minimum follow‐up of 6 months. Follow‐up included magnetic resonance imaging at 6 months, and standard transperineal saturation template biopsies at 12 months. Further biopsies were guided by suspicion on serial imaging or prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels. Validated questionnaires were used to measure functional outcomes. Significant local recurrence was defined as any International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) score ≥ 2 on biopsies. Progression‐free survival was defined as no signs of local or systemic disease on either imaging or template biopsies, or according to the Phoenix criteria for biochemical recurrence. Results: Final analysis was performed on 74 men with radio‐recurrent PCa (median age 69 years, median PSA level 5.4 ng/mL, 76% ISUP score 2/3). The median (range) follow‐up was 48 (27–68) months. One rectal fistula occurred, and eight patients developed urethral sloughing that resolved with transurethral resection. Among patients who returned questionnaires (30/74, 41%), 93% (28/30) had preserved urinary continence and 23% (7/30) had sustained erectile function at 12‐month follow‐up. Local control was achieved in 57 patients (77%), who needed no further treatment. Biopsy diagnosed 41(55%) patients received follow up template biopsies, in‐field recurrences occurred in 7% (3/41), and out‐field recurrences occurred in 15% of patients (6/41). The metastasis‐free survival rate was 91% (67/74), with a median (interquartile range) time to metastases of 8 (5–27) months. The Kaplan–Meier estimated 5‐year progression‐free survival rate was 60%. Conclusions: These short‐ to mid‐term safety, oncological and QoL outcome data endorse results from smaller series and show the ability of salvage focal IRE to safely achieve oncological control in patients with radio‐recurrent PCa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To prospectively assess the safety, functional‐ and oncological‐outcomes of irreversible electroporation (IRE) as salvage therapy for radio‐recurrent focal prostate cancer in a multicenter setting. Patients and methods: Men with focal recurrent PCa after external beam radiation or brachytherapy without metastatic disease on staging imaging and co‐registration between mpMRI and biopsies were prospectively included in this multicenter trial. Adverse events were reported following the Clavien‐Dindo classification. Validated questionnaires were used for patient‐reported functional outcomes. Follow‐up consisted of 3 monthly prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels, a 6‐month mpMRI and standardised transperineal template mapping biopsies at 12‐months. Thereafter follow‐up was guided by MRI and/or PSMA‐PET/CT and PSA. Local recurrence was defined as any ISUP score ≥2 on biopsies. Results: 37 patients were analysed with a median (interquartile range (IQR)) follow up of 29 (22–43) months. Median age was 71 (53–83), median PSA was 3.5 ng/mL (2.7–6.1). 28 (75.5%) patients harboured intermediate risk and 9 patients (24.5%) high risk PCa. Seven patients (19%) reported self‐limiting urgency, frequency, or hematuria (grade 1–2). Seven patients (19%) developed a grade 3 AE; urethral sludge requiring transurethral resection. At 12 months post treatment 93% of patients remained continent and erectile function sufficient for intercourse deteriorated from 35% to 15% (4/27). Local control was achieved in 29 patients (78%) and 27 patients (73%) were clear of local and systemic disease. Four (11%) patients had local recurrence only. Six (16%) patients developed metastatic disease with a median time to metastasis of 8 months. Conclusion: The FIRE trial shows that salvage IRE after failed radiation therapy for localised PCa is safe with minimal toxicity, and promising functional and oncological outcomes. Salvage IRE can offer a possible solution for notoriously difficult to manage radio recurrent prostate tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate longer‐term oncological and functional outcomes of focal irreversible electroporation (IRE) as primary treatment for localised clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) at a median follow‐up of 5 years (up to 10 years). Patients and Methods: All patients that underwent focal IRE as primary treatment for localised PCa between February 2013 and August 2021 with a minimum 12 months of follow‐up were analysed. Follow‐up included 6‐month magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and standardised transperineal saturation template ± targeted biopsies at 12 months, and further biopsies in the case of clinical suspicion on serial imaging and/or prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels. Failure‐free survival (FFS) was defined as no progression to radical treatment or nodal/distant disease. Local recurrence was defined as any International Society of Urological Pathology Grade of ≥2 on biopsy. Results: A total of 229 patients were analysed with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) follow‐up of 60 (40–80) months. The median (IQR) age was 68 (64–74) years, the median (IQR) PSA level was 5.9 (4.1–8.2) ng/mL, and 86% harboured intermediate‐risk disease and 7% high‐risk disease. In all, 38 patients progressed to radical treatment (17%), at a median (IQR) of 35 (17–53) months after IRE. Kaplan–Meier FFS rates were 91% at 3 years, 84% at 5 years and 69% at 8 years. Metastasis‐free survival was 99.6% (228/229), PCa‐specific and overall survival were 100% (229/229). Residual csPCa was found in 24% (45/190) during follow‐up biopsy and MRI showed a complete ablation in 82% (186/226). Short‐term urinary continence was preserved (98%, three of 144 at baseline, 99%, one of 131 at 12 months) and erections sufficient for intercourse decreased by 13% compared to baseline (71% to 58%). Conclusion: Longer‐term follow‐up confirms our earlier findings that focal IRE provides acceptable local and distant oncological control in selected men with less urinary and sexual toxicity than radical treatment. Long‐term follow‐up and external validation of these findings, is required to establish this new treatment paradigm as a valid treatment option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We aimed to define a Mayo Preclinical Alzheimer's disease Cognitive Composite (Mayo‐PACC) that prioritizes parsimony and use of public domain measures to facilitate clinical translation. Methods: Cognitively unimpaired participants aged 65 to 85 at baseline with amyloid PET imaging were included, yielding 428 amyloid negative (A‐) and 186 amyloid positive (A+) individuals with 7 years mean follow‐up. Sensitivity to amyloid‐related cognitive decline was examined using slope estimates derived from linear mixed models (difference in annualized change across A+ and A‐ groups). We compared differences in rates of change between Mayo‐PACC and other composites (A+ > A‐ indicating more significant decline in A+). Results: All composites showed sensitivity to amyloid‐related longitudinal cognitive decline (A+ > A‐ annualized change p < 0.05). Comparisons revealed that Mayo‐PACC (AVLT sum of trials 1‐5+6+delay, Trails B, animal fluency) showed comparable longitudinal sensitivity to other composites. Discussion: Mayo‐PACC performs similarly to other composites and can be directly translated to the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Recent studies suggest that women are more susceptible to diuretic‐induced hyponatremia resulting in hospital admission than men. The aim of this study was to confirm whether these sex differences in hyponatremia‐related hospital admissions in diuretic users remain after adjusting for several confounding variables such as age, dose, and concurrent medication. Methods: In a case–control design nested in diuretic users, cases of hyponatremia associated hospital admissions between 2005 and 2017 were identified from the PHARMO Data Network. Cases were 1:10 matched to diuretic users as controls. Odds ratios (OR) with 95%CIs were calculated for women versus men and adjusted for potential confounders (age, number of diuretics, other hyponatremia‐inducing drugs, chronic disease score) using unconditional logistic regression analysis. A subgroup analysis was performed for specific diuretic groups (thiazides, loop diuretics and aldosterone antagonists). Results: Women had a statistically significantly higher risk of a hospital admission associated with hyponatremia than men while using diuretics (OR 1.86, 95%CI 1.64–2.11). Adjusting for the potential confounders resulted in an increased risk for women compared to men (ORadj 2.65, 95% CI 2.31–3.04). This higher risk in women was also seen in the three subgroup analyses after adjustment. Conclusion: Our findings show a higher risk of hyponatremia‐related hospital admission in women than men while using diuretics. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanism of this sex difference to be able to provide sex‐specific recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify whether synchronous reading of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and 68Ga‐PSMA‐11 positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (prostate‐specific membrane antigen [PSMA‐PET]) images can improve diagnostic performance and certainty compared with mpMRI/PSMA‐PET reported independently and synthesized, while also assessing concordance between imaging modalities and agreement with histopathology. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of 100 patients randomly selected from the PRIMARY trial, a prospective Phase II multicentre imaging trial. Three dual‐trained radiologist/nuclear medicine physicians re‐reported the mpMRI and PSMA‐PET both independently and synchronously for the same patients in random order, blinded to previous results. Diagnostic performance was assessed for mpMRI/PSMA‐PET images read synchronously or independently and then synthesized. Agreement between imaging results and histopathology was examined. 'Concordance' between imaging modalities was defined as overlapping lesions. Reporting certainty was evaluated by the individual reporters for each modality. Results: International Society of Urological Pathology Grade Group ≥2 cancer was present in 60% of patients on biopsy. Synchronous reading of mpMRI/PSMA‐PET increased sensitivity compared to mpMRI or PSMA‐PET alone (93% vs 80% vs 88%, respectively), although specificity was not improved (63% vs 58% vs 78%, respectively). No significant difference in diagnostic performance was noted between mpMRI/PSMA‐PET read synchronously and mpMRI or PSMA‐PET reported independently and then synthesized. Most patients had concordant imaging (60%), while others had discordant lesions only (28%) or a mixture (concordant and discordant lesions; 12%). When mpMRI/PSMA‐PET findings were concordant and positive, 95% of patients had clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa). When PSMA‐PET alone was compared to synchronous PSMA‐PET/MRI reads, there was an improvement in reader certainty in 20% of scans. Conclusion: Synchronous mpMRI/PSMA‐PET reading improves reader certainty and sensitivity for csPCa compared to mpMRI or PSMA‐PET alone. However, synthesizing the results of independently read PSMA‐PET and mpMRI reports provided similar diagnostic performance to synchronous PSMA‐PET/MRI reads. This may provide greater flexibility for urologists in terms of referral patterns, reducing healthcare system costs and improving efficiencies in prostate cancer diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea ice loss is fundamentally altering the Arctic marine environment. Yet there is a paucity of data on the adaptability of food webs to ecosystem change, including predator–prey interactions. Polar bears (Ursus maritimus) are an important subsistence resource for Indigenous people and an apex predator that relies entirely on the under‐ice food web to meet its energy needs. In this study, we assessed whether polar bears maintained dietary energy density by prey switching in response to spatiotemporal variation in prey availability. We compared the macronutrient composition of diets inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in polar bear guard hair (primarily representing summer/fall diet) during periods when bears had low and high survival (2004–2016), between bears that summered on land versus pack ice, and between bears occupying different regions of the Alaskan and Canadian Beaufort Sea. Polar bears consumed diets with lower energy density during periods of low survival, suggesting that concurrent increased dietary proportions of beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) did not offset reduced proportions of ringed seals (Pusa hispida). Diets with the lowest energy density and proportions from ringed seal blubber were consumed by bears in the western Beaufort Sea (Alaska) during a period when polar bear abundance declined. Intake required to meet energy requirements of an average free‐ranging adult female polar bear was 2.1 kg/day on diets consumed during years with high survival but rose to 3.0 kg/day when survival was low. Although bears that summered onshore in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea had higher‐fat diets than bears that summered on the pack ice, access to the remains of subsistence‐harvested bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) contributed little to improving diet energy density. Because most bears in this region remain with the sea ice year round, prey switching and consumption of whale carcasses onshore appear insufficient to augment diets when availability of their primary prey, ringed seals, is reduced. Our results show that a strong predator–prey relationship between polar bears and ringed seals continues in the Beaufort Sea. The method of estimating dietary blubber using predator hair, demonstrated here, provides a new metric to monitor predator–prey relationships that affect individual health and population demographics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perioperative anxiety and distress are common in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia and increase the risk for immediate and long‐term postoperative complications. This concise review outlines key research and clinically‐relevant scales that measure pediatric perioperative affect. Strengths and weaknesses of each scale are highlighted. A literature review identified 11 articles with the following inclusion criteria: patients less than or equal to 18 years, perioperative anxiety or distress, and original studies with reliability or validity data. Although robust research‐based assessment tools to measure anxiety have been developed, such as the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale, they are too complex and time‐consuming to complete by clinicians also providing anesthesia. Clinically‐based anxiety measurement scales tend to be easier to use, however they require further testing before widespread standard utilization. The HRAD ± scale (Happy, Relaxed, Anxious, Distressed, with a yes/no answer to cooperation) may be a promising observational anxiety scale that is efficient and includes an assessment of compliance. Further studies are needed to refine a clinically‐relevant anxiety assessment tool and appraise interventions that reduce perioperative distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aligned liquid crystal polymers are materials of interest for electronic, optic, biological and soft robotic applications. The manufacturing and processing of these materials have been widely explored with mechanical alignment establishing itself as a preferred method due to its ease of use and widespread applicability. However, the fundamental chemistry behind the required two‐step polymerization for mechanical alignment has limitations in both fabrication and substrate compatibility. In this work we introduce a new protection‐deprotection approach utilizing a two‐stage Diels–Alder cyclopentadiene‐maleimide step‐growth polymerization to enable mild yet efficient, fast, controlled, reproducible and user‐friendly polymerizations, broadening the scope of liquid crystal systems. Thorough characterization of the films by DSC, DMA, POM and WAXD show the successful synthesis of a uniaxially aligned liquid crystal network with thermomechanical actuation abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide a summary and discussion of international guidelines, position statements and consensus statements in relation to focal therapy (FT) for prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: The European Association of Urology‐European Association of Nuclear Medicine‐European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology‐European Society of Urogential Radiology‐International Society of Urological Pathology‐International Society of Geriatric Oncology and American Urological Association‐American Society for Radiation Oncology‐Society of Urologic Oncology guidelines were interrogated for recommendations for FT. PubMed and Ovid Medline were searched for consensus statements. Only studies in English since 2015 were included. Reference lists of the included articles were also interrogated and a manual search for studies was also performed. Results: Our results showed a lack of long‐term randomised data for FT. International Urological guidelines emphasised the need for more high‐quality clinical trials with robust oncological and toxicity outcomes. Consensus and positions statements were heterogenous. Conclusion: A globally accepted guideline for FT planning, technique and follow‐up are still yet to be determined. Well‐designed studies with long‐term follow‐up and robust clinical and toxicity endpoints are needed to improve our understanding of FT and create uniform guidelines to streamline management and follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study established the psychometric properties and preliminary validity of the Stricker Learning Span (SLS), a novel computer adaptive word list memory test designed for remote assessment and optimized for smartphone use. Methods: Women enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Specialized Center of Research Excellence (SCORE) were recruited via e‐mail or phone to complete two remote cognitive testing sessions. Convergent validity was assessed through correlation with previously administered in‐person neuropsychological tests (n = 96, ages 55–79) and criterion validity through associations with magnetic resonance imaging measures of neurodegeneration sensitive to Alzheimer's disease (n = 47). Results: SLS performance significantly correlated with the Auditory Verbal Learning Test and measures of neurodegeneration (temporal meta‐regions of interest and entorhinal cortical thickness, adjusting for age and education). Test–retest reliabilities across two sessions were 0.71–0.76 (two‐way mixed intraclass correlation coefficients). Discussion: The SLS is a valid and reliable self‐administered memory test that shows promise for remote assessment of aging and neurodegenerative disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antifibrinolytics such as tranexamic acid and epsilon‐aminocaproic acid are effective at reducing blood loss and transfusion in pediatric patients having craniofacial surgery. The Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group has previously reported low rates of seizures and thromboembolic events (equal to no antifibrinolytic given) in open craniofacial surgery. Aims: To query the Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group database to provide an updated antifibrinolytic safety profile in children given that antifibrinolytics have become recommended standard of care in this surgical population. Additionally, we include the population of younger infants having minimally invasive procedures. Methods: Patients in the Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group registry between June 2012 and March 2021 having open craniofacial surgery (fronto‐orbital advancement, mid and posterior vault, total cranial vault remodeling, intracranial LeFort III monobloc), endoscopic cranial suture release, and spring mediated cranioplasty were included. The primary outcome is the rate of postoperative complications possibly attributable to antifibrinolytic use (seizures, seizure‐like activity, and thromboembolic events) in infants and children undergoing craniosynostosis surgery who did or did not receive antifibrinolytics. Results: Forty‐five institutions reporting 6583 patients were included. The overall seizure rate was 0.24% (95% CI: 0.14, 0.39%), with 0.20% in the no Antifibrinolytic group and 0.26% in the combined Antifibrinolytic group, with no statistically reported difference. Comparing seizure rates between tranexamic acid (0.22%) and epsilon‐aminocaproic acid (0.44%), there was no statistically significant difference (odds ratio = 2.0; 95% CI: 0.6, 6.7; p =.257). Seizure rate was higher in patients greater than 6 months (0.30% vs. 0.18%; p =.327), patients undergoing open procedures (0.30% vs. 0.06%; p =.141), and syndromic patients (0.70% vs. 0.19%; p =.009). Conclusions: This multicenter international experience of pediatric craniofacial surgery reports no increase in seizures or thromboembolic events in those that received antifibrinolytics (tranexamic acid and epsilon‐aminocaproic acid) versus those that did not. This report provides further evidence of antifibrinolytic safety. We recommend following pharmacokinetic‐based dosing guidelines for administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assess European Association of Urology (EAU) risk groups for biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer relative to prostate-specific membrane antigen-positron emission tomography (PSMA-PET) status and oncological outcomes. Patients and Methods A retrospective analysis of a study that incorporated PSMA-PET for men with BCR after radical prostatectomy (RP) was undertaken. EAU risk groups were considered relative to clinical variables, PSMA-PET findings, and deployment of salvage radiotherapy (SRT). The primary oncological outcome was event-free survival (EFS) and this was analysed relative to clinical and imaging variables. An 'event' occurred if prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level rose >0.2 ng/mL above nadir or additional therapies were introduced. Results A total of 137 patients were included, most of whom had EAU high-risk disease (76%) and/or low PSA levels (80% <0.5 ng/mL) at the time of PSMA-PET. EAU risk group was not associated with regional nodal/distant metastasis on PSMA-PET. Regional nodal/distant metastasis on PSMA PET (compared to negative/local recurrence: hazard ratio [HR] 2.2; P = 0.002) and SRT use (vs no SRT: HR 0.44; P = 0.004) were associated with EFS. EAU high-risk status was not significantly associated with worse EFS (HR 1.7, P = 0.12) compared to EAU low-risk status. Among patients who received SRT, both regional/distant metastasis on PSMA-PET (HR 3.1; P < 0.001) and EAU high-risk status (HR 2.9; P = 0.04) were independently associated with worse EFS, which was driven by patients in the EAU high-risk group with regional/distant metastases (38%; HR 3.1, P = 0.001). Conclusions In patients with post-RP BCR, PSMA-PET findings and receipt of SRT predicted EFS. In patients receiving SRT, PSMA status combined with EAU risk grouping was most predictive of EFS. These findings suggest that the EAU risk groups could be improved with the addition of PSMA-PET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined 6- to 9-year-olds' (N = 60, 35 girls, 34% White, 23% Hispanic, 2% Black/African American, 2% Asian/Asian American, 22% Mixed Ethnicity/Race, 17% Unavailable, collected April-September 2019 in Providence, RI, USA) first-person perspectives on their exploration of museum exhibits. We coded goal setting, goal completion, and behaviors that reflected changes to how goals were accomplished. Whether children played collaboratively related to how often they revised behaviors to accomplish goals (OR = 2.14). When asked to reflect on their play, older children related talk about goals with behavioral revisions, demonstrating that children develop the ability to reflect on their goals when they watch their behaviors change (OR = 1.23). We discuss how these results inform the development of metacognitive reflection on learning through exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate: (i) safety, (ii) feasibility, and medium‐term (iii) oncological and (iv) functional outcomes of salvage radical prostatectomy (sRP) for recurrent localised prostate cancer (PCa) following initial focal therapy using irreversible electroporation (IRE). Patients and Methods: An international, multicentre and retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of patients that underwent sRP for recurrent localised PCa after initial primary IRE treatment. Data were reported on (i) surgical complications, (ii) feasibility of sRP reported by surgeons, (iii) time interval between IRE and sRP and pathology results, and (iv) urinary continence, erectile function, and quality of life. Results: In four participating centres, a total of 39 patients with a median (interquartile range [IQR]) age 64 (60–67) years were identified. No serious adverse events occurred during or following sRP and surgery was deemed feasible without difficulties. The median (IQR) time to recurrence following IRE was 14.3 (9.1–38.8) months. Pathology results showed localised disease in 21 patients (53.8%) and locally‐advanced disease in 18 (46.2%). Positive surgical margins (PSMs) were observed in 10 patients (25.6%), of which six (15.4%) had significant PSMs. A persistent detectable prostate‐specific antigen level was found in one case after sRP, caused by metastatic disease. One patient had a biochemical recurrence 6 months after sRP. These two cases, together with a PSM case, required additional therapy after sRP. After a median (IQR) follow‐up of 17.7 (11.8–26.4) months, urinary continence and erectile function were preserved in 34 (94.4%) and 18 patients (52.9%), respectively, while quality of life remained stable. Conclusions: Salvage RP is safe and feasible for patients with recurrent localised PCa following initial IRE treatment. The medium‐term oncological and functional outcomes are similar to primary RP. Strict patient selection for focal therapy and standardised follow‐up is needed as some patients developed high‐grade disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The view that perfectionists are prone to experiencing sleep disturbance is widely held. Yet, almost three decades of empirical research have yielded conflicting results. Whereas some researchers viewed perfectionism as a risk factor for sleep disturbance, others spoke of "adaptive" or "positive" forms of perfectionism in the context of sleep. The multidimensional conceptualisation of perfectionism may resolve this disagreement. Thus, this systematic review aimed to clarify the perfectionism‒sleep disturbance link using the widely accepted two‐dimensional perfectionism model, differentiating perfectionistic concerns (defined by worries over imperfections) and perfectionistic strivings (defined by excessively high personal standards). A systematic literature search returned 24 relevant empirical studies. Perfectionistic concerns were robustly linked to sleep disturbance. Perfectionistic strivings displayed comparatively small and inconsistent relations with sleep disturbance. Finally, cross‐sectional mediation studies suggested that psychological distress and dysfunctional cognitive processes might underlie the perfectionistic concerns‒sleep disturbance link. These findings show that considering perfectionistic concerns in explaining, predicting, and treating sleep disturbance may be a promising approach. In contrast, perfectionistic strivings appeared neither universally adaptive nor maladaptive. We identified several critical gaps in the empirical literature and point towards future research directions, highlighting the need for more longitudinal studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prostate cancer is a clinically heterogeneous disease with a subset of patients rapidly progressing to lethal‐metastatic prostate cancer. Current clinicopathological measures are imperfect predictors of disease progression. Epigenetic changes are amongst the earliest molecular changes in tumourigenesis. To find new prognostic biomarkers to enable earlier intervention and improved outcomes, we performed methylome sequencing of DNA from patients with localised prostate cancer and long‐term clinical follow‐up. Methods: We used whole‐genome bisulphite sequencing (WGBS) to comprehensively map and compare DNA methylation of radical prostatectomy tissue between patients with lethal disease (n = 7) and non‐lethal (n = 8) disease (median follow‐up 19.5 years). Validation of differentially methylated regions (DMRs) was performed in an independent cohort (n = 185, median follow‐up 15 years) using targeted multiplex bisulphite sequencing of candidate regions. Survival was assessed via univariable and multivariable analyses including clinicopathological measures (log‐rank and Cox regression models). Results: WGBS data analysis identified cancer‐specific methylation patterns including CpG island hypermethylation, and hypomethylation of repetitive elements, with increasing disease risk. We identified 1420 DMRs associated with prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM), which showed enrichment for gene sets downregulated in prostate cancer and de novo methylated in cancer. Through comparison with public prostate cancer datasets, we refined the DMRs to develop an 18‐gene prognostic panel. Applying this panel to an independent cohort, we found significant associations between PCSM and hypermethylation at EPHB3, PARP6, TBX1, MARCH6 and a regulatory element within CACNA2D4. Strikingly in a multivariable model, inclusion of CACNA2D4 methylation was a better predictor of PCSM versus grade alone (Harrell's C‐index: 0.779 vs. 0.684). Conclusions: Our study provides detailed methylome maps of non‐lethal and lethal prostate cancer and identifies novel genic regions that distinguish these patient groups. Inclusion of our DNA methylation biomarkers with existing clinicopathological measures improves prognostic models of prostate cancer mortality, and holds promise for clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a response to a previous study on the use of prostate-specific membrane antigen-positron emission tomography (PSMA-PET) in conjunction with multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and biopsies for local staging of prostate cancer. The authors agree that PSMA-PET should be used for staging in higher-risk patients, and that the addition of pelvic PSMA-PET to mpMRI improves sensitivity and negative predictive value in the screening setting. However, they argue that PSMA-PET also has value in increasing overall test sensitivity and negative predictive value when used with mpMRI and biopsies for local staging, particularly in patients considering focal therapy. They acknowledge that PSMA-PET may not identify all lesions unsuitable for focal therapy, but argue that the clinical significance of these lesions is arguable. They also suggest that the use of PSMA-PET can improve the selection of patients with unifocal disease and potentially reduce overtreatment. The authors conclude that while high-quality mpMRI is valuable, the addition of PSMA-PET can increase overall sensitivity and improve focal therapy outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Despite the therapeutic promise of direct reprogramming, basic principles concerning fate erasure and the mechanisms to resolve cell identity conflicts remain unclear. To tackle these fundamental questions, we established a single‐cell protocol for the simultaneous analysis of multiple cell fate conversion events based on combinatorial and traceable reprogramming factor expression: Collide‐seq. Collide‐seq revealed the lack of a common mechanism through which fibroblast‐specific gene expression loss is initiated. Moreover, we found that the transcriptome of converting cells abruptly changes when a critical level of each reprogramming factor is attained, with higher or lower levels not contributing to major changes. By simultaneously inducing multiple competing reprogramming factors, we also found a deterministic system, in which titration of fates against each other yields dominant or colliding fates. By investigating one collision in detail, we show that reprogramming factors can disturb cell identity programs independent of their ability to bind their target genes. Taken together, Collide‐seq has shed light on several fundamental principles of fate conversion that may aid in improving current reprogramming paradigms. Synopsis: Collide‐seq, a single‐cell protocol for analysing how different reprogramming transcription factors achieve conversion and how cells resolve cell identity conflicts, reveals several fundamental principles of fate conversion: The ability to erase starter cell identity is a common feature of most reprogramming factors, though their mechanisms for fate erasure differ.Reprogramming factor levels and target gene expression show a binary relationship, i.e., a functional threshold for the induction and repression of target genes.Cell identity conflicts are resolved through either factor dominance or generation of a novel transcriptomic status (a collision state) resulting in clear phenotypic consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ZrB2‐based ceramic, containing short Hi‐Nicalon SiC fibers, was fabricated with a Mo‐impermeable buffer layer sandwiched between bulk and the outermost oxidation resistant ZrB2–MoSi2 layer, in order to prevent inward Mo diffusion and associated fiber degradation reactions. This additional layer consisted of ZrB2 doped with either Si3N4 or with the polymer‐derived ceramics (PDCs) SiCN and SiHfBCN. Scanning electron microscopy imaging and elemental mapping via energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy showed that this tailored sample geometry provides an effective diffusion barrier to prevent the SiC fibers from deterioration due to reactions with Mo or Mo‐compounds. In contrast, the structure of the SiC fibers in a reference sample without buffer layer is strongly degraded by MoSi2 diffusion into the fiber core. The comparison of the three buffer‐layer systems showed a moderate alteration of the fiber structure in the case of Si3N4 addition, whereas in the PDC‐doped samples hardly any structural change within the fibers was observed. A stepwise reaction mechanism is deduced, based on the continuous progression of a reaction zone that propagates toward the ZrB2–MoSi2 top layer. The progression of such a reaction zone as a consequence of the different eutectic melts forming in the different layers, that is, first in the SiC‐fiber‐containing bulk, then in the buffer layer itself, and finally in the top layer at high temperature, allows for an effective separation of the ZrB2–MoSi2 top layer from the SiC fibers. Subsequent oxidation at 1500°C and 1650°C for 15 min did not affect the efficiency of all three buffer layers, since no structural changes regarding buffer layer and fibers were observed, as compared to the non‐oxidized samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) systems can rely on energy harvesting to extend battery lifetimes or even render batteries obsolete. Such systems employ an energy scheduler to optimise their behaviour and thus performance by adapting the system's operation. Predictive models of harvesting sources, which are inherently non‐deterministic and consequently challenging to predict, are often necessary for the scheduler to optimise performance. Because the inaccurate predictions are utilised by the scheduler, the predictive model's accuracy inevitably impacts the scheduler and system performance. This fact has largely been overlooked in the vast amount of available results on energy schedulers and predictors for harvesting‐based systems. The authors systematically describe the effect prediction errors have on the scheduler and thus system performance by defining a novel robustness metric. To alleviate the severe impact prediction errors can have on the system performance, the authors propose an adaptive prediction scaling method that learns from the local environment and system behaviour. The authors demonstrate the concept of robustness with datasets from both outdoor and indoor scenarios. In addition, the authors highlight the improvement and overhead of the proposed adaptive prediction scaling method for both scenarios. It improves a non‐robust system's performance by up to 13.8 times in a real‐world setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical mining left a legacy of abandoned mines and waste rock in remote headwaters of major river systems in the western United States. Understanding the influence of these legacy mines on culturally and ecologically important downstream ecosystems is not always straightforward because of elevated natural levels of mineralization in mining‐impacted watersheds. To test the ecological effects of historic mining in the headwaters of the upper Salmon River watershed in Idaho (USA), we measured multiple community and chemical endpoints in downstream linked aquatic–terrestrial food webs. Mining inputs impacted downstream food webs through increased mercury accumulation and decreased insect biodiversity. Total mercury (THg) in seston, aquatic insect larvae, adult aquatic insects, riparian spiders, and fish at sites up to 7.6 km downstream of mining was found at much higher concentrations (1.3–11.3‐fold) and was isotopically distinct compared with sites immediately upstream of mining inputs. Methylmercury concentrations in bull trout and riparian spiders were sufficiently high (732–918 and 347–1140 ng MeHg g−1 dry wt, respectively) to affect humans, birds, and piscivorous fish. Furthermore, the alpha‐diversity of benthic insects was locally depressed by 12%–20% within 4.3–5.7 km downstream from the mine. However, because total insect biomass was not affected by mine inputs, the mass of mercury in benthic insects at a site (i.e., ng Hg m−2) was extremely elevated downstream (10–1778‐fold) compared with directly upstream of mining inputs. Downstream adult aquatic insect–mediated fluxes of THg were also high (~16 ng THg m−2 day−1). Abandoned mines can have ecologically important effects on downstream communities, including reduced biodiversity and increased mercury flux to higher order consumers, including fish, birds, and humans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1696–1710. Published 2022. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preclinical Alzheimer's cognitive composites (PACC) are designed to detect subtle cognitive changes in clinical trials. PACCs often include measures of memory, attention, and semantic fluency, with variations based on available measures. We created a Mayo Clinic PACC (Mayo‐PACC) to address limitations of existing PACCs by prioritizing parsimony, non‐proprietary measures, clinical applicability, and psychometric properties. We developed a Mayo‐PACC and examined sensitivity to detecting longitudinal cognitive change in amyloid positive (A+) older adults relative to the Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite‐Revised (PACC‐R). Exploratory analyses included comparison to other composites. Method: Participants included 614 individuals in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (428 A‐ and 186 A+) age 65‐85 who were cognitively unimpaired at baseline with 7 years mean follow‐up. A+ was defined as PiB‐PET meta‐ROI SUVR ≥ 1.48 (centiloid 22). The Mayo‐PACC included the AVLT sum of trials (trials 1‐5, short delay, long delay), Trails B and Animal fluency. Measures included in the PACC‐R and other comparison composites are listed in Table 1. We calculated study‐specific z‐scores and examined psychometric properties of component measures including test‐retest reliability, practice effects, and distributional properties (ceiling/floor effects, skew, kurtosis). We examined sensitivity to preclinical cognitive change using slope estimates (difference in annualized change across A+ and A‐ groups) from linear mixed models (LMMs) for each composite. A jackknife procedure was used to calculate the standard error and subsequent confidence intervals of differences in rates of change (A+>A‐ indicating more significant decline in A+). Significance was determined based on whether the 95% Confidence Interval (CI) contained 0 (alpha =.05). Result: All composites showed sensitivity to amyloid‐related longitudinal cognitive decline (A+>A‐ annualized change p<.05; see Table 2). Jack‐knife comparisons revealed comparable utility of Mayo‐PACC and PACC‐R (CI contained 0, see Table 3). Exploratory analyses revealed Mayo‐PACC performed similarly to an adaptation of the ADCS‐PACC, Global‐z, Memory‐z and Attention‐z. The Mayo‐PACC performed better than a 2‐measure Mayo‐PACC‐remote and a single memory measure. Conclusion: The Mayo‐PACC provides a parsimonious composite score that has comparable utility for detecting A+>A‐ cognitive decline compared to the PACC‐R and other composites and can be widely used in both research and clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the association between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and risk of incident diabetes in a follow‐up study and to investigate its potential mechanisms. Methods: A total of 9531 individuals without type 2 diabetes (T2DM) at baseline were included from the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population‐based cohort of 14 926 individuals aged 45 years or older. During the study period (1 April 1997 to 1 January 2012) all incident cases of T2DM were enrolled. We used multivariable linear regression analysis to investigate the associations of baseline PPI use and various serum biomarkers (eg, serum magnesium, insulin‐like growth factor 1) which might modify the association. Thereafter, we excluded prevalent PPI users and performed a Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to explore the time‐varying effect of incident PPI use on T2DM during follow‐up. Results: Baseline use of a PPI was associated with increased serum levels of fasting insulin (0.091 pmoL/L, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.049, 0.133), homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance (0.100, 95% CI 0.056, 0.145) and C‐reactive protein (0.29 mg/L, 95% CI 0.198, 0.384), but decreased levels of magnesium (−0.009 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.014, −0.004) and IGF‐1 (−0.805 nmoL/L, 95% CI −1.015, −0.595). After adjustment for risk factors such as physical activity and body mass index/waist‐to‐hip ratio, current use of PPI was associated with an increased risk of incident T2DM (hazard ratio [HR] 1.69, 95% CI 1.36‐2.10). The effect was dose‐dependent with the highest risk (HR 1.88, 95% CI 1.29‐2.75) in those on more than one defined daily dose. Conclusion: New users of PPIs during follow‐up had a significantly higher dose‐dependent risk of incident diabetes. We suggest vigilance regarding their potential adverse effect on glucose homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron mineral transformations occurring in hydrocarbon‐contaminated sites are linked to the biodegradation of the hydrocarbons. At a hydrocarbon‐contaminated site near Bemidji, Minnesota, USA, measurements of magnetic susceptibility (MS) are useful for monitoring the natural attenuation of hydrocarbons related to iron cycling. However, a transient MS, previously observed at the site, remains poorly understood and the iron mineral phases acting as reactants and products associated with this MS perturbation remain largely unknown. To address these unknowns, we acquired mineral magnetism measurements, including hysteresis loops, backfield curves, and isothermal remanent magnetizations on sediment core samples retrieved from the site and magnetite‐filled mineral packets installed within the aquifer. Our data show that the core samples and magnetite packs display decreasing magnetization with time and that this loss in magnetization is accompanied by increasing bulk coercivity consistent with decreased average grain size and/or partial oxidation. Low‐temperature magnetometry on all samples displayed behavior consistent with magnetite, but samples within the plume also show evidence of maghemitization. This interpretation is supported by the occurrence of shrinkage cracks on the surface of the grains imaged via scanning electron microscopy. Magnetite transformation to maghemite typically occurs under oxic conditions, here, we propose that maghemitization occurs within the anoxic portions of the plume via microbially mediated anaerobic oxidation. Mineral dissolution also occurs within the plume. Microorganisms capable of such anaerobic oxidation have been identified within other areas at the Bemidji site, but additional microbiological studies are needed to link specific anaerobic iron oxidizers with this loss of magnetization. Plain Language Summary: Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth and can be cycled by microorganisms from one form to another often accompanied by the precipitation of different iron mineral phases. Some of these minerals have magnetic properties resulting in the magnetization of their host rocks. Some studies have documented that the magnetic minerals can be cycled by microorganisms resulting in the increase or loss of the magnetization. The mechanism by which this happens is not well understood. In this study, we conducted an experiment at a hydrocarbon‐contaminated site where iron cycling is occurring to better understand the cause of this loss of magnetization and the accompanying mineral changes associated with this process. Our results show the loss of magnetization is caused by the oxidation of magnetite (a highly magnetic mineral) to maghemite (a less magnetic mineral). This oxidation occurs under oxygen‐limiting conditions caused by microorganisms. However, the oxidation process does not account for all the loss in magnetization, leaving us to suggest dissolution may also be contributing to the loss of magnetization. Our results support that microorganisms may have the potential to mediate changes in the magnetic properties of Earth materials. Key Points: Fluctuations in magnetization may occur due to microbially induced iron mineral transformation in hydrocarbon‐contaminated aquifersLoss of magnetization is due to maghemitization (oxidation) and dissolution of magnetite grainsWithin the anoxic portions of the hydrocarbon plume, maghemitization occurs through anaerobic oxidation induced by microorganisms [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]