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Compact bushy and expansive branching Acropora survival rates were compared in an experimental restoration setting. Coral fragments were sourced as corals of opportunity (CoPs) or refragmented from CoPs reared on a floating mid‐water rope nursery. Fragments were attached in single‐species and mixed‐species aggregations to modular substrate stabilization structures (reef stars) on degraded, unconsolidated dead coral rubble slopes in Wakatobi Marine National Park, central Indonesia. In total, 1440 Acropora fragments were outplanted to 96 reef stars across five experimental restoration blocks at 14 m depth. Fragment survival was recorded 40–44 months post‐attachment. Survival had a significant relationship with fragment morphology (p < 0.001) and aggregation type (p < 0.01). Sourcing fragments as CoPs or from the nursery did not have a significant relationship with survival. No significant relationships were found with fragment survival for any interactions between morphology, outplanted aggregation, and source. Survival rates for bushy Acropora were 3.44 times and 5.25 times higher than for expansive species for direct CoP outplants and nursery‐reared corals, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential efficacy of returning complex bushy branching Acropora morphologies to mid‐depth reef slopes previously dominated by the genus, using single‐species aggregations interspersed with mixed‐species aggregations. The study also supports using mid‐water nurseries to create a closed or semi‐closed nursery cycle to scale up restoration, and proposes introducing the term "biomass production system" to distinguish this as a process distinct from other coral nursery approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rural surgery is most commonly provided by general surgeons to the 29% of people (7 million) living in rural Australia.The provision of rural general surgery to enable equitable and safe surgical care for rural Australians is a multifaceted issue concerning recruitment, training, retention, surgical procedures and surgical outcomes.Sustaining the rural general surgical workforce will be dependent upon growing an increased number of resident rural general surgeons, as well as changed models of care, with a need for ongoing review to track the outcomes of these changes.To increase recruitment, rural general surgical training must improve to be less stressful for trainees and to be incorporated alongside a rural‐facing generalist curriculum.Rural general surgical outcomes (excluding some oncology conditions) achieve comparable results to metropolitan centres.Access to, and outcomes of, surgical oncology services continues to be inequitable for rural Australians and should be a major focus for improved service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Animal Studied Procedure Results Conclusions To describe a novel minimally invasive surgical approach to treatment of a nasolacrimal duct cyst in a dog and outcome.A 10‐year‐old, male entire, Springer Spaniel with a chronic right‐sided maxillary swelling and associated right eye epiphora and sneezing.Computed tomography with dacryocystography confirmed a cystic structure and destruction of the right maxilla and zygomatic bone with invasion of the nasal cavity. Obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct was confirmed. Rhinoscopy was performed allowing visualization of the ventromedial wall of the cyst. Under direct visualization, dacryocystorhinostomy was performed and the wall of the cyst was ablated with the aid of a thulium laser fiber.No intraoperative complications occurred during the procedure. Full resolution of clinical signs was noted within 2 weeks of treatment. No recurrence had occurred on long‐term follow‐up at 32 months.Laser‐assisted dacrocystorhinostomy under direct visualization was successful in the treatment and resolution of a nasolacrimal duct cyst (dacryops) in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic has significantly disrupted clinical experience and exposure of medical students and junior doctors. Artificial Intelligence (AI) integration in medical education has the potential to enhance learning and improve patient care. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of three popular large language models (LLMs) in serving as clinical decision‐making support tools for junior doctors. Methods: A series of increasingly complex clinical scenarios were presented to ChatGPT, Google's Bard and Bing's AI. Their responses were evaluated against standard guidelines, and for reliability by the Flesch Reading Ease Score, Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level, the Coleman‐Liau Index, and the modified DISCERN score for assessing suitability. Lastly, the LLMs outputs were assessed by using the Likert scale for accuracy, informativeness, and accessibility by three experienced specialists. Results: In terms of readability and reliability, ChatGPT stood out among the three LLMs, recording the highest scores in Flesch Reading Ease (31.2 ± 3.5), Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level (13.5 ± 0.7), Coleman–Lau Index (13) and DISCERN (62 ± 4.4). These results suggest statistically significant superior comprehensibility and alignment with clinical guidelines in the medical advice given by ChatGPT. Bard followed closely behind, with BingAI trailing in all categories. The only non‐significant statistical differences (P > 0.05) were found between ChatGPT and Bard's readability indices, and between the Flesch Reading Ease scores of ChatGPT/Bard and BingAI. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential utility of LLMs in fostering self‐directed and personalized learning, as well as bolstering clinical decision‐making support for junior doctors. However further development is needed for its integration into education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrofurazone usage in food‐producing animals is prohibited in most countries, including the United States. Regulatory agencies regularly monitor its use in domestic, export/import animals' food products by measuring the semicarbazide (SEM) metabolite as a biomarker of nitrofurazone exposure. However, the use of SEM is controversial because it is also produced in food naturally and thus gives false positive results. A cyano‐metabolite, 4‐cyano‐2‐oxobutyraldehyde semicarbazone (COBS), is proposed as an alternate specific marker of nitrofurazone to distinguish nitrofurazone from treated or untreated animals. A synthetic method was developed to produce COBS via metallic hydrogenation of nitrofurazone. The product was isolated and characterized by one‐ and two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic spectroscopy (NMR) experiments, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and mass spectrometry. The developed synthetic procedure was further extended to synthesize isotopically labeled 4‐[13C]‐cyano‐2‐oxo‐ [2, 3, 4‐13C3]‐butyraldehyde semicarbazone. Labeled COBS is useful as an internal standard for its quantification in food‐producing animals. Thus, the developed method provides a possibility for its commercial synthesis to procure COBS. This is the first synthesis of the alternate specific marker metabolite of nitrofurazone for possible usage in regulatory analysis to solve a real‐world problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The veterinary drug nitrofurazone (5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde semicarbazone) exhibits excellent antimicrobial properties but its application in food‐producing animals is prohibited. The illegal use of nitrofurazone is regularly monitored by food regulatory agencies. Currently, semicarbazide (SEM) is used as a marker of nitrofurazone exposure. However, the use of SEM as a marker of nitrofurazone is under scrutiny after evidence of a high incidence of false positive tests. To overcome the current dilemma, it is necessary to identify a nitrofurazone‐specific marker analyte which requires conducting nitrofurazone metabolism studies in food‐producing animals. The use of carbon‐14 labeled nitrofurazone would facilitate metabolism studies and structural elucidation of nitrofurazone metabolites of possible utility as a marker compound. In the present work, a synthetic method is described to procure radiolabeled nitrofurazone that incorporates 14C‐ carbon at the semicarbazide moiety. The method incorporates 14C‐carbon via employing readily available and more economically affordable [14C]‐urea compared with [14C]‐semicarbazide. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the synthesis of 5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde [14C]‐semicarbazone from 14C‐urea. The developed method involves monoamination of [14C]‐urea followed by a condensation reaction with 5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde to produce 5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde [14C]‐semicarbazone in 85% yield with greater than 98% radiochemical purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we describe three cases of sarcoidosis which were diagnosed following COVID infection. Treating clinicians should consider post‐COVID‐19 sarcoidosis in their differential, as it represents a potentially treatable cause of persistent symptomatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the role of artificial intelligence (AI) language models, specifically Chat Generative Pre‐Trained Transformer (ChatGPT), in dermatology. The authors evaluated ChatGPT's responses to questions about basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and found that while it provided accurate information, it lacked nuanced details and referenced outdated studies. The article highlights the benefits and limitations of using AI tools like ChatGPT in diagnosing and managing BCC, emphasizing the need for continuous refinement of AI models and responsible use in patient care. The authors suggest that future versions of AI models could incorporate image analysis and specific training in dermatological guidelines to improve their usefulness in dermatology. [Extracted from the article]

SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS: Novel genetic associations for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) risk have been identified. Common genetic variants associated with IPF are also associated with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis.The characterization of underlying mechanisms, such as pathways involved in myofibroblast differentiation, may reveal targets for future treatments.Newly identified circulating biomarkers are associated with disease progression and mortality.Deep learning and machine learning may increase accuracy in the interpretation of CT scans.Novel treatments have shown benefit in phase 2 clinical trials.Hospitalization with COVID‐19 is associated with residual lung abnormalities in a substantial number of patients.Inequalities exist in delivering and accessing interstitial lung disease specialist care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Multimorbidity is common among people living with HIV (PLWH), with numerous cross‐sectional studies demonstrating associations with older age and past immunosuppression. Little is known about the progression of multimorbidity, particularly in the setting of long‐term access to antiretrovirals. This study aims to determine factors predictive of change in multimorbidity in PLWH. Methods: People living with HIV who attended a regional HIV service were recruited to a consented observational cohort between September 2016 and March 2020. Demographic data, laboratory results and a Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) were collected at enrolment and first clinical review of every subsequent year. Change in CIRS score was calculated from enrolment to February 2021. Associations with change were determined through univariate and multivariate linear regression. Results: Of 253 people, median age was 58.9 [interquartile range (IQR): 51.9–64.4] years, 91.3% were male, and HIV was diagnosed a median of 22.16 years (IQR: 12.1–30.9) beforehand. Length of time in the study was a median of 134 weeks (IQR: 89.0–179.0), in which a mean CIRS score change of 1.21 (SD 2.60) was observed. Being older (p < 0.001) and having a higher body mass index (p = 0.008) and diabetes (p = 0.014) were associated with an increased likelihood of worsening multimorbidity. PLWH with a higher level of multimorbidity at baseline were less likely to worsen over time (p < 0.001). Conclusion: As diabetes and weight predict worsening multimorbidity, routine diabetes screening, body mass index measurement, and multimorbidity status awareness are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainability in the spotlight: ChemSusChem Editor in Chief David Smith introduces the new volume of the journal and looks back over the last twelve months and ahead to the coming year, as well as introducing a new Chair of the ChemSusChem Editorial Board and the journal's first Early Career Advisory Board. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) involves recording the sounds of animals and environments for research and conservation. PAM is used in a range of contexts across terrestrial, marine and freshwater environments. However, financial constraints limit applications within aquatic environments; these costs include the high cost of submersible acoustic recorders. We quantify this financial constraint using a systematic literature review of all ecoacoustic studies published in 2020, demonstrating that commercially available autonomous underwater recording units are, on average, five times more expensive than their terrestrial equivalents. This pattern is more extreme at the low end of the price range; the cheapest available aquatic autonomous units are over 40 times more expensive than their terrestrial counterparts. Following this, we test a prototype low‐cost, low‐specification aquatic recorder called the 'HydroMoth': this device is a modified version of a widely used terrestrial recorder (AudioMoth), altered to include a waterproof case and customisable gain settings suitable for a range of aquatic applications. We test the performance of the HydroMoth in both aquaria and field conditions, recording artificial and natural sounds, and comparing outputs with identical recordings taken with commercially available hydrophones. Although the signal‐to‐noise ratio and the recording quality of HydroMoths are lower than commercially available hydrophones, the recordings with HydroMoths still allow for the identification of different fish and marine mammal species, as well as the calculation of ecoacoustic indices for ecosystem monitoring. Finally, we outline the potential applications of low‐cost, low‐specification underwater sound recorders for bioacoustic studies, discuss their likely limitations, and present important considerations of which users should be aware. Several performance limitations and a lack of professional technical support mean that low‐cost devices cannot meet the requirements of all PAM applications. Despite these limitations, however, HydroMoth facilitates underwater recording at a fraction of the price of existing hydrophones, creating exciting potential for diverse involvement in aquatic bioacoustics worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pantropical degradation of coral reefs is prompting considerable investment in their active restoration. However, current measures of restoration success are based largely on coral cover, which does not fully reflect ecosystem function or reef health.Soundscapes are an important aspect of reef health; loud and diverse soundscapes guide the recruitment of reef organisms, but this process is compromised when degradation denudes soundscapes. As such, acoustic recovery is a functionally important component of ecosystem recovery.Here, we use acoustic recordings taken at one of the world's largest coral reef restoration projects to test whether successful restoration of benthic and fish communities is accompanied by a restored soundscape. We analyse recordings taken simultaneously on healthy, degraded (extensive historic blast fishing) and restored reefs (restoration carried out for 1–3 years on previously degraded reefs). We compare soundscapes using manual counts of biotic sounds (phonic richness), and two commonly used computational analyses (acoustic complexity index [ACI] and sound‐pressure level [SPL]).Healthy and restored reef soundscapes exhibited a similar diversity of biotic sounds (phonic richness), which was significantly higher than degraded reef soundscapes. This pattern was replicated in some automated analyses but not others; the ACI exhibited the same qualitative result as phonic richness in a low‐frequency, but not a high‐frequency bandwidth, and there was no significant difference between SPL values in either frequency bandwidth. Furthermore, the low‐frequency ACI and phonic richness scores were only weakly correlated despite showing a qualitatively equivalent overall result, suggesting that these metrics are likely to be driven by different aspects of the reef soundscape.Synthesis and applications. These data show that coral restoration can lead to soundscape recovery, demonstrating the return of an important ecosystem function. They also suggest that passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) might provide functionally important measures of ecosystem‐level recovery—but only some PAM metrics reflect ecological status, and those that did are likely to be driven by different communities of soniferous animals. Recording soundscapes represents a potentially valuable tool for evaluating restoration success across ecosystems, but caution must be exercised when choosing metrics and interpreting results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A global COVID‐19 pandemic, rising asthma and allergies, along with climate change impacting storm intensity and frequency, point to an urgent need to unify U.S. atmospheric biology research. To this end, we briefly define atmospheric biology, summarize its fragmented history, and then outline how to unify the field to provide benefits for the U.S. science community and its citizens. Atmospheric biology refers to the study of concentrations, sources, sinks, transformation, and impacts of airborne microorganisms inclusive of pollen, fungal spores, algae, lichens, bacteria, viruses, cellulose fibers, and other biomolecules or fragments of cells. Here our focus is biological particles, both respirable (PM10) and systemic (PM2.5). Due to its interdisciplinary dependencies and broadness of scales from nanometers to kilometers, atmospheric biology research is highly fragmented in the U.S. science community. It lacks shared paradigms and common vocabulary. This deficit calls for recognizing atmospheric biology as a research community in its own right, thereby linking human health to climate change. We need to recognize atmospheric biology's importance to national security and science diplomacy. Advanced atmospheric biology research is being conducted in Europe, Russia, and China, not in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defects usually degrade device performance. Thus, many techniques and effort are devoted to studying semiconductor defects. However, it is rarely known: i) how individual defects affect device performance; ii) how the impact depends on the device operating conditions; iii) how the impact varies from one defect to another; and iv) how these variations are correlated to the microscopic‐scale defect structure. To address these crucial questions, an array of correlative and spatially resolved techniques, including electroluminescence, photoluminescence, Raman, I–V characteristics, and high‐resolution electron microscopy, are used to characterize dislocation defects in GaAs solar cells. Significantly, the study is carried out in a series mode and in operando. This approach provides quantitative and definitive correlation between the atomistic structure of defects and their explicit effects on device performance, thus giving unprecedented insight into defect physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: artificial photosynthesis; electrocatalysis; lignin; solar cells; waste valorization EN artificial photosynthesis electrocatalysis lignin solar cells waste valorization 5 9 5 01/11/21 20210107 NES 210107 B Turn up the volume b : I ChemSusChem i Editor in Chief David Smith introduces Volume 14 of the journal, reflects on some events at the journal throughout 2020, and looks ahead to what will happen in 2021, as well as introducing a new Chair of the journal's Editorial Board. Professor Barta, who recently took on a new role as Full Professor at the University of Graz in Austria, is one of the world's leading experts on catalytic biomass valorization and a long-standing supporter of I ChemSusChem i , having published her first paper with us in 2014. Professor Beller has been Chair of I ChemSusChem i 's Editorial Board since the journal was first launched in 2007 and his unparalleled expertise on catalysis and sustainable chemistry has proven invaluable throughout the journal's existence to date. [Extracted from the article]

Rationale: Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) in conjunction with liquid chromatography (LC) can provide accurate quantitative data, but it is not well‐suited for the rapid screening (RS) of analytes incurred into complex matrices. This study was designed to determine the usefulness of ESI for rapid detection and quantitation of veterinary drugs from complex biological matrices under near real‐time conditions. Methods: Nine veterinary drugs or metabolites, clenbuterol, erythromycin, flunixin, 5‐hydroxyflunixin, meloxicam, ractopamine, salbutamol, tylosin and zilpaterol, present in cow urine, sheep urine, sheep tissues (kidney, muscle, liver and lung) or pig kidney, were simultaneously analyzed. A simple sample clean‐up procedure, which included dilution with 10% sodium carbonate followed by extraction with ethyl acetate, was used. For tissues, an additional pre‐extraction with hexane was performed to remove fat prior to MS analysis. Samples were introduced into the mass spectrometer through the LC autosampler, but no chromatographic separation was employed. A Sciex 5600+ triple time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer with a dual‐spray source interfaced with a Shimadzu Nexera LC system was used. Samples were analyzed in positive ion mode. Results: Sample extraction times were typically 10–30 min or less and instrumental analysis time was 1 min/sample. Regression coefficients of matrix‐matched standard curves across all compounds ranged from 0.9701–0.9999 in urine (cow and sheep) and tissues (sheep kidney, liver, lung, muscle and pig kidney). Limits of detection ranged from 0.11 to 2.03 ng/mL across analytes in urine and 0.11 to 8.86 ng/g across tissues. Correlations between RS‐ESI‐MS and LC/MS/MS results were 0.956 to 0.998 for incurred residues of flunixin in cow urine, ractopamine in pig kidney and zilpaterol in sheep urine. Conclusions: RS‐ESI‐MS provided rapid, sensitive, and accurate analyses of nine veterinary drugs from complex matrices with very little sample preparation and produced quantitative data akin to LC/MS/MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of ferroelectric perovskite oxides having a controlled polarization direction is an ongoing and challenging topic of research. Here direct observation of large atomic polar displacements, which correspond to a polar density of ≈0.9 C m−2 pointing upward, in an epitaxial BaTiO3 film grown by molecular beam epitaxy on a SrTiO3 substrate is reported. Aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy is used to map the polarization displacement with unit‐cell resolution. Oxygen vacancies and other types of defects are examined and mapped using electron energy‐loss near‐edge structure analysis. The contributions from strain, strain gradient, and defects are quantitatively modeled in order to explain the large polarization. Calculations show that strain (through a defect dipole‐enhanced polarization) creates the large atomic polar displacements, and strain gradient (through inverse Vegard electrochemical strain effect) compensates the polarization. These two effects may explain the preferred polarization direction and the anomalous flexoelectric effect in ferroelectric thin films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foresight is 2020: ChemSusChem Editors David Smith and Halgard Staesche introduce Volume 13 of the journal, look back on some of the major events in 2019 at the journal and in sustainable chemistry as a whole, and look forward to some of the exciting developments that 2020 has in store. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continued declines in coral reef health over the past three decades have been punctuated by severe mass coral bleaching‐induced mortality events that have grown in intensity and frequency under climate change. Intensive global research efforts have therefore persistently focused on bleaching phenomena to understand where corals bleach, when and why—resulting in a large—yet still somewhat patchy—knowledge base. Particularly catastrophic bleaching‐induced coral mortality events in the past 5 years have catalyzed calls for a more diverse set of reef management tools, extending far beyond climate mitigation and reef protection, to also include more aggressive interventions. However, the effectiveness of these various tools now rests on rapidly assimilating our knowledge base of coral bleaching into more integrated frameworks. Here, we consider how the past three decades of intensive coral bleaching research has established the basis for complex biological and environmental networks, which together regulate outcomes of bleaching severity. We discuss how we now have enough scaffold for conceptual biological and environmental frameworks underpinning bleaching susceptibility, but that new tools are urgently required to translate this to an operational system informing—and testing—bleaching outcomes. Specifically, adopting network models that can fully describe and predict metabolic functioning of coral holobionts, and how this functioning is regulated by complex doses and interactions among environmental factors. Identifying knowledge gaps limiting operation of such models is the logical step to immediately guide and prioritize future experiments and observations. We are at a time‐critical point where we can implement new capacity to resolve how coral bleaching patterns emerge from complex biological–environmental networks, and so more effectively inform rapidly evolving ecological management and social adaptation frameworks aimed at securing the future of coral reefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines transnational activism by coalitions of national minorities in Europe from the early 20th century to the present, setting this within the broader 'security versus democracy dilemma' that continues to surround international discussions on minority rights. Specifically, we analyse two organisations – the European Nationalities Congress (1925–1938) and the Federal Union of European Nationalities (1949–) – which, while linked, have never been subject to a detailed comparison based on primary sources. In so far as comparisons do exist, they present these bodies in highly negative terms, as mere fronts for inherently particularistic nationalisms that threaten political stability, state integrity and peace. Our more in‐depth analysis provides a fresh and more nuanced perspective: it shows that, in both cases, concepts of European integration and 'unity in diversity' have provided the motivating goals and frameworks for transnational movements advocating common rights for all minorities and seeking positive interaction with the interstate world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Perylenequinones are a family of structurally related polyketide fungal toxins with nearly universal toxicity. These photosensitizing compounds absorb light energy which enables them to generate reactive oxygen species that damage host cells. This potent mechanism serves as an effective weapon for plant pathogens in disease or niche establishment. The sugar beet pathogen Cercospora beticola secretes the perylenequinone cercosporin during infection. We have shown recently that the cercosporin toxin biosynthesis (CTB) gene cluster is present in several other phytopathogenic fungi, prompting the search for biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of structurally similar perylenequinones in other fungi. Here, we report the identification of the elsinochrome and phleichrome BGCs of Elsinoë fawcettii and Cladosporium phlei, respectively, based on gene cluster conservation with the CTB and hypocrellin BGCs. Furthermore, we show that previously reported BGCs for elsinochrome and phleichrome are involved in melanin production. Phylogenetic analysis of the corresponding melanin polyketide synthases (PKSs) and alignment of melanin BGCs revealed high conservation between the established and newly identified C. beticola, E. fawcettii and C. phlei melanin BGCs. Mutagenesis of the identified perylenequinone and melanin PKSs in C. beticola and E. fawcettii coupled with mass spectrometric metabolite analyses confirmed their roles in toxin and melanin production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeat marine heat wave‐induced mass coral bleaching has decimated reefs in Seychelles for 35 years, but how coral‐associated microbial diversity (microalgal endosymbionts of the family Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities) potentially underpins broad‐scale bleaching dynamics remains unknown. We assessed microbiome composition during the 2016 heat wave peak at two contrasting reef sites (clear vs. turbid) in Seychelles, for key coral species considered bleaching sensitive (Acropora muricata, Acropora gemmifera) or tolerant (Porites lutea, Coelastrea aspera). For all species and sites, we sampled bleached versus unbleached colonies to examine how microbiomes align with heat stress susceptibility. Over 30% of all corals bleached in 2016, half of which were from Acropora sp. and Pocillopora sp. mass bleaching that largely transitioned to mortality by 2017. Symbiodiniaceae ITS2‐sequencing revealed that the two Acropora sp. and P. lutea generally associated with C3z/C3 and C15 types, respectively, whereas C. aspera exhibited a plastic association with multiple D types and two C3z types. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that bacterial communities were coral host‐specific, largely through differences in the most abundant families, Hahellaceae (comprising Endozoicomonas), Rhodospirillaceae, and Rhodobacteraceae. Both Acropora sp. exhibited lower bacterial diversity, species richness, and community evenness compared to more bleaching‐resistant P. lutea and C. aspera. Different bleaching susceptibility among coral species was thus consistent with distinct microbiome community profiles. These profiles were conserved across bleached and unbleached colonies of all coral species. As this pattern could also reflect a parallel response of the microbiome to environmental changes, the detailed functional associations will need to be determined in future studies. Further understanding such microbiome‐environmental interactions is likely critical to target more effective management within oceanically isolated reefs of Seychelles. Microbiome composition (Symbiodiniaceae ITS2 type profile and bacterial 16S genotype) was assessed during the El Niño heat wave at two contrasting reef sites (clear and turbid) in the Seychelles for bleached and unbleached colonies of four key coral species. Different bleaching susceptibility amongst coral species was consistent with distinct microbiome community profiles. These profiles were conserved across bleached and unbleached colonies of all coral species, suggesting Symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities influence bleaching severity within reef sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking back and moving forward: ChemSusChem Editor in Chief David Smith looks back on the journal's past twelve months and considers what 2019 holds for sustainable chemistry, with the help of Editorial Board Chairs Matthias Beller, Gabriele Centi, and Licheng Sun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chloramphenicol ointment is often used in plastic and dermatologic surgery as a topical antibiotic for surgical wounds, but evidence regarding its efficacy and side effects is lacking. In addition, anecdotal fear of aplastic anaemia exists from the oral use of this drug. We performed a systematic review of the literature to assess the efficacy and side effect profile of topical chloramphenicol ointment on non‐ocular surgical wounds. Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library from inception until 4 September 2017 was undertaken. Clinical studies of topical chloramphenicol ointment use on surgical wounds were included. Studies looking only at ocular use or those not available in full text or English were excluded. The review was conducted adhering to PRISMA guidelines. Results: After full‐text review, five articles were included. Two were randomized controlled trials, one was retrospective case control and two were case studies. There was evidence that chloramphenicol ointment use on surgical wounds produced a non‐statistically significant reduction in infection rates. Delayed hypersensitivity and acute oesophagitis were noted as potential side effects of non‐ocular topical use. Aplastic anaemia was not reported. Conclusion: There is a paucity of clinical data regarding the use of topical chloramphenicol ointment on surgical wounds. Further randomized controlled trials may be beneficial in order to support or refute its use in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Multimorbidity and unplanned admissions are common among people with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). Aims: To determine factors predictive of unplanned admission among PWH in regional New South Wales and compare care coordination between people with and without unplanned admissions. Methods: A prospective cohort study of PWH attending a regional human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) service was conducted. Baseline HIV‐specific results and multimorbidity markers including Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) were assessed as predictors of time to first unplanned admission using Cox regression analysis. Care coordination markers were compared between people with and without unplanned admission, using χ2 statistic for proportions and t‐test for means. Results: A cohort of 181 PWH was followed for a maximum of 5 years. During a total of 739 person‐years of follow up, 39 (20.6%) patients reached the endpoint of unplanned admission. In multivariate analysis, the baseline CIRS score was predictive of unplanned admission (P < 0.001). Age, HIV‐specific markers and missed visits were not predictive of unplanned admission. For patients with an unplanned admission, discharge summaries were documented for 22/39 (56.4%). Of 180 PWH with a visit after baseline, 131 (72.8%) had a letter to a general practitioner and 79 (43.7%) had two or more prescribers. Having two or more prescribers was more common in people with an unplanned admission than in those without (64.1% vs 38.0%, P = 0.004). Conclusion: Unplanned admission among PWH is predicted by multimorbidity. Care for PWH should include coordinated management of other health conditions in order to reduce their severity and prevent unplanned admissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The first case of glyphosate‐resistant weeds in the United States was documented in 1998, 2 years after the commercialization of genetically engineered herbicide‐resistant (HR) corn and soybeans. Currently, over 15 glyphosate‐resistant weed species affect US crop production areas. These weeds have the potential to reduce yields, increase costs, and lower farm profitability. The objective of our study is to develop a behavioral model of farmers' weed management decisions and use it to analyze weed resistance to glyphosate in US corn farms. RESULTS: On average, we find that weed control increased US corn yields by 3700 kg ha−1 (worth approximately $US 255 ha−1) in 2005 and 3500 kg ha−1 (worth approximately $US 575 ha−1) in 2010. If glyphosate resistant weeds were absent, glyphosate killed approximately 99% of weeds, on average, when applied at the label rate in HR production systems. Average control was dramatically lower in states where glyphosate resistance was widespread. CONCLUSION: We find that glyphosate resistance had a significant impact on weed control costs and corn yields of US farmers in 2005 and 2010. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Tropical reefs have been impacted by thermal anomalies caused by global warming that induced coral bleaching and mortality events globally. However, there have only been very few recordings of bleaching within the Red Sea despite covering a latitudinal range of 15° and consequently it has been considered a region that is less sensitive to thermal anomalies. We therefore examined historical patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) and associated anomalies (1982–2012) and compared warming trends with a unique compilation of corresponding coral bleaching records from throughout the region. These data indicated that the northern Red Sea has not experienced mass bleaching despite intensive Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) of >15°C‐weeks. Severe bleaching was restricted to the central and southern Red Sea where DHWs have been more frequent, but far less intense (DHWs <4°C‐weeks). A similar pattern was observed during the 2015–2016 El Niño event during which time corals in the northern Red Sea did not bleach despite high thermal stress (i.e. DHWs >8°C‐weeks), and bleaching was restricted to the central and southern Red Sea despite the lower thermal stress (DHWs < 8°C‐weeks). Heat stress assays carried out in the northern (Hurghada) and central (Thuwal) Red Sea on four key reef‐building species confirmed different regional thermal susceptibility, and that central Red Sea corals are more sensitive to thermal anomalies as compared to those from the north. Together, our data demonstrate that corals in the northern Red Sea have a much higher heat tolerance than their prevailing temperature regime would suggest. In contrast, corals from the central Red Sea are close to their thermal limits, which closely match the maximum annual water temperatures. The northern Red Sea harbours reef‐building corals that live well below their bleaching thresholds and thus we propose that the region represents a thermal refuge of global importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface-sensitive UV Raman spectroscopy is used to analyze the crystallinity of silicon films less than 20 nm thick directly on silicon wafers. The 325-nm excitation has a Raman detection thickness of only 13 nm within the silicon film, thus eliminating signal from the substrate. We demonstrate measured crystallinities of microcrystalline silicon thin films that are consistent with the microstructure observed in transmission electron microscopy. Comparison is also made to ellipsometry, which is less able to accurately determine crystallinity than UV Raman spectroscopy. The UV Raman approach is particularly useful for layers grown on substrates of the same material but with different microstructure, and can be extended to non-silicon materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The X files: This Editorial welcomes you to Volume 10 of ChemSusChem! It contains a look at some of the statistics and highlights from 2016, as well as some of our plans for 2017. The truth is in here! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations are driving changes in ocean chemistry at unprecedented rates resulting in ocean acidification, which is predicted to impact the functioning of marine biota, in particular of marine calcifiers. However, the precise understanding of such impacts relies on an analytical system that determines the mechanisms and impact of elevated pCO2 on the physiology of organisms at scales from species to entire communities. Recent work has highlighted the need within experiments to control all aspects of the carbonate system to resolve the role of different inorganic carbon species on the physiological responses observed across taxa in real-time. Presently however, there are limited options available for continuous quantification of physiological responses, coupled with real-time calculation of the seawater carbonate chemistry system within microcosm environments. Here, we describe and characterise the performance of a novel pCO2 membrane equilibrium system (the Membrane Inlet Infra-Red Gas Analyser, MI-IRGA) integrated with a continuous pH and oxygen monitoring platform. The system can detect changes in the seawater carbonate chemistry and determine organism physiological responses, while providing the user with real-time control over the microcosm system. We evaluate the systems control, response time and associated error, and demonstrate the flexibility of the system to operate under field conditions and within a laboratory. We use the system to measure physiological parameters (photosynthesis and respiration) for the corals Pocillipora damicornis and Porites cylindrica; in doing so we present a novel dataset examining the interactive role of temperature, light and pCO2 on the physiology of P. cylindrica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AlGaN-based graded-index-separate-confinement-heterostructures (GRINSCHs) with Al0.65Ga0.35N/Al0.8Ga0.2N MQWs in their active region were grown by plasma-assisted MBE on (0001) 6H-SiC substrates. The MQWs were grown under excess Ga. Indium flux was used in addition in some of the samples in order to study the role of indium on the growth mode of such MQWs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides evidence that the bottom compositionally graded AlGaN layer in the GRINSCH structure may also be serving as a strain transition buffer layer, by blocking threading defects in the vicinity of the AlN/AlGaN heterointerface. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that the interfaces in the MQWs grown in the presence of indium are sharper. However, photoluminescence (PL) studies indicate evidence of stimulated emission at relatively low threshold only in the sample grown without indium, which is attributed to deep band structure potential fluctuations in this sample. The presence of indium during growth led to more homogeneous AlGaN MQWs, which require higher excitation flux to produce population inversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend Byoun's (2008) modelling of the relationship between deficits and surpluses and adjustment speed, to demonstrate how industry characteristics identified by Kayo and Kimura (2011), including industry concentration, industry munificence and industry dynamism, impact on speed of adjustment. Using New Zealand firms as a case study, we find significant evidence that, as well as firm financial position, industry characteristics also impact on adjustment speed. The firm financial position results are the most robust, and we recommend further research to confirm the nature of the relationship between industry characteristics and the speed at which firms adjust towards target capital structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 68-year-old woman presented with a local recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) invading into the angle of the right mandible. It mentions that In addition to the standard imaging modalities, preoperative planning was aided by the use of a three-dimensional (3D) printed model of the right hemi-mandible, with and without the associated soft tissue tumor, using 3D printer.

Converting a previous fasciocutaneous free flap into a flow-through flap for scalp reconstruction (b) Post-operative right scalp reconstruction with radial forearm free flap (RFFF), note the prior latissimus dorsi free flap reconstruction of the left scalp. A 76-year-old male, diagnosed with a poorly differentiated scalp squamous cell carcinoma, was managed with excision, split-thickness skin graft (SSG) reconstruction and adjuvant radiotherapy. [Extracted from the article]

Background Percutaneous needle fasciotomy ( PNF) is a minimally invasive technique used to manage Dupuytren's contracture. We compared outcomes of PNF versus open fasciectomy ( OF) to examine the suitability of PNF in Australia. Method A retrospective cohort study using two questionnaires regarding Dupuytren's treatment was used to assess patients with uncomplicated primary disease. The primary outcomes were immediate and medium-term correction of contracture (2-year mean follow-up to time of survey). Secondary outcomes were patient satisfaction and complications including tendon/nerve injury, infection, skin necrosis and vascular damage. Results One hundred fifty-five out of 191 surveys were returned (81%). The final analysis included 125 cases (65%), 73 PNF and 52 OF. No significant differences were observed between both groups with regards to follow-up time, gender, smoking status, co-morbidities or preoperative deformity grade. No significant differences were observed in terms of immediate or medium-term deformity correction, tendon/nerve injury or circulatory complications. The postoperative infection rate was higher with OF, with these patients 7.57 (95% confidence interval 1.56, 36.77; P = 0.01) times as likely to have a postoperative infection as patients undergoing PNF. A higher number of patients who underwent PNF were told that they would require another operation (30% versus 12%; P = 0.02). Satisfaction scores were similar ( OF 33.2 versus PNF 32.6; P = 0.82). Conclusion The OF and PNF procedures provide comparable deformity correction for uncomplicated primary Dupuytren's disease in the immediate perioperative period. The reduced side effect profile of PNF should prompt surgeons to consider incorporating it in their practice for the first-line management of uncomplicated primary Dupuytren's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogenic volatile organic compounds ( BVOCs), in particular dimethyl sulphide ( DMS) and isoprene, have fundamental ecological, physiological and climatic roles. Our current understanding of these roles is almost exclusively established from terrestrial or oceanic environments but signifies a potentially major, but largely unknown, role for BVOCs in tropical coastal marine ecosystems. The tropical coast is a transition zone between the land and ocean, characterized by highly productive and biodiverse coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangroves, which house primary producers that are amongst the greatest emitters of BVOCs on the planet. Here, we synthesize our existing understanding of BVOC emissions to produce a novel conceptual framework of the tropical marine coast as a continuum from DMS-dominated reef producers to isoprene-dominated mangroves. We use existing and previously unpublished data to consider how current environmental conditions shape BVOC production across the tropical coastal continuum, and in turn how BVOCs can regulate environmental stress tolerance or species interactions via infochemical networks. We use this as a framework to discuss how existing predictions of future tropical coastal BVOC emissions, and the roles they play, are effectively restricted to present day 'baseline' trends of BVOC production across species and environmental conditions; as such, there remains a critical need to focus research efforts on BVOC responses to rapidly accelerating anthropogenic impacts at local and regional scales. We highlight the complete lack of current knowledge required to understand the future ecological functioning of these important systems, and to predict whether feedback mechanisms are likely to regulate or exacerbate current climate change scenarios through environmentally and ecologically mediated changes to BVOC budgets at the ecosystem level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thick GaN templates (>50 µm) were grown by hydride-vapor-phase epitaxy (HVPE) on the r-plane of sapphire. While X-ray diffraction indicates that the GaN grows with its a-plane parallel to the r-plane of sapphire, the surface has a triangular morphology of 120º, which is the result of the faster growth rate of the a-plane compared to the m-plane. Electron microscopy studies indicate that these GaN templates have a high concentration of threading defects (>1010 cm-2) and basal plane stacking faults (7x105 cm-1). Several identical deep-UV emitting Al0.7Ga0.3N/AlN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were grown on such GaN templates by molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE). The wells were grown under more gallium than required by stoichiometry, which changes the growth mode from physical vapor deposition to liquid phase epitaxy. This growth mode leads to deep band structure potential fluctuations. The structure and microstructure of these MQWs were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and found to have even higher density of threading defects than the GaN template. In spite of this, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of these MQWs was estimated from the temperature dependence of the cathodoluminescence spectra to be 87%. This remarkable result was attributed to the deep band structure potential fluctuations introduced by the liquid-phase epitaxy growth mode as well as the high concentration of basal plane stacking faults. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing concerns over ocean acidification have highlighted the need to critically understand inorganic carbon acquisition and utilization in marine microalgae. Here, we contrast these characteristics for the first time between two genetically distinct dinoflagellate species of the genus Symbiodinium (phylotypes A13 and A20) that live in symbiosis with reef-forming corals., Both phylotypes were grown in continuous cultures under identical environmental conditions. Rubisco was measured using quantitative Western blots, and radioisotopic 14C uptake was used to characterize light- and total carbon dioxide (TCO2)-dependent carbon fixation, as well as inorganic carbon species preference and external carbonic anhydrase activity., A13 and A20 exhibited similar rates of carbon fixation despite cellular concentrations of Rubisco being approximately four-fold greater in A13. The uptake of CO2 over [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]