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Background The present study aimed to describe the relationship between self-reported dietary intake and serum cholesterol fatty acids (FAs) in a Swedish population of 60-year-old men and women. Methods Cross-sectional data collected in 1997-1998 from 4232 individuals residing in Stockholm County were used. Five diet scores were created to reflect the intake of saturated fats in general, as well as fats from dairy, fish, processed meat and vegetable oils and margarines. Gas chromatography was used to assess 13 FAs in serum cholesterol esters. The association between each diet score and specific FAs was assessed by percentile differences (PD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) at the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentile of each FA across levels of diet scores using quantile regression. Results Fish intake was associated with high proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). For each point increase in fish score, the 50th PD in EPA and DHA was 32.78% (95% CI = 29.22% to 36.35%) and 10.63% (95% CI = 9.52% to 11.74%), respectively. Vegetable fat intake was associated with a high proportion of linoleic acid and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a low proportion of total saturated fatty acids (SFA). The intake of saturated fats in general and dairy fat was slightly associated with specific SFA, although the intake of fat from meat was not. Conclusions In the present study population, using a rather simple dietary assessment method, the intake of fish and vegetable fats was clearly associated with serum PUFA, whereas foods rich in saturated fats in general showed a weak relationship with serum SFA. Our results may contribute to increased knowledge about underlying biology in diet-cardiovascular disease associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is believed to be rare in the elderly, and the influence of different criteria on the prevalence of FTD is unclear. Methods Population-based samples of 70- to 95-year-olds (n = 2462) in Gothenburg, Sweden, underwent neuropsychiatric examinations. Behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD) was diagnosed according to the International Behavioural Variant FTD Criteria Consortium (FTDC), the Frontotemporal Lobe Degeneration Consensus criteria, and the Lund-Manchester Research Criteria. A subset (n = 1074) underwent computerized tomography (CT) of the brain. Results The prevalence of bvFTD varied between 0.2% and 0.5% at age 70 to 79 years, between 2.5% and 3.6% at age 80 to 89 years, and between 1.7% and 2.2% at age 90 to 95 years. The agreement between different criteria was low to moderate (κ = 0.20–0.42). Among those with bvFTD according to FTDC, 93.3% had frontal and/or temporal lobar atrophy on CT, compared with 12.6% of those without bvFTD ( P < .001). Conclusions The prevalence of bvFTD was higher than expected in this population. To a large extent, different criteria captured different individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims The relation between selenium status and risk of Type 2 diabetes is controversial. We aimed to evaluate associations of serum selenium, a marker of dietary selenium, with measures of glucose metabolism and risk of diabetes. Methods We used data from a population-based, longitudinal cohort of 1925 Swedish men who were 50 years old and did not have diabetes at baseline in the 1970s. At baseline, an intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed and, at a follow-up examination after 20 years, an oral glucose tolerance test and a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp for the assessment of insulin sensitivity were conducted. Results At baseline, the mean (standard deviation) selenium concentration was 75.6 (14.3) μg/l. During 20 years of follow-up, 88 incident cases of diabetes occurred in 1024 participants with follow-up data. Baseline serum selenium levels were not associated with risk of diabetes (odds ratio 1.06; 95% CI 0.83-1.38). Higher selenium levels were associated with lower early insulin response (standardized β -0.08; 95% CI -0.14 to -0.03) at baseline after adjusting for potential confounders, but not with any other measures of β-cell function or insulin sensitivity at baseline or follow-up. The association with early insulin response was non-significant after taking multiple testing into account. Conclusions Our results do not support a role of dietary selenium in the development of disturbances in glucose metabolism or diabetes in older individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The causes of the multiple metabolic disorders of individuals with chronic kidney disease ( CKD) are not fully known. We investigated the relationships between dietary fat quality, the metabolic syndrome (MetS), insulin sensitivity and inflammation in individuals with CKD. Subjects Two population-based surveys were conducted in elderly Swedish individuals (aged 70 years) with serum cystatin C-estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL min−1/1.73 m2: the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men ( ULSAM) and the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors ( PIVUS) surveys. The present population comprised 274 men and 187 subjects (63% women) from the ULSAM and PIVUS cohorts, respectively. Design Factor analyses of serum fatty acids were used to evaluate dietary fat quality. Insulin sensitivity was measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance ( IR) and, in ULSAM, also by euglycaemic clamp. Results Factor analyses generated two fatty acid patterns of (i) low linoleic acid ( LA)/high saturated fatty acid ( SFA) or (ii) high n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ( n-3 PUFA) levels. In both surveys, the low LA/high SFA pattern increased the odds of having MetS [adjusted odds ratio 0.60 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44-0.81] and 0.45 (95% CI 0.30-0.67) per SD decrease in factor score in the ULSAM and PIVUS surveys, respectively] and was directly associated with both IR and C-reactive protein. The n-3 PUFA pattern was not consistently associated with these risk factors. Conclusions A serum fatty acid pattern reflecting low LA and high SFA was strongly associated with MetS, IR and inflammation in two independent surveys of elderly individuals with CKD. At present, there are no specific dietary guidelines for individuals with CKD; however, these findings indirectly support current recommendations to replace SFAs with PUFAs from vegetable oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is significantly hampered by the lack of easily accessible biomarkers that can detect disease presence and predict disease risk reliably. Fluid biomarkers of AD currently provide indications of disease stage; however, they are not robust predictors of disease progression or treatment response, and most are measured in cerebrospinal fluid, which limits their applicability. With these aspects in mind, the aim of this article is to underscore the concerted efforts of the Blood-Based Biomarker Interest Group, an international working group of experts in the field. The points addressed include: (1) the major challenges in the development of blood-based biomarkers of AD, including patient heterogeneity, inclusion of the “right” control population, and the blood–brain barrier; (2) the need for a clear definition of the purpose of the individual markers (e.g., prognostic, diagnostic, or monitoring therapeutic efficacy); (3) a critical evaluation of the ongoing biomarker approaches; and (4) highlighting the need for standardization of preanalytical variables and analytical methodologies used by the field. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives: To assess attitudes and perceptions towards oral hygiene tasks among geriatric nursing home staff, before and after a dental hygiene education. Methodology: A survey questionnaire was distributed to the nursing staff (n = 105), at a geriatric nursing home in Stockholm, Sweden. Results: The response rate to the questionnaire was 83%. A vast majority (87%) of the nursing staff considered oral hygiene tasks unpleasant. The main reason for considering oral care unpleasant was a perceived unwillingness from the residents. The perceived unwillingness from the residents among the nursing staff was reduced after the dental hygiene education (chi-square test, P = 0.02). A vast majority of the nursing staff experienced, always or sometimes, resistance from the residents towards oral care. Conclusions: Nursing home staff members consider oral care tasks unpleasant, and frequently experience resistance from the nursing home residents towards oral care. The perceived unwillingness from the residents is reduced after an advanced dental hygiene education. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of education on nursing staff's attitudes and perceptions towards oral care tasks, with the overall aim of improving the oral health among older people in hospitals and nursing homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Few studies have examined whether cognitive symptom patterns differ by age and length of time before dementia onset. Our objective was to investigate whether different patterns of cognitive symptoms at ages 70, 75, and 79 years predict short-term (≤5 years) and long-term (>5 years) dementia onset. Methods: A representative sample of 382 nondemented 70-year-olds from Gothenburg, Sweden was examined periodically up to age 90 years. Information on dementia in those lost to follow-up was obtained from medical records. Cognitive assessments at ages 70, 75, and 79 years included psychiatric and psychometric examinations. Four patterns of cognitive performance were examined in relation to dementia onset: (1) unimpaired cognition, (2) isolated low memory, (3) low non-memory, and (4) global low cognitive performance. Results: Short-term onset was predicted by global low performance at ages 70, 75, and 79 years and by low non-memory performance at ages 70 and 75. Isolated low memory was not a short-term predictor at any examination, but it predicted long-term onset at ages 70 and 75 years. Conclusions: A global pattern of low cognitive performance predicts short-term but not long-term onset of dementia, whereas isolated low memory performance predicts dementia only in the long-term. Our findings also suggest that preclinical symptoms of dementia might differ by age. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

For each p in [1, ∞) let Ep denote the closure of the region of holomorphy of the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck semigroup {Ht : t > 0} on Lp with respect to the Gaussian measure. Sharp weak type and strong type estimates are proved for the maximal operator f ↦ H*pf = sup{|Hzf| : z ∈ Ep} and for a class of related operators. As a consequence, a new and simpler proof of the weak type 1 estimate is given for the maximal operator associated to the Mehler kernel. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract Objectives: To study publication trends, as well as the number and proportion of randomised controlled trials covering different areas of periodontal research (RCT-Ps). Material and methods: The study was based on Medline searches (MeSH terms) for the period 1980– 2000. The RCT-Ps (n = 675) were examined for relevance for different areas of periodontal research, journals of publication, and the countries of origin. Results: In periodontal research the annual number of publications had increased from 162 in 1980 to 440 in 2000. Moreover, clinical trials in periodontal research (CT-Ps) had increased more than 10-fold, and RCT-Ps more than 15-fold. More than 4 out of 10 RCT-Ps covered the areas ‘periodontal surgery’ and ‘gingivitis and plaque treatment or prevention’. More than 6 out of 10 RCT-Ps in total and more than 8 out of 10 RCT-Ps about ‘periodontal surgery’, were published in two different journals. U.S.A was the most common country of origin of RCT-Ps, contributing to almost 4 out of 10 RCT-Ps during 1988– 2000. Conclusion: The annual number of RCT-Ps increased substantially during 1980–2000, and a few clinical research areas predominated. Future research should give priority to areas where clinical evidence is scarce and where high-quality RCT-Ps are most needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To systematically review evidence on the efficacy and safety of sleep deprivation (SD) as a treatment option for patients with unipolar or bipolar depression., Methods: A systematic review according to PRISMA guidelines was conducted. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Controlled trials were included in efficacy analysis, case series for evaluating complications and qualitative studies for patients' experiences., Results: Eight controlled studies (368 patients), one qualitative study and seven case series (825 patients) were included. One week after treatment start, SD combined with standard treatment did not reduce depressive symptoms compared with standard treatment (standardized mean difference, SMD = -0.29, [95% confidence interval, CI: -0.84 to 0.25], p = 0.29). When excluding a study in elderly patients in a post hoc analysis, the difference was statistically significant (SMD = -0.54 ([95% CI: -0.86 to -0.22], p < 0.001)) but it diminished two weeks after treatment start. No superiority of SD was found compared with antidepressants, but SD may be superior to exercise in certain settings. It is uncertain whether SD affects quality of sleep, quality of life, everyday functioning or length of stay. Apart from switch to mania (ranging between 2.7% and 10.7%), no other serious complications were reported., Conclusion: Sleep deprivation has been studied in a wide range of settings resulting in divergent results for the short-term efficacy on depressive symptoms. Post hoc analyses indicated that there may be a significant but transient effect in certain populations. Further studies should focus on identifying subgroups of responders as well as examining feasibility in routine clinical care., (© 2020 The Authors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)