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An efficient metal‐free DBU catalyzed approach for the construction of biologically significant quaternary carbon centered C‐3 functionalized 2‐oxindole derivatives through vinylogous reaction of 3‐cyano‐4‐methylcoumarins with 3‐arylsulfonyl‐3‐indolyloxindoles has been developed for first time. The developed protocol is simple, cost‐effective, and producing the desired products in good yields, without utilizing potentially harmful chemicals. Moreover, the synthesized 3,3‐disubstituted 2‐oxindole molecules contain established pharmacophors in their structure, i. e. oxindole‐, indole‐ and coumarin‐ moieties, which makes them a valuable candidate for drug development process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two‐step protocol involving cyclization and deprotection towards the synthesis of C‐1 arylated benzazepines has been developed under transition‐metal oxidant free conditions. The coupling reaction of α ‐lithiated carbanion, generated from Boc‐protected amine, with in situ generated aryne proceeds well intramolecularly. A variety of substrates were explored with corresponding products in moderate yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent past, dialkyl azodicarboxylates have been embraced as versatile reagents in synthetic strategies other than Mitsunobu reactions. These azo compounds have been utilized as an oxidant or dehydrogenating reagent in oxidative transformations, such as cross dehydrogenative coupling, oxidative Ugi‐type reaction, dehydrogenation etc. Moreover, they have been utilized in different types of bond construction like C‐Heteroatom (C‐Het) and S−N bond. Very recently, these azo compounds have also been explored in photochemical reactions. Such types of reported reactions and their reaction pathways are presented here in this minireview, which manifested the oxidative abilities and advantageous features of dialkyl azodicarboxylates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of greener and atom economical methods for carbon‐heteroatom (C−Het) bond formation is of significant importance in synthetic organic chemistry. In this regard, metal‐free cross‐dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) represents an attractive approach as it is more facile and environment friendly. This review intends to focus on the recent developments in metal‐free CDC reactions for C−Het bond formation leading to the synthesis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial stalk rot ( BSR) of maize caused by Dickeya zeae is an important disease in northwest region of India. In the current study, eighty maize lines were evaluated for resistance against this disease. Of these, 20 were moderately resistant, 25 were moderately susceptible and the rest were highly susceptible to BSR. Six lines from each set were randomly selected. Activities of three antioxidant enzymes, viz. phenylalanine ammonia lyase ( PAL), peroxidase ( POX) and polyphenol oxidase ( PPO) were analysed from these three sets of maize lines representing different levels of resistance. A trend of elevated activity of PAL, POX and PPO was observed in all the three sets of maize lines. The results showed significantly more activity of these three enzymes in moderately resistant than highly susceptible maize lines. The activity of PAL and PPO peaked after 48 hr and of POX after 72 hr of challenge inoculation by D. zeae in all the maize lines. The activity of these enzymes further correlated negatively with disease development. Our results show that PAL, POX and PPO play an important role in contributing towards resistance in maize against BSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new similarity measure for type-2 fuzzy sets. Validation has been investigated through the consistency of the proposed similarity measure. For practical use, a new method is proposed for the students' answer book evaluation using the proposed similarity measure. This method is illustrated by the numerical example. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:694-702, 2015; View this article online at ; DOI [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An oxidative coupling reaction between formamides and diselenides under metal-free conditions is described. The C-Se bond formation occurred exclusively at the carbonyl carbon by using aqueous tert-butyl hydroperoxide and 4 Å molecular sieves and the coupled products, selenocarbamates, were obtained in moderate-to-good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Truview EVO2 laryngoscope is a recently introduced device with a unique blade that provides a wide and magnified laryngeal view at 46° anterior refracted angle. An infant blade of the laryngoscope has recently become available. Aims and objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the Truview infant EVO2 laryngoscope with the Miller straight blade laryngoscope in order to determine whether the Truview EVO2 laryngoscope provided an improved laryngeal view at laryngoscopy and also to assess the time taken for intubation with the two devices. Materials and methods: In this prospective randomized study, 60 neonates and infants of either sex undergoing surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled and divided into two groups: endotracheal intubation using a Truview infant blade (Group I) or with a Miller blade number 0 (Group II). The view of the glottis at laryngoscopy, time to intubation and the number of attempts required for intubation were recorded. Results: The average time for laryngoscopy in Group I was 18.18 s and in Group II was 16.30 s, which though not significant clinically, is statistically significant ( P = 0.002). While eight patients (26.6%) had Cormack and Lehane grade 2 view on laryngoscopy in Group II, only two patients (6.6%) had such a view in Group 1 ( P = 0.039). The number of attempts at laryngoscopy was comparable in the two groups. Conclusion: In this study, we found that in neonates and infants, the tracheal intubation using Truview infant EVO2 blade took almost as much time as miller blade and provided improved laryngoscopic view as compared to the Miller blade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents chemical equations related to the article "Oxidative C-Se Coupling of Formamides and Diselenides by Using Aqueous tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide: A Convenient Synthesis of Selenocarbamates" by A. Kaur et al. published in the "European Journal of Organic Chemistry" in the 2013 issue.