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Both human populations and marine biodiversity are concentrated along coastlines, with growing conservation interest in how these ecosystems can survive intense anthropogenic impacts. Tropical urban centres provide valuable research opportunities because these megacities are often adjacent to mega‐diverse coral reef systems. The Pearl River Delta is a prime exemplar, as it encompasses one of the most densely populated and impacted regions in the world and is located just northwest of the Coral Triangle. However, the spatial and taxonomic complexity of this biodiversity, most of which is small, cryptic in habitat and poorly known, make comparative analyses challenging. We deployed standardized settlement structures at seven sites differing in the intensity of human impacts and used COI metabarcoding to characterize benthic biodiversity, with a focus on metazoans. We found a total of 7184 OTUs, with an average of 665 OTUs per sampling unit; these numbers exceed those observed in many previous studies using comparable methods, despite the location of our study in an urbanized environment. Beta diversity was also high, with 52% of the OTUs found at just one site. As expected, we found that the sites close to point sources of pollution had substantially lower diversity (44% less) relative to sites bathed in less polluted oceanic waters. However, the polluted sites contributed substantially to the total animal diversity of the region, with 25% of all OTUs occurring only within polluted sites. Further analysis of Arthropoda, Annelida and Mollusca showed that phylogenetic clustering within a site was common, suggesting that environmental filtering reduced biodiversity to a subset of lineages present within the region, a pattern that was most pronounced in polluted sites and for the Arthropoda. The water quality gradients surrounding the PRD highlight the unique role of in situ studies for understanding the impacts of complex urbanization pressures on biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orbicella faveolata, commonly known as the mountainous star coral, is a dominant reef‐building species in the Caribbean, but populations have suffered sharp declines since the 1980s due to repeated bleaching and disease‐driven mortality. Prior research has shown that inshore adult O. faveolata populations in the Florida Keys are able to maintain high coral cover and recover from bleaching faster than their offshore counterparts. However, whether this origin‐specific variation in thermal resistance is heritable remains unclear. To address this knowledge gap, we produced purebred and hybrid larval crosses from O. faveolata gametes collected at two distinct reefs in the Upper Florida Keys, a nearshore site (Cheeca Rocks, CR) and an offshore site (Horseshoe Reef, HR), in two different years (2019, 2021). We then subjected these aposymbiotic larvae to severe (36°C) and moderate (32°C) heat challenges to quantify their thermal tolerance. Contrary to our expectation based on patterns of adult thermal tolerance, HR purebred larvae survived better and exhibited gene expression profiles that were less driven by stress response under elevated temperature compared to purebred CR and hybrid larvae. One potential explanation could be the compromised reproductive output of CR adult colonies due to repeated summer bleaching events in 2018 and 2019, as gametes originating from CR in 2019 contained less storage lipids than those from HR. These findings provide an important counter‐example to the current selective breeding paradigm, that more tolerant parents will yield more tolerant offspring, and highlight the importance of adopting a holistic approach when evaluating larval quality for conservation and restoration purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The capacity for poleward range expansions beyond the tropics in corals hinges on ecophysiological constraints and resulting responses to climatic variability. We aimed to determine how future warming will affect coral habitat suitability at the poleward range edges of these foundational species in the Northwest Pacific. Location: Northwest Pacific. Methods: We generated models integrating thermal physiological constraints of corals adapted to extreme seasonality in Hong Kong, specifically the minimum annual temperature and the proportion of time annually spent at seasonal extremes. With these models, we projected habitat suitability for five coral species under current and future climatic conditions across the Northwest Pacific. Results: Climate model projections reveal an easing of thermal constraints on the leading‐edge of coral ecophysiological limits with an expansion of thermally suitable habitat poleward by 2°–7° in latitude depending on the coral species and model considered. We also highlight a potential divergence of present and future thermal regimes that may lead to a mismatch in suitability for corals currently inhabiting high latitude reefs. Main Conclusions: Understanding the thermal constraints on coral distributions and defining the potential range of corals under climate change is critical for adaptive management that focuses on coral conservation and ensuring ecosystem function of existing subtropical and temperate ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization (WHO) announced in 2021 a commitment to develop a comprehensive framework for integrated action on the prevention, diagnosis, and management of anemia and to establish an Anaemia Action Alliance to support the implementation of the framework. WHO commissioned four background papers to provide reflections about the most pressing issues to be addressed for accelerating reductions in the prevalence of anemia. Here, we provide a complete vision of the framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual violence against women is highly prevalent on college campuses. Survivors of sexual violence often engage in coping strategies such as risky sexual behavior. The present study used a behavioral task to measure sexual risk‐taking following experiences of positive or negative affect and an emotion suppression experimental manipulation. Sexually active adult female undergraduates (N = 175) completed measures of sexual traumatization and affective experiences as well as an autobiographical recall task and a delay discounting task for hypothetical sexual outcomes. Half of the participants (n = 87) were asked to suppress their emotional response to the autobiographical recall task. The findings indicate that sexual traumatization had a significant effect on risky sexual decision‐making, F(1, 167) = 23.27, p <.001, ηp2 =.12, but affective condition, F(1, 167) =.57, p =.451, and emotion suppression, F(1, 167) =.69, p =.412, exhibited no significant associations with sexual risk‐taking. These findings suggest other factors may underlie the association between sexual trauma and risky sexual behavior, but further research is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symbiotic relationship between dinoflagellate algae in the family Symbiodiniaceae and scleractinian corals forms the base of the tropical reef ecosystem. In scleractinian corals, recruits acquire symbionts either "vertically" from the maternal colony or initially lack symbionts and acquire them "horizontally" from the environment. Regardless of the mode of acquisition, coral species and individual colonies harbor only a subset of the highly diverse complex of species/taxa within the Symbiodiniaceae. This suggests a genetic basis for specificity, but local environmental conditions and/or symbiont availability may also play a role in determining which symbionts within the Symbiodiniaceae are initially taken up by the host. To address the relative importance of genetic and environmental drivers of symbiont uptake/establishment, we examined the acquisition of these dinoflagellate symbionts in one to three‐month‐old recruits of Orbicella faveolata to compare symbiont types present in recruits to those of parental populations versus co‐occurring adults in their destination reef. Variation in chloroplast 23S ribosomal DNA and in three polymorphic microsatellite loci was examined. We found that, in general, symbiont communities within adult colonies differed between reefs, suggesting that endemism is common among symbiont populations of O. faveolata on a local scale. Among recruits, initial symbiont acquisition was selective. O. faveolata recruits only acquired a subset of locally available symbionts, and these generally did not reflect symbiont populations in adults at either the parental or the outplant reef. Instead, symbiont communities within new recruits at a given outplant site and region tended to be similar to each other, regardless of parental source population. These results suggest temporal variation in the local symbiont source pool, although other possible drivers behind the distinct difference between symbionts within O. faveolata adults and new generations of recruits may include different ontogenetic requirements and/or reduced host selectivity in early ontogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: Using a mixed‐methods design, we aimed to understand household dynamics and choices in hypothetical planning for child and pet care if an individual is faced with hospitalization for COVID‐19. Background: As the COVID‐19 public health crisis persists, children and pets are vulnerable to caregiver hospitalization. Methods: Bivariate associations from a large‐scale survey explore hypothetical options for dependent care‐planning. An open‐ended question regarding pet–child interactions is coded applying a grounded theory framework. Results: Caregivers expect to rely on family and friends to care for children, especially young children, and pets if hospitalized. The presence of pets in the home has been predominately positive for children during the pandemic, suggesting benefits of alternative care options that keep children and pets together. Conclusions: Relying on one's social network to care for dependents if caregivers become ill from COVID‐19 could place loved ones at risk for contracting the virus, which could present obstacles to arranging care plans, especially inclusive of pets and children. Implications: The changing information regarding COVID‐19 warrants that families establish concrete care plans for dependent children and pets. The spread of COVID‐19 to the most vulnerable, such as grandparents and other family who may be expected to care for dependents, could create additional public health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dichromium Pacman complex (tBudmx)Cr2Cl2·C4H10O (1) [(tBudmx)H2 is a dimethylxanthene‐bridged cofacial (bis)dipyrrin, C49H58N4O] was synthesized by salt metathesis using anhydrous CrCl2 and previously reported (tBudmx)K2. Treatment of 1 with two equivalents of the reductant potassium graphite afforded K2(tBudmx)Cr2Cl2(thf)3·0.5C4H10O·0.5C4H8O (thf is tetrahydrofuran, C4H8O) (2), with both potassium ions intercalated between the pyrrolic subunits. Comparison of the solid‐state structures for 1 and 2 reveals minimal changes in the primary coordination sphere of each Cr ion, with notable elongation of the dipyrrin C—C and C—N bonds upon reduction, consistent with computational support for a ligand‐based reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite vitamin D‐deficiency clinically presenting with myopathy, muscle weakness and atrophy, the mechanisms by which vitamin D exerts its homeostatic effects upon skeletal muscle remain to be fully established. Recent studies have shown that the receptor by which 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D3) exerts its biological actions (ie, the vitamin D receptor, VDR) elicits both genomic and non‐genomic effects upon skeletal muscle. The controversy surrounding skeletal muscle VDR mRNA/protein expression in post‐natal muscle has been allayed by myriad recent studies, while dynamic expression of VDR throughout myogenesis, and association of higher VDR levels during muscle regeneration/immature muscle cells, suggests a role in myogenesis and perhaps an enrichment of VDR in satellite cells. Accordingly, in vitro studies have demonstrated 1,25(OH)2D3 is anti‐proliferative in myoblasts, yet pro‐differentiation in latter stages of myogenesis. These effects involve modulation of gene expression (VDR as a transcriptional co‐activator controls ~3% of the genome) and post‐genomic intracellular signalling for example, via c‐Src and alterations to intramuscular calcium homeostasis and proteostasis. The aim of this review is to consider the biomolecular role for the vitamin D/VDR axis in myogenesis, while also exploring global evidence for genomic and non‐genomic mechanisms of action for 1,25(OH)2D3/VDR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species introductions provide opportunities to quantify rates and patterns of evolutionary change in response to novel environments. Alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) are native to the East Coast of North America where they ascend coastal rivers to spawn in lakes and then return to the ocean. Some populations have become landlocked within the last 350 years and diverged phenotypically from their ancestral marine population. More recently, alewives were introduced to the Laurentian Great Lakes (~150 years ago), but these populations have not been compared to East Coast anadromous and landlocked populations. We quantified 95 years of evolution in foraging traits and overall body shape of Great Lakes alewives and compared patterns of phenotypic evolution of Great Lakes alewives to East Coast anadromous and landlocked populations. Our results suggest that gill raker spacing in Great Lakes alewives has evolved in a dynamic pattern that is consistent with responses to strong but intermittent eco‐evolutionary feedbacks with zooplankton size. Following their initial colonization of Lakes Ontario and Michigan, dense alewife populations likely depleted large‐bodied zooplankton, which drove a decrease in alewife gill raker spacing. However, the introduction of large, non‐native zooplankton to the Great Lakes in later decades resulted in an increase in gill raker spacing, and present‐day Great Lakes alewives have gill raker spacing patterns that are similar to the ancestral East Coast anadromous population. Conversely, contemporary Great Lakes alewife populations possess a gape width consistent with East Coast landlocked populations. Body shape showed remarkable parallel evolution with East Coast landlocked populations, likely due to a shared response to the loss of long‐distance movement or migrations. Our results suggest the colonization of a new environment and cessation of migration can result in rapid parallel evolution in some traits, but contingency also plays a role, and a dynamic ecosystem can also yield novel trait combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tapering of vaping, reducing nicotine concentration and restricting vaping times, coupled with behavioral counseling may be effective for cessation of electronic nicotine delivery system use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large separations between ground and excited magnetic states in single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) are desirable to reduce the likelihood of spin reversal in the molecules. Spin‐phonon coupling is a process leading to magnetic relaxation. Both the reversal and coupling, making SMMs lose magnetic moments, are undesirable. However, direct determination of large magnetic states separations (>45 cm−1) is challenging, and few detailed investigations of the spin‐phonon coupling have been conducted. The magnetic separation in [Co(12‐crown‐4)2](I3)2(12‐crown‐4) (1) is determined and its spin‐phonon coupling is probed by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and far‐IR spectroscopy. INS, using oriented single crystals, shows a magnetic transition at 49.4(1.0) cm−1. Far‐IR reveals that the magnetic transition and nearby phonons are coupled, a rarely observed phenomenon, with spin‐phonon coupling constants of 1.7–2.5 cm−1. The current work spectroscopically determines the ground–excited magnetic states separation in an SMM and quantifies its spin‐phonon coupling, shedding light on the process causing magnetic relaxation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host species often support a genetically diverse guild of symbionts, the identity and performance of which can determine holobiont fitness under particular environmental conditions. These symbiont communities are structured by a complex set of potential interactions, both positive and negative, between the host and symbionts and among symbionts. In reef‐building corals, stable associations with specific symbiont species are common, and we hypothesize that this is partly due to ecological mechanisms, such as succession and competition, which drive patterns of symbiont winnowing in the initial colonization of new generations of coral recruits. We tested this hypothesis using the experimental framework of the de Wit replacement series and found that competitive interactions occurred among symbionts which were characterized by unique ecological strategies. Aposymbiotic octocoral recruits within high‐ and low‐light environments were inoculated with one of three Symbiodiniaceae species as monocultures or with cross‐paired mixtures, and we tracked symbiont uptake using quantitative genetic assays. Priority effects, in which early colonizers excluded competitive dominants, were evidenced under low light, but these early opportunistic species were later succeeded by competitive dominants. Under high light, a more consistent competitive hierarchy was established in which competitive dominants outgrew and limited the abundance of others. These findings provide insight into mechanisms of microbial community organization and symbiosis breakdown and recovery. Furthermore, transitions in competitive outcomes across spatial and temporal environmental variation may improve lifetime host fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widespread therapeutic and commercial interest in recombinant mucin technology has emerged due to the unique ability of mucin glycoproteins to hydrate, protect, and lubricate biological surfaces. However, recombinant production of the large, highly repetitive domains that are characteristic of mucins remains a challenge in biomanufacturing likely due, at least in part, to the inherent instability of DNA repeats in the cellular genome. To overcome this challenge, we exploit codon redundancy to encode desired mucin polypeptides with minimal nucleotide repetition. The codon‐scrambling strategy was applied to generate synonymous genes, or "synDNAs," for two mucins of commercial interest: lubricin and mucin 1. Stable, long‐term recombinant production in suspension‐adapted human 293‐F cells was demonstrated for the synonymous lubricin complementary DNA (cDNA), which we refer to as SynLubricin. Under optimal conditions, a 293‐F subpopulation produced recombinant SynLubricin at more than 200 mg/L of media and was stable throughout 2 months of continuous culture. Functionality tests confirmed that the recombinant lubricin could effectively inhibit cell adhesion and lubricate cartilage explants. Together, our work provides a viable workflow for cDNA design and stable mucin production in mammalian host production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimization of host‐cell production systems with improved yield and production reliability is desired to meet the increasing demand for biologics with complex posttranslational modifications. Aggregation of suspension‐adapted mammalian cells remains a significant problem that can limit the cellular density and per volume yield of bioreactors. Here, we propose a genetically encoded technology that directs the synthesis of antiadhesive and protective coatings on the cellular surface. Inspired by the natural ability of mucin glycoproteins to resist cellular adhesion and hydrate and protect cell and tissue surfaces, we genetically encode new cell‐surface coatings through the fusion of engineered mucin domains to synthetic transmembrane anchors. Combined with appropriate expression systems, the mucin‐coating technology directs the assembly of thick, highly hydrated barriers to strongly mitigate cell aggregation and protect cells in suspension against fluid shear stresses. The coating technology is demonstrated on suspension‐adapted human 293‐F cells, which resist clumping even in media formulations that otherwise would induce extreme cell aggregation and show improved performance over a commercially available anticlumping agent. The stable biopolymer coatings do not show deleterious effects on cell proliferation rate, efficiency of transient transfection with complementary DNAs, or recombinant protein expression. Overall, our mucin‐coating technology and engineered cell lines have the potential to improve the single‐cell growth and viability of suspended cells in bioreactors. Optimization of host‐cell production systems with improved yield and production reliability is desired to meet the increasing demand for biologics with complex posttranslational modifications. Aggregation of suspension‐adapted mammalian cells remains a significant problem that can limit the cellular density and per volume yield of bioreactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co(acac)2(H2O)2 (1, acac = acetylacetonate), a transition metal complex (S = 3/2), displays field‐induced slow magnetic relaxation as a single‐molecule magnet. For 1 and its isotopologues Co(acac)2(D2O)2 (1‐d4) and Co(acac‐d7)2(D2O)2 (1‐d18) in approximately D4h symmetry, zero‐field splitting of the ground electronic state leads to two Kramers doublets (KDs): lower energy MS = ±1/2 (ϕ1,2) and higher energy MS = ±3/2 (ϕ3,4) states. This work employs inelastic neutron scattering (INS), a unique method to probe magnetic transitions, to probe different magnetic excitations in 1‐d4 and 1‐d18. Direct‐geometry, time‐of‐flight Disk‐Chopper Spectrometer (DCS), with applied magnetic fields up to 10 T, has been used to study the intra‐KD transition as a result of Zeeman splitting, MS = –1/2 (ϕ1) → MS = +1/2 (ϕ2), in 1‐d18. This is a rare study of the MS = –1/2 → MS = +1/2 excitation in transition metal complexes by INS. Indirect‐geometry INS spectrometer VISION has been used to probe the inter‐KD, ZFS transition, MS = ±1/2 (ϕ1,2) → MS = ±3/2 (ϕ3,4) in both 1‐d4 and 1‐d18, by variable‐temperature (VT) properties of this excitation. The INS spectra measured on VISION also give phonon features of the complexes that are well described by periodic DFT phonon calculations. Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) has been used to probe intra‐ and inter‐Kramers doublet transitions in Co(acac‐d7)2(D2O)2 (1‐d18) using both variable‐magnetic fields and temperatures. These measurements and INS of Co(acac)2(D2O)2 (1‐d4), coupled with periodic DFT phonon calculations, help reveal magnetic and vibrational properties of the single‐molecule magnets (SMMs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggression is prevalent in early- to mid-adolescence and is associated with physical health and psychosocial adjustment difficulties. This underscores the need to identify risk processes that lead to externalizing outcomes. This study examined the extent to which the effects of three dimensions of beliefs supporting aggression on physical aggression and externalizing behavior are mediated by anger dysregulation and callous-unemotional (CU) traits. Three waves of data were collected from a primarily African American (77%) sample of 265 middle school students between the ages of 11 and 15 (52% were female). We found evidence supporting mediation such that the effects of beliefs supporting instrumental aggression and beliefs that fighting is sometimes necessary at Wave 1 on student-reported physical aggression at Wave 3 were mediated by CU traits at Wave 2, and relations between beliefs supporting reactive aggression at Wave 1 and teacher-report of student frequencies of physical aggression and externalizing behavior at Wave 3 were mediated by anger dysregulation at Wave 2. Our findings demonstrated the importance of distinguishing between dimensions of beliefs supporting aggression, as differential paths emerged between specific beliefs, CU traits and anger dysregulation, and externalizing outcomes. These findings have important clinical implications, as they suggest that specific dimensions of beliefs supporting aggression could be targeted based on whether an individual is at risk for behavior patterns characterizing CU traits or anger dysregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The confluence of developments in the assessment of animal abuse, the evolution of psychiatric nosology for the diagnosis of conduct disorder, legislative changes involving crimes against non-human animals, and the recent inclusion of crimes against animals in the FBI's National Incident-Based Reporting System, highlights the critical need for examining the forensic dimensions of animal abuse cases. We provide an overview of the research literature on these topics in the hope that forensic evaluators will have an evidence-based framework for assessing cases they encounter that include perpetration of violence against animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Current rotator cuff repair commonly involves the use of single or double row suture techniques, and despite successful outcomes, failure rates continue to range from 20 to 95%. Failure to regenerate native biomechanical properties at the enthesis is thought to contribute to failure rates. Thus, the need for technologies that improve structural healing of the enthesis after rotator cuff repair is imperative. To address this issue, our lab has previously demonstrated enthesis regeneration using a tissue‐engineered graft approach in a sheep anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair model. We hypothesized that our tissue‐engineered graft designed for ACL repair also will be effective in rotator cuff repair. The goal of this study was to test the efficacy of our Engineered Tissue Graft for Rotator Cuff (ETG‐RC) in a rotator cuff tear model in sheep and compare this novel graft technology to the commonly used double row suture repair technique. Following a 6‐month recovery, the grafted and contralateral shoulders were removed, imaged using X‐ray, and tested biomechanically. Additionally, the infraspinatus muscle, myotendinous junction, enthesis, and humeral head were preserved for histological analysis of muscle, tendon, and enthesis structure. Our results showed that our ETC‐RCs reached 31% of the native tendon tangent modulus, which was a modest, non‐significant, 11% increase over that of the suture‐only repairs. However, the histological analysis showed the regeneration of a native‐like enthesis in the ETG‐RC‐repaired animals. This advanced structural healing may improve over longer times and may diminish recurrence rates of rotator cuff tears and lead to better clinical outcomes. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:289–299, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many coral species, the obligate association with phylogenetically diverse algal endosymbiont species is dynamic in time and space. Here, we used controlled laboratory inoculations of newly settled, aposymbiotic corals ( Orbicella faveolata) with two cultured species of algal symbiont ( Symbiodinium microadriaticum and S. minutum) to examine the role of symbiont identity on growth, survivorship, and thermal tolerance of the coral holobiont. We evaluated these data in the context of Symbiodinium photophysiology for 9 months post-settlement and also during a 5-d period of elevated temperatures Our data show that recruits that were inoculated with S. minutum grew significantly slower than those inoculated with S. microadriaticum (occasionally co-occurring with S. minutum), but that there was no difference in survivorship of O. faveolata polyps infected with Symbiodinium. However, photophysiological metrics (∆Fv/F′m, the efficiency with which available light is used to drive photosynthesis and α, the maximum light utilization coefficient) were higher in those slower growing recruits containing S. minutum. These findings suggest that light use (i.e., photophysiology) and carbon acquisition by the coral host (i.e., host growth) are decoupled, but did not distinguish the source of this difference. Neither Symbiodinium treatment demonstrated a significant negative effect of a 5-d exposure to temperatures as high as 32°C under low light conditions similar to those measured at settlement habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study combined concentration-discharge analyses (filtration at 0.45 μm), cascade filtrations (at 1.2, 0.4, and 0.025 μm) and asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4) to probe the influence of colloidal carriers (dissolved organic matter and inorganic nanoparticles) on observed concentration-discharge relationships for trace metals in a 155 ha forested catchment of the Santa Catalina Mountains Critical Zone Observatory (SCM CZO), Arizona. Many major elements (Na, Mg, Si, K, Ca) show no colloidal influence, and concentration-discharge relationships for these species are explained by previous work. However, the majority of trace metals (Al, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Y, REE, U) show at least some influence of colloids on chemistry when filtered at the standard 0.45 μm cutoff. Concentration-discharge slopes of trace metals with modest colloidal influence are shallow (∼0.3) similar to that measured for dissolved organic carbon (DOC, 0.24), whereas elements with greater colloidal influence have steeper concentration-discharge slopes approaching that of Al (0.76), the element with the largest colloidal influence in this study (on average 68%). These findings are further supported by AF4 measurements that show distinct and resolvable pools of low hydrodynamic diameter DOC-sized material coexistent with larger diameter inorganic colloids, and the ratio of these carriers changes systematically with discharge because the DOC pool has a concentration-discharge relationship with shallower slope than the inorganic colloidal pool. Together these data sets illustrate that positive concentration-discharge slopes of trace metals in stream waters may be explained as the relative partitioning of trace metals between DOC and inorganic colloids, with contributions of the latter likely increasing as a result of increased prevalence of macropore flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shallow water anthozoans, the major builders of modern coral reefs, enhance their metabolic and calcification rates with algal symbionts. Controversy exists over whether these anthozoan-algae associations are flexible over the lifetimes of individual hosts, promoting acclimative plasticity, or are closely linked, such that hosts and symbionts co-evolve across generations. Given the diversity of algal symbionts and the morphological plasticity of many host species, cryptic variation within either partner could potentially confound studies of anthozoan-algal associations. Here, we used ribosomal, organelle and nuclear sequences, along with microsatellite variation, to study the relationship between lineages of a common Caribbean gorgonian and its algal symbionts. The gorgonian Eunicea flexuosa is a broadcast spawner, composed of two recently diverged, genetically distinct lineages largely segregated by depth. We sampled colonies of the two lineages across depth gradients at three Caribbean locations. We find that each host lineage is associated with a unique Symbiodinium B1/184 phylotype. This relationship between host and symbiont is maintained when host colonies are reciprocally transplanted, although cases of within phylotype switching were also observed. Even when the phylotypes of both partners are present at intermediate depths, the specificity between host and symbiont lineages remained absolute. Unrecognized cryptic diversity may mask host-symbiont specificity and change the inference of evolutionary processes in mutualistic associations. Symbiotic specificity thus likely contributes to the ecological divergence of the two partners, generating species diversity within coral reefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L7976 --> 801.18 --> Introduction: Salvelinus namaycush (lake trout) is a top‐predator fish in the Great Lakes region. The Great Lakes Fish Monitoring and Surveillance Program (GLFMSP) use lake trout as a bioindicator of chemical stress by monitoring the concentrations of persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) chemicals in their bodies. Studies have shown that elevated concentrations of PBTs can cause changes in transcribed genes, translated mRNAs, proteins produced, and post‐translational modifications in aquatic species. Though lake trout is used to monitor chemical concentrations for over 50 years, there is very little information available on the proteome of this species. A well‐developed protein database for the lake trout would help elucidate the effects of PBT chemicals on this species providing a direct health metric for the Great Lakes ecosystem. Methods: In this study, heart, blood, brain, and liver samples from lake trout were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE, followed by in‐gel trypsin digestion and analysis by nanoLC‐MS/MS. The raw data was searched against different NCBI and UniProtKB databases in Mascot Daemon and the output was analyzed by Scaffold 4.3 software. Databases used include Actinopterygii, Salmonidae, Salvelinus, as well as the highly studied species Oncorhynchus mykissand Danio rerio. Preliminary Data: Previously, our group has reported a large number of proteins for lake trout liver, heart and blood (Dupree et al., Proteomics, 2019, PMID: 31578773 and Dupree et al., Proteomics, 2021, PMID: 34676671). In lake trout liver we identified 4194 proteins using the NCBI databases and 3811 potential protein hits in the UniProtKB databases. In the blood and heart we identified 838 and 580 proteins, respectively, using NCBI databases and 1180 and 561 potential protein hits for the heart and blood, respectively in BR2. A lake trout brain proteomics analysis completed using an in‐house SDS‐PAGE, followed by in gel digestion and nanoLC‐MS/MS analysis. The Mascot database search is underway. Once protein hits are cataloged, BLAST and Scaffold‐based comparisons of the liver, heart, blood and brain will be performed. Additional search of the data against the other fish relatives will also be completed. Through this process, evolutionary relationships for the lake trout species will also be explored. The current study will add to our understanding of the lake trout proteome that will be used to understand the biochemical/physiological effects of legacy PBT chemicals in the Great Lakes ecosystem. Novel Aspect: Use of four types of lake trout tissue together to develop a protein database for the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are enzymes that facilitate extracellular matrix remodeling. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the MMP system becomes dysregulated and may contribute to disease pathophysiology; however, limited work has examined clinical consequences of MMPs. Thus, we investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) MMP2, MMP3, and MMP9 concentrations in relation to cognitive performance as well as the interaction between MMPs and AD core neuropathology (CSF amyloid beta (Aβ42) and phosphorylated tau (p‐tau)) on cognitive outcomes. Methods: Vanderbilt Memory and Aging Project participants free of clinical dementia underwent fasting lumbar puncture for CSF acquisition and neuropsychological assessment (n=153, 73±7 years, 67% male). CSF samples were analyzed in batch using commercially available ELISAs. Linear regression models individually related CSF MMP levels to neuropsychological performance, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, cognitive diagnosis, Framingham Stroke Risk Profile, and apolipoprotein E (APOE)‐ε4 carrier status. Models were repeated with CSF Aβ42 and p‐tau concentrations as interaction terms. Results: Increased CSF MMP9 related to worse language (p‐values<0.03) and episodic memory performances (p=0.03); however, CSF MMP2 and MMP3 main effects were null (p‐values>0.07). CSF Αβ42 did not interact with MMP2, MMP3, or MMP9 concentrations on any neuropsychological outcome (p‐values>0.09). By contrast, CSF p‐tau interacted with CSF MMP2 and MMP3 levels on language performance (p‐values<0.02), and CSF p‐tau interacted with CSF MMP2 levels on episodic memory performance (p=0.01). Increased CSF MMP2 and MMP3 associations with worse language and episodic memory performances were driven by p‐tau negative participants, whereas (unexpectedly) increased CSF MMP2 was associated with better language performance among p‐tau positive participants. Conclusion: Among older adults without clinical dementia or stroke, increased CSF MMP9 related to worse cognitive performance, suggesting extracellular matrix remodeling may be one pathway underlying the development of cognitive impairment. CSF p‐tau, but not Αβ42, interacted with MMP2 and MMP3 concentrations on cognitive performance. P‐tau may interact with MMPs on clinical expression of pathology in complex ways, such that increased CSF levels of MMPs may only be associated with worse cognition in non‐demented older adults in the absence of concomitant neuropathology. Funding: Alzheimer's Association IIRG‐08‐88733, R01‐AG034962, R01‐AG056534, K24‐AG046373. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hip radiographs demonstrated degenerative changes of bilateral hips, but were read as negative for fracture. Patients with hip fractures usually report acute traumatic onset of groin pain with difficulty bearing weight. [Extracted from the article]

The abundance and composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of the main stem and southern branch of the Elizabeth River (VA, USA), a highly industrialized urban estuary in the Chesapeake Bay (USA) watershed, were examined relative to historical and toxic effects levels. Total PAH concentrations in Elizabeth River sediments exceeded those observed in Baltimore Harbor and the Anacostia River, two other regions of concern in the Chesapeake Bay. The ΣPAH concentrations from samples collected in the vicinity of two former wood-treatment facilities in the Elizabeth River had the highest ΣPAH when compared to coastal and estuarine systems around the world. Using a linearized diffusion model equation, as much as 69% of the variability in channel sediment ΣPAH distribution could be ascribed to inputs associated with former wood-treatment facilities along the southern branch of the Elizabeth River. Comparison of PAH levels measured in channel samples to data collected during the early 1980s demonstrated a general trend toward reduction in contaminant concentrations for most regions of the Elizabeth River channel; however, steady-state and increased sediment PAH concentrations in the vicinity of the former wood-treatment facilities were observed. Based on examination of the contaminant levels in Elizabeth River sediments using established sediment-quality criteria, the southern branch of the river remains a clear hazard to benthic and pelagic organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A major challenge in the field of tau‐associated neurodegeneration is the identification of the pathogenic mechanisms leading to disease. Tau is best known for associating and stabilizing microtubules; however, emerging results identifying alternate tau functions opens a new opportunity to understand the molecular basis of disease. Given the association of tau with ribosomes and RNA, and the enhancement of this interaction in Alzheimer's disease, we hypothesized that the aberrant tau‐ribosome interaction impairs (increases and decreases) transcripts that are necessary for cellular homeostasis. For nearly thirty years, the consequences of tau‐ribosome complexes were unknown until now. Methods: We used in vitro models such as GFP‐based cell‐free translation assays and surface sensing of translation (SUnSET) assays in immortalized and primary neuronal cultures. Moreover, we pioneered in vivo SUnSET in the brains of tau transgenic mice, and coupled these techniques with proteomics. We validated our results using human brain samples from AD and non‐demented controls. Finally, we performed ribosomal profiling assays using in vitro models of tauopathy. Results: We demonstrate that pathological tau species associate robustly with ribosomes profoundly shifting the translatome. Surprisingly, a significant number of proteins whose translation was impaired corresponded to ribosomal proteins. We also identified that the ribosomal protein S6, which regulates translation of the machinery necessary for translation (ribosomal proteins as well as elongation and initiation factors), was significantly reduced in vitro, in vivo, and in human brains. Finally, we also found major shifts in the integrity of AD brain polysomes as a consequence of tau aggregation. Conclusion: Pathological tau species negatively regulate ribosomal specificity thereby shifting the translatome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]