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Hypercholesterolemic hamsters were fed for 4 wk on diets rich in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, differing only in protein source (20 %): casein (control group, HC), whole cowpea seed (HWS), and cowpea protein isolate (HPI). Hamsters fed on HWS and HPI presented significant reductions in plasma total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol. HPI and HC presented similar protein digestibility, which were significantly higher than that of HWS. Animals fed on HWS presented significantly higher levels of bile acids and cholesterol in feces than did the animals fed on casein or HPI diets. Histological analyses of the liver showed that HC diet resulted in steatosis widely distributed throughout the hepatic lobule, while HWS and HPI diets promoted reductions in liver steatosis. The effectiveness of HWS for modulating lipid metabolism was greater than that of HPI, as measured by plasma cholesterol reduction and liver steatosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the unusual simultaneous occurrence of lymphoepithelial cysts, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and mycobacterial infections in the intraparotid lymph nodes of a 52-year-old AIDS patient who died of disseminated mycobacteriosis. Although cytomegalovirosis is a common finding in the salivary glands of HIV patients, the association of CMV inclusions with lymphoepithelial cyst (LC) has not been previously reported. Parotid mycobacterial infection is an uncommon finding, despite its usual disseminated presentation in HIV patients. These data emphasize that in immunosuppressed patients, simultaneous diseases of the parotid gland may occur and should be considered for diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis is one of the leading infectious diseases in the world, with more than 2 million new cases annually. It is one of the main causes of death of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients, involving multiple organs and particularly the lungs. Nevertheless there are few consistent studies about tuberculosis involving the parotid of HIV patients. The objective of this work was to describe the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of 10 cases of mycobacteriosis involving the parotid of autopsied patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), including identification of the Mycobacterium species. Detection of ‘ M. tuberculosis complex’ was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and ligase chain reaction (LCR) and Mycobacterium avium by PCR. All cases showed involvement of intraparotid lymph nodes, but the glandular parenchyma was affected in only three cases. Most of the cases (80%) presented a chronic non-caseating granulomatous inflammation, and in two cases predominated foamy macrophages, full of bacteria, and no granuloma formation. In areas of mycobacteriosis, macrophages predominated followed by TCD8, B and TCD4 lymphocytes. All cases were infected by Mycobacterium genus and ‘ M. tuberculosis complex’ was detected in five cases by LCR and in eight by PCR, while M. avium was positive in one case only, which was also positive for M. tuberculosis. Parotid mycobacteriosis in advanced AIDS is characterized by intraparotid lymph node non-caseating inflammatory granulomatous lesion, caused mainly by M. tuberculosis. J Oral Pathol Med (2005) 34: 407–12 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The site and distribution of inflammation in the airways of asthmatic patients has been largely investigated. Inflammatory cells are distributed in both large and small airways in asthma. It has been demonstrated that distal lung inflammation in asthma may significantly contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease. The upper airways have also been implicated in the overall asthmatic inflammation. Although it is now accepted that lung inflammation is not restricted to the intrapulmonary airways in asthma, little is known about cell distribution in the other lung compartments and their relation to the intrapulmonary airways.We aimed to map the inflammatory process in fatal asthma (FA), from the upper airways to the lung parenchyma.Eosinophil, neutrophil, mast cell and lymphocyte content were determined in nasal mucosa, the trachea, intrapulmonary airways and parenchyma (peribronchiolar and distal) of 20 patients with FA and 10 controls.Eosinophil content was higher in all studied areas in FA compared with controls (P<0.02). Mast cell content was higher in the outer area of larger airways, small membranous bronchioles and in peribronchiolar parenchyma of FA compared with controls (P<0.04). CD3+, CD4+and CD20+cells showed increased content in FA intrapulmonary airways compared with controls (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between CD4+cell content in nasal mucosa and larger airways in asthmatics. Increased neutrophil content was observed only in peribronchiolar parenchyma of FA (P=0.028).Eosinophils present a widespread distribution within the respiratory tract in FA, from the nasal mucosa to the distal lung. The outer wall of small membranous bronchioles is the main site of inflammatory changes in FA. There is a localized distribution of alveolar inflammation at the peribronchiolar region for mast cells and neutrophils. Our findings provide further evidence of the importance of the lung periphery in the pathophysiology of FA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minamoto H, Antonângelo L, da Silva A G P, Gallo C P, de Andrade e Silva F B, Fenezelian S, Rodrigues O R, Jatene F, Saldiva P & Capelozzi V L (2003) Histopathology 43, 427–443 Tumour cell and stromal features in metastatic and non-metastatic non-small cell lung carcinomas Tumour cell behaviour depends on the interactions between nuclear genetic changes in the malignant cells and a stroma favourable for growth, invasion and metastasis. To evaluate such interactions, we studied the relationship between tumour cell and stromal features for proliferative factors, p53, microvessel density and metalloproteinases, controlled for the extent of the primary lesion (T1 to T4), in early (non-metastatic) and late (metastatic) non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). Variables were examined for differences and correlations in the frequency of p53, AgNOR, CD34 and MMP-9 expression in primary lesions and metastases of NSCLC using a general linear model. The patients included 58 males and 22 females (mean age 62 ± 9 years) with 19 T1 (23.8%), 40 T2 (50.0%), 14 T3 (17.5%) and seven T4 (8.8%). In late disease, AgNOR and p53 were statistically related to the extent of the primary lesion, whereas in early disease AgNOR tended to be increased in tumours without metastasis, while p53 expression tended to decrease progressively in tumours with metastasis. Microvessel density in late disease was of no statistical significance, whereas in early disease strong CD34 expression was seen in tumours with metastasis, being at its maximum in T3 primary lesions. The best marker for the extent of the lesion and its progression was MMP-9, with greater expression by tumours with metastasis than those without. Different tumour cell and stromal interactions control metastasis and therefore the biological risk of NSCLC. A panel of molecular markers, such as p53, MMP-9 and CD34 could help to identify subgroups of patients that could benefit from adjuvant therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims : Pulmonary fibrosis in acute and chronic lung disease has been much investigated, but little attention has been directed at the elastic tissue in these situations. Our aim was to verify whether elastic deposition accompanies collagen deposition in the repairing process of acute and chronic lung injury. Methods and results : We measured, by image analysis, the content of fibres of the collagenous and elastic systems of the alveolar septum in histological slides sampled from autopsied lungs, using the picrosirius-polarization method and Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin stain, respectively. Five groups were studied: I, 10 normal patients; II, 10 patients with cardiogenic pulmonary oedema; III, 23 adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients in the early phase; IV, 14 ARDS patients in the late fibroproliferative phase; and V, 10 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. The first two groups were used as controls. The content of fibres of the collagenous and elastic systems was significantly increased in groups IV and V as compared to the other groups. Conclusions : Our results indicate that deposition of elastic system fibres is present in the fibroproliferative phase of ARDS and in usual interstitial pneumonia and suggest that this event may contribute to the alveolar mechanical dysfunction and remodelling that occur in acute and chronic interstitial lung disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims : We report uncommon histopathological findings in fatal measles infection. Methods and results : We describe the autopsies of four patients who died during a measles outbreak in São Paulo, Brazil, in 1997. Two of the patients were children receiving chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, one was an adult with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the fourth was an apparently healthy woman. All patients had their deaths attributed to measles pneumonia. The autopsies revealed extensive giant cell pneumonia and diffuse alveolar damage, severe acute pancreatitis, necrotizing sialoadenitis and thyroiditis due to measles. Measles antigen was detected in lung tissue using a monoclonal anti-measles antibody. Conclusions : Pancreatitis, thyroiditis and sialoadenitis are not previously reported histopathological findings in measles infection. Pancreatitis is a potentially severe complication and should be considered when treating patients with atypical measles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Cerebelar herniation in the prenatal correction of meningomyelocele: comparison of two surgical techniques," by N. S. Bevilacqua, S. R. Herrera, P. R. Valente, L. Pina, P. H. Saldiva, and D. A. Pedreira is presented.

An abstract of the article "Validation of post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of cerebellar herniation in the fetal sheep model for spina bifida," by G. B. Santos, N. S. Bevilacqua, F. S. Abreu, S. R. Herrera, P. H. Saldiva, and D. A. Pedreira is presented.

An abstract of the article "Comparison between two surgical techniques for prenatal correction of meningomyelocele in sheep," by S. R. Herrera, R. J. Leme, K. Nishikuni, P. R. Valente, E. G. Caldini, P. H. Saldiva, and D. A. Pedreira is presented.

This study was designed to verify the risk factors for developing upper extremities musculoskeletal disorders (UEMD) among workers engaged in customer service tasks performed by telephone at a private banking corporation in São Paulo, Brazil. The monthly incidence of UEMD in hands and/or wrists in this group was studied retrospectively from January 1993 to June 1995. The statistical analysis was done by using multiple linear regression with the monthly incidence of UEMD considered as dependent variable in models controlled for age, seniority, mean daily regular worktime and overtime per operator, time pressure at work, rest/work schedule, management status, personnel training on postural and muscle stretching, and ergonomic hazards. The variables associated with UEMD were the following: time pressure at work (coefficient = 0.049; p = 0.008) and rest/work schedule (coefficient = -0.047; p = 0.02). The results indicate that working conditions are significantly associated with UEMD, and changes in the working schedule may decrease the incidence of this problem in workers assigned to tasks related to the interactive use of computer-accessible databases during telephone contacts.