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Copper‐chalcogenide‐based inorganic holetransport layers (HTLs) are widely studied in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because of their favorable valence band maximum and their ability to passivate interfacial defects through Pb‐S interactions. These compounds are shown to produce stable PSCs because of their high intrinsic stability. However, the density functional theory (DFT) calculations and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis presented here reveal that the presence of Cu in the HTL can weaken the interfacial Pb‐S interactions and compromise the device stability. A clear inverse relationship is observed between the stability of perovskite film and the Cu‐concentration in the HTL underneath. Therefore, to minimize the detrimental effect of Cu, this work explores Cu‐deficient chalcopyrite compounds, CuIn3S5 and Cu(InxGa(1‐x))3S5, as HTLs for PSCs, which results in improved device stability. DFT calculations reveal that incorporating gallium into the HTL reduces the HTL‐perovskite interfacial energy, which results in further enhancement of device stability. The average T80 lifetimes (the time to retain 80% of the initial efficiency) under ambient conditions for the NiO, CuIn3S5, and Cu(In0.3Ga0.7)3S5 HTL‐based devices are 200, 449, and 656 h, respectively. These findings underscore the significant roles of cations and anions of the inorganic transport layer in enhancing the stability of the PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uniquely modified synthetic proteins are difficult to produce in large quantities, which could limit their use in various in vitro settings and in cellular studies. In this study, we developed a method named "suspension bead loading" (SBL), to deliver protein molecules into suspended living cells using glass beads, which significantly reduces the amount of protein required for effective delivery. We investigated the delivery efficiency of functionally different proteins and evaluated the cytotoxic effect of our method and the chemical and functional integrity of the delivered protein. We utilized SBL to address questions related to ubiquitin‐related modifier 1 (URM1). Employing minimal protein quantities, SBL has enabled us to study its behavior within live cells under different redox conditions, including subcellular localization and conjugation patterns. We demonstrate that oxidative stress alters both the localization and conjugation pattern of URM1 in cells, highlighting its possible role in cellular response to such extreme conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Method Results Conclusions To analyse and compare the original four published anorexia nervosa (AN) case histories of William Gull with modern‐day approaches.Case histories of the patients described by Gull were reviewed and placed in a tabulated format (which included demographics, clinical presentation, treatment, and prognosis) along with his general comments on AN, for easier comparison.Many of the presenting features of AN are similar to cases seen in more modern times but lack weight or body image disturbances. The cases described by Gull can be categorised as AN under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual‐Fifth Edition (DSM‐5) and the Text Revision (DSM‐5‐TR) however, they were excluded by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual‐Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) and the International Classification of Diseases‐10th Revision (ICD‐10) criteria. Reference to Gull's work might have avoided the necessary change in diagnostic criteria.150 years on, Gull's cases resemble presentations of AN without weight or body image issues and emphasise the heterogeneity of the diagnostic conceptualisation of AN in the modern era. Nutritional rehabilitation remains core to the treatment with other interventions supporting this goal while aetiology remains elusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Static self‐assembly resides in thermodynamically stable global minima of the energy landscape, whereas dynamic self‐assembly occupies local minima of the energy profile and remains in the ordered state for a limited time via dissipation of energy to surroundings. This makes the spatiotemporal control over the assembly and disassembly mechanism easily controllable in the case of dynamic self‐assembly. However, due to the higher thermal stability of static self‐assembly, it is very challenging to perform reverse engineering on these types of systems. Herein we report growth reaction‐based reversal of static silver cubes obtained via cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) crosslinked self‐assembly of silver nanoparticles (AgNP). The AgNP building units with variable CB[8] surface coverage have been used as seeds onto which deposition of gold via growth reaction has been performed. The disassembly of supracube structure has been controlled by the formation of [AuCl4]−–CB[8] complex and successive reduction of [AuCl4]− to Au0 on the surface of the seed. The resulting monodispersed isotropic nanoparticles, formed from the CB[8] based cubic self‐assembly after growth, exhibit Au−Ag bimetallic nature. Quenching of the fluorogenic response from the hydrophobic dye coumarin‐7, added after growth, suggests direct interaction with the metallic nanoparticle surface after disassembly and thereby confirms successful growth reaction mediated reversal of self‐assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular mechanisms underlying age‐related declines in learning and long‐term memory are still not fully understood. To address this gap, our study focused on investigating the transcriptional landscape of a singularly identified motor neuron L7 in Aplysia, which is pivotal in a specific type of nonassociative learning known as sensitization of the siphon‐withdraw reflex. Employing total RNAseq analysis on a single isolated L7 motor neuron after short‐term or long‐term sensitization (LTS) training of Aplysia at 8, 10, and 12 months (representing mature, late mature, and senescent stages), we uncovered aberrant changes in transcriptional plasticity during the aging process. Our findings specifically highlight changes in the expression of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode transcription factors, translation regulators, RNA methylation participants, and contributors to cytoskeletal rearrangements during learning and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Furthermore, our comparative gene expression analysis identified distinct transcriptional alterations in two other neurons, namely the motor neuron L11 and the giant cholinergic neuron R2, whose roles in LTS are not yet fully elucidated. Taken together, our analyses underscore cell type‐specific impairments in the expression of key components related to learning and memory within the transcriptome as organisms age, shedding light on the complex molecular mechanisms driving cognitive decline during aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is unclear whether kidney/pancreas (KP) transplantation will prevent the progression of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in patients with insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) and end‐stage renal disease. We sought to determine the pre‐ and posttransplant prevalence of symptomatic PAD and changes in carotid artery intima‐media thickness (IMT) in KP recipients. Methods: In this single center study, outcomes were compared between KP recipients with and without a history of PAD. A subset of recipients underwent pre‐ and posttransplant IMT measurements. Results: Among the study group (N = 107), 18 (17%) recipients admitted to a pretransplant history of symptomatic PAD, comprised 11 foot infections and 7 amputations (5 minor and 2 major). Baseline characteristics of age, gender, race, years of diabetes, dialysis history, smoking history, years of hypertension, and history of coronary artery disease (CAD) were equivalent between PAD and non‐PAD cohorts. At a median follow‐up of 60 months (IQR: 28, 110), 16 (15%) KP recipients had suffered a PAD event. In multivariate analysis, a pretransplant history of PAD (hazard ratio [HR] 9.66, p < 0.001) and CAD (HR 3.33, p = 0.04) were independent predictors of posttransplant PAD events. Among a subset of 20 recipients (3 with PAD), mean IMT measurements pretransplant and at a median of 24 (range 18–24) months posttransplant, showed no evidence of disease progression. Conclusion: Based on IMT measurements and clinical results, KP transplantation stabilized PAD in most patients, but did not alter outcomes of symptomatic PAD recipients. A pretransplant history of PAD and CAD was an independent predictor of posttransplant PAD events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic infections cause thymic atrophy, perturb thymic T‐cell development, and alter immunological response. Previous studies reported dysregulated T‐cell function and lymphopenia in coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19). However, immunopathological changes in the thymus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection have not been elucidated. Here, we report that SARS‐CoV‐2 infects thymocytes, and induces CD4+CD8+ (double positive; DP) T‐cell apoptosis leading to thymic atrophy and loss of peripheral TCR repertoire in K18‐hACE2 transgenic mice. Infected thymus led to increased CD44+CD25− T‐cells, indicating an early arrest in the T‐cell maturation pathway. Thymic atrophy was notably higher in male hACE2‐Tg mice than in females and involved an upregulated de‐novo synthesis pathway of thymic glucocorticoid. Further, IFN‐γ was crucial for thymic atrophy, as anti‐IFN‐γ ‐antibody neutralization blunted thymic involution. Therapeutic use of Remdesivir also rescued thymic atrophy. While the Omicron variant and its sub‐lineage BA.5 variant caused marginal thymic atrophy, the delta variant of SARS‐CoV‐2 exhibited severe thymic atrophy characterized by severely depleted DP T‐cells. Recently characterized broadly SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralizing monoclonal antibody P4A2 was able to rescue thymic atrophy and restore the thymic maturation pathway of T‐cells. Together, we report SARS‐CoV‐2‐associated thymic atrophy resulting from impaired T‐cell maturation pathway which may contribute to dyregulated T cell response during COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One‐step synthesis and deposition of nickel oxide quantum dots using a gas‐phase microplasma process is demonstrated and their applicability as a transport layer for solar cell devices is shown. The process uses a solid nickel metal wire as sacrificial electrode, and the concentration of oxygen gas required in the synthesis is investigated. The quantum dots are characterized for physical, chemical, and optical properties and critical process parameters such as the process throughput are also estimated. Direct one‐step deposition directly on perovskite solar cells is carried out using a computer‐controlled x–y stage and the performance of the solar cell device is assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During morphological evolution of gold nanoparticles, amino acids play a vital role in tuning shape, introducing chirality and inducing facet selective reactivity. Herein, we report the synthesis of unique marigold like structure (MGS) via growth reaction of methionine (Met) incubated positively charged anisotropic gold nanorod (GNR). Varying three important parameters such as growth time, concentration of Met and Au3+ reveals the combination of freshly generated small nucleated particles (fNPs) and GNR towards fabricating the unique MGS containing disk and ray floret parts. Strong interaction between Met and (111) plane of Au0 controls the orientation of (111) plane parallel to the direction of growth. This preferential interaction directs the assembly of gold nanostructures through Au (200) plane and results in merging of fNPs with concave GNR (cGNR) to fabricate the external arrangement of ray floret structure. The structural selectivity is attributed to the electron donating capacity of thioether functional group of Met(S) to Au+, generated prior to secondary nucleation. As confirmed by XPS and ζ‐potential analysis, the above interaction controls the Met concentration dependent inhibition of further Au+→Au0 reduction. The growth strategy of GNR has been further validated with a Met enriched peptide to produce disk and ray florets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorescent metal nanoclusters (MNCs) have found extensive application in recognizing molecular species. Here, orange‐red fluorescent Arg–A. paniculata–MoNCs were synthesized using Andrographis paniculata leaf extract, arginine as a ligand, and MoCl5 as a metal precursor. The Arg–A. paniculata–MoNCs complex exhibited a quantum yield (QY) of 16.91% and excitation/emission wavelengths of 400/665 nm. The synthesized Arg–A. paniculata–MoNCs successfully acted as a probe for assaying neomycin sulphate (NS) via fluorescence turn‐off and K+ ions via fluorescence turn‐on mechanisms, respectively. Moreover, the developed probe was effectively used to develop a cellulose paper strip‐based sensor for detection of NS and K+ ions. Arg–A. paniculata–MoNCs demonstrated great potential for sensing NS and K+ ions, with concentration ranges of 0.1–80 and 0.25–110 μM for NS and K+ ions, respectively. The as‐synthesized Arg–A. paniculata–MoNCs efficiently detected NS and K+ ions in food and biofluid samples, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sr2Bi4Ti5O18 is one of the promising candidates for ferroelectric nonvolatile random access memory device applications. Albeit, this ceramic material is not suitable for certain ferroelectric device applications because of the merits and demerits associated with this material. Solid‐solution or composite ceramics in bulk configuration is the better choice to overcome the drawbacks associated with the individual compounds. Concurrently, solid‐solution of functional electro‐ceramics comprising Aurivillius family‐based lead‐free bismuth‐layered structured ceramics (1 − x) Sr2Bi4Ti5O18 (SBT) and x mol% of ilmenite structured ZnSnO3 (ZS) (where x = 0, 5, 10, and 20 mol%) were synthesized via conventional solid‐state reaction route to investigate the effect of ZS on the physical properties of SBT. X‐ray diffraction diffractograms revealed that a single phase was formed maximum up to 5 mol% of ZS in SBT and scanning electron microscopy studies suggested platelike microstructure of the samples. Intriguingly, positive‐up and negative‐down results indicated that the true switchable polarization for the 10 mol% ZS in SBT (10.87 μC/cm2), 33% higher than that of pure SBT ceramics in addition to the lower leakage current density and enhanced dielectric response in the SBT–ZS samples. The observed enhancement in electrical characteristics of SBT–ZS composite ceramics compared to pure SBT highlights the decisive role played by the ZS in lowering the thermodynamic barrier resulting in ease of polarization switching and mitigating the leakage current of SBT ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chalcogenide‐based Lewis bases are widely used in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their effectiveness in passivating Pb2+ and Pb0‐related defects. However, the underlying principles governing their defect passivation and the relative efficacy of different chalcogen elements remain poorly understood. This study evaluates the effectiveness of oxygen, sulfur, and selenium‐based interface passivator molecules in enhancing the stability and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cell devices. The hard and soft acid and base (HSAB) principle has been utilized here to gain insights into the defect passivation behavior of chalcogenide‐based molecules. The photoluminescence, ideality factor, and trap density measurements reveal that the sulfide and selenide‐passivated devices exhibit superior defect passivation compared to the oxide‐passivated control device. In terms of stability, the average T75 lifetime (time at which 75% of the initial PCE is retained) of the oxide, sulfide, and selenide passivated samples is 6%, 30%, and 50% higher compared to their un‐passivated counterparts. This enhanced stability with the sulfide and selenide‐based passivators can be attributed to their soft Lewis base nature, which resulted in stronger interaction with the Pb‐related defects, as evidenced by the density‐functional theory calculations and X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a facile one‐step green synthesis was developed for the fabrication of blue fluorescent copper nanocluster (Brahmi‐CuNCs) from the extract of Bacopa monnieri (common name is Brahmi) via a microwave method. The as‐prepared Brahmi‐CuNCs emitted blue fluorescence at 452 nm when excited at 352 nm and showed a quantum yield of 31.32%. Brahmi‐derived blue fluorescent CuNCs acted as a probe for fluorescence sensing of dichlorvos. Upon the addition of dichlorvos, the blue emission for Brahmi‐CuNCs was gradually turned off, favouring establishment of a calibration graph in the range 0.5–100 μM with a detection limit of 0.23 μM. The as‐synthesized Brahmi‐CuNCs exhibited marked sensitivity and selectivity towards dichlorvos, favourable for assaying dichlorvos in various samples (cabbage, apple juice, and rice). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past 2 decades, multicolour light‐emissive nanomaterials have gained significant interest in chemical and biological sciences because of their unique optical properties. These materials have drawn much attention due to their unique characteristics towards various application fields. The development of novel nanomaterials has become the pinpoint for different application areas. In this review, the recent progress in the area of multicolour‐emissive nanomaterials is summarized. The different emissions (white, orange, green, red, blue, and multicolour) of nanostructure materials (metal nanoclusters, quantum dots, carbon dots, and rare earth‐based nanomaterials) are briefly discussed. The potential applications of different colour‐emissive nanomaterials in the development of fluorescent inks, light‐emitting diodes, cell imaging, and sensing devices are briefly summarized. Finally, the future perspectives of multicolour‐emissive nanomaterials are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conformation of biomolecules like DNA, peptides and amino acids play vital role during nanoparticle growth. Herein, we have experimentally explored the effect of different noncovalent interaction between a 5′‐amine modified DNA sequence (NH2−C6H12‐5′‐ACATCAGT‐3′, PMR) and arginine during the seed‐mediated growth reaction of gold nanorods (GNRs). Amino acid‐mediated growth reaction of GNRs results in a snowflake‐like gold nanoarchitecture. However, in case of Arg, prior incubation of GNRs with PMR selectively produces sea urchin‐like gold suprastructures, via strong hydrogen bonding and cation‐π interaction between PMR and Arg. This distinctive structure formation strategy has been extended to study the structural modulation caused by two structurally close α‐helical RRR (Ac‐(AAAAR)3A−NH2) peptide and the lysine mutated KKR (Ac−AAAAKAAAAKAAAARA−NH2) peptide with partial helix at the amino terminus. Simulation studies confirm that a greater number of hydrogen bonding and cation‐π interaction between the Arg residues and PMR resulted in the gold sea urchin structure for RRR peptide against KKR peptide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) is a common mangrove plant which has significant medicinal value in traditional medicine. Ethanol extract from the fruits of S. caseolaris (SCE) was used in this project to explore its different pharmacological effects considering its traditional usage. In the castor oil-induced diarrheal method, SCE significantly lengthened the latency of the first defecation period up to 95.8 and 119.4 min as well as lowering stool count by 43.3% and 64.4% at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. In evaluating the neuropharmacological effect using the open-field model, a significant central nervous system (CNS) depressant nature was observed after a reduction in the no. of squares crossed by mice at various time intervals. In evaluating the blood coagulation effect, SCE significantly reduced blood clotting time at 5.86, 5.52, and 5.01 min at 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml doses, respectively. In the assessment of the anthelmintic effect, SCE significantly killed Paramphistomum cervi (P. cervi) where the death times of the nematodes were 40.3, 36.8, and 29.9 min at 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/ml doses, respectively. The extract showed a very poor cytotoxic effect in brine shrimp lethality bioassay. In molecular docking analysis, maslinic acid, oleanolic acid, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside, myricetin, ellagic acid, and R-nyasol showed the best binding affinities with the selected proteins which might be the credible reasons for eliciting pharmacological responses. Among these seven compounds, only luteolin 7-O-β-glucoside had two violations in Lipinski's rule of five. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the study was to assess the optimum frying condition of fish considering the multiple perspectives (retention of nutritional quality indices [NQI], reduction of preparation time, and improvement of health benefit) to satisfy consumer‐preferred sensory attributes by controlling the most impactful process variables (temperature, time, and oil amount). The multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) approach is appropriate to handle the numerous conflicting criteria and numerous multiple objectives. First, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to build a non‐linear correlation between the cooking process parameters and NQI by an automatic exhaustive search of all available algorithms and activation functions. All the NQI are conflicting in nature. Therefore, the ANN‐based multi‐objective genetic algorithm was implemented to obtain the Pareto optimal solutions to improve all NQI simultaneously. Five optimised conditions were selected amongst the Pareto optimal solutions, satisfying the above‐mentioned multiple criteria. Finally, a well‐known MCDM approach, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), was applied for sensory analysis to evaluate the overall acceptance of the optimised conditions based on the relative importance of consumers' general sensory modalities (flavour, colour & appearance, and taste). Furthermore, the following condition (140.01°C, 7.62 min, 47.87 ml oil/kg of fish) was selected as the most accepted in terms of all quality attributes that may be implemented as the standard condition in domestic and industrial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutritional quality indices of fish deteriorate drastically during frying. In this study, using Catla catla fish and mustard oil (culinary media), extensive experiments are carried out varying the temperature, time, and oil amount to attain the best nutritional quality indices of fried fish with a tuned combination of cooking parameters. An artificial neural network (ANN) is developed to select the best model to find a nonlinear correlation between the frying conditions and nutritional quality indices. ANN‐based metaheuristic optimization methodologies, namely genetic algorithm (GA), differential evolution, firefly optimization, and gray wolf optimization (GWO), are applied to optimize the best cooking conditions. Among these, GWO is most promising for optimizing favorable inputs, practical optimal solutions, and reasonable execution time. As outputs are conflicting, multi‐objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is implemented for their simultaneous optimization with optimum values of process variables for health benefit, reducing frying time, and minimizing the wastage of culinary media. The MOGA successfully improves the ω‐3/ω‐6 fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids, cis/trans fatty acids ratio, and index of atherogenicity values up to 40.43%, 65.35%, 137%, and 83.84%, respectively, satisfying the multi‐objective criteria. Practical applications: The conventional frying process of fish is successfully optimized by the developed hybrid "model‐optimization" topology that improves the nutrient value of fried fish significantly. The developed neural model automatically searches all available algorithms and activation functions exhaustively to select the best model. All single‐objective and multi‐objective genetic algorithms integrated with an artificial neural network can attain the optimum successfully for all outputs by a unique tuned cooking condition. Operators can choose the preferred solution among many Pareto optimal combinations as per their needs. Furthermore, this developed, generic topology provides a tool for process modification and optimization of other food process engineering methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A large amount of the world's existing infrastructure is reaching the end of its service life, requiring intervention in the form of structural rehabilitation or replacement. A critical aspect of such asset management is the condition assessment of these structures to evaluate their existing health and dictate the scheduling and extent of required rehabilitation. It has been demonstrated that human‐based manual inspections face logistical constraints and are expensive, time extensive, and subjective, depending on the knowledge of the inspection. Recently, autonomous vision‐based techniques have been proposed as an alternative, more accurate method for the inspection of deteriorating structures. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have demonstrated state‐of‐the‐art accuracy with respect to damage classification for concrete structures and are often implemented to process images taken from vision‐based sensors such as cameras, smartphones, and drones. However, these archetypes require a large database of annotated images to train the network to an accurate level, which is not readily available for real‐life structures. Moreover, CNNs are limited to the extent by which they are trained; they are often only trained for binary damage classification of a singular material model. This paper addresses these challenges of CNNs through the application of a generative adversarial network (GANs) for multiclass damage detection of concrete structures. The proposed GAN is trained using the SDNET2018 dataset to detect cracking, spalling, pitting, and construction joints in concrete surfaces. Moreover, transfer learning is implemented to transfer the learned features of the GAN to a CNN architecture to allow for accurate image classification. It is concluded that, for a 0%–30% reduction in the amount of labeled data used, the proposed GAN method has comparable accuracy to traditional CNNs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sonneratia caseolaris is a widely distributed mangrove plant having much therapeutic importance in traditional medicine. This plant is reported for possessing numerous compounds that are already used for many therapeutic purposes. After finding the presence of antioxidant components in the qualitative antioxidative assay, we went to conduct quantitative tests where the total contents of phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins were estimated as 122 mg GAE/gm, 613 mg QE/gm, and 30 mg GAE/gm, respectively. In DPPH free radical, H2O2, and superoxide radical scavenging assay, the SC50 values were found to be 87, 66, and 192 μg/ml, respectively. In FeCl3 reducing power assay, the RC50 of SC extract and ascorbic acid were 80 and 28 μg/ml, respectively. This extract revealed a significant peripheral analgesic effect in the acetic acid-induced writhing model in mice by reducing the writhing impulse by about 21% and 39% at 250 and 500 mg/kg doses, respectively, and a central analgesic effect in the tail immersion method by elongating the time up to about 22% and 37% at the same doses. In the anti-inflammatory test in mice, this extract reduced the paw edema size over the observed period in a dose-dependent manner. It also showed a significant reduction in the elevated rectal temperature of mice in the observing period in Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia model. In silico analysis revealed better binding characteristics of ellagic acid and luteolin among other compounds with various receptors that might be responsible for antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. From our observation, we suppose that SC fruits might be a potential source of drug leads for various inflammatory disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In child and adolescent psychiatry, the multiaxial classification approach has been developed over some decades and remains very relevant as it encapsulates the biopsychosocial approach, an approach which is also central to paediatric practice. There is considerable overlap between developmental‐behavioural paediatrics and child and adolescent mental health, including presenting clinical problems, diagnoses, multidisciplinary and holistic approach to assessment and management, and similar use of pharmacological agents and psychosocial interventions. Multiaxial classification can be of use to paediatricians in a variety of ways, both in clinical practice and for teaching purposes. It can improve communication between the two disciplines and promotes a more holistic diagnostic representation in a structured and consistent format. Presented here are a number of practical ways in which the multiaxial biopsychosocial framework can be used, including case description, formulation, timeline and interventions, training and teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this investigation was to explore and characterize alterations in coronary circulatory function in function of increasing body weight with medically controlled cardiovascular risk factors and, thus, "metabolically" unhealthy obesity. Materials and Methods: We prospectively enrolled 106 patients with suspected CAD but with normal stress‐rest myocardial perfusion on 13N‐ammonia PET/CT and with medically controlled or no cardiovascular risk factors. 13N‐ammonia PET/CT concurrently determined myocardial blood flow (MBF) during pharmacologically induced hyperaemia and at rest. Based on body mass index (BMI), patients were grouped into normal weight (BMI: 20.0–24.9 kg/m2, n = 22), overweight (BMI: 25.0–29.9 kg/m2, n = 27), obese (BMI: 30.0–39.9 kg/m2, n = 31), and morbidly obese (BMI ≥ 40kg/m2, n = 26). Results: Resting MBF was comparable among groups (1.09 ± 0.18 vs. 1.00 ± 0.15 vs. 0.96 ± 0.18 vs.. 1.06 ± 0.31 ml/g/min; p =.279 by ANOVA). Compared to normal weight individuals, the hyperaemic MBF progressively decreased in in overweight and obese groups, respectively (2.54 ± 0.48 vs. 2.02 ± 0.27 and 1.75 ± 0.39 ml/g/min; p <.0001), while it increased again in the group of morbidly obese individuals comparable to normal weight (2.44 ± 0.41 vs. 2.54 ± 0.48 ml/g/min, p =.192). The BMI of the study population correlated with the hyperaemic MBF in a quadratic or U‐turn fashion (r =.34, SEE = 0.46; p ≤.002). Conclusions: The U‐turn of hyperaemic MBF from obesity to morbid obesity is likely to reflect contrasting effects of abdominal versus subcutaneous adipose tissue on coronary circulatory function indicative of two different disease entities, but needing further investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has shed light on the cellular and molecular functions of bioactive lipids that go far beyond what was known about their role as dietary lipids. Bioactive lipids regulate inflammation and its resolution as signaling molecules. Genetic studies have identified key factors that can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome through their effects on lipogenesis. Lipid scientists have explored how these signaling pathways affect lipid metabolism in the liver, adipose tissue, and macrophages by utilizing a variety of techniques in both humans and animal models, including novel lipidomics approaches and molecular dynamics models. Dissecting out these lipid pathways can help identify mechanisms that can be targeted to prevent or treat cardiometabolic conditions. Continued investigation of the multitude of functions mediated by bioactive lipids may reveal additional components of these pathways that can provide a greater understanding of metabolic homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edges and point defects in layered dichalcogenides are important for tuning their electronic and magnetic properties. By combining scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with density functional theory (DFT), the electronic structure of edges and point defects in 2D‐PtSe2 are investigated where the 1.8 eV bandgap of monolayer PtSe2 facilitates the detailed characterization of defect‐induced gap states by STM. The stoichiometric zigzag edge terminations are found to be energetically favored. STM and DFT show that these edges exhibit metallic 1D states with spin polarized bands. Various native point defects in PtSe2 are also characterized by STM. A comparison of the experiment with simulated images enables identification of Se‐vacancies, Pt‐vacancies, and Se‐antisites as the dominant defects in PtSe2. In contrast to Se‐ or Pt‐vacancies, the Se‐antisites are almost devoid of gap states. Pt‐vacancies exhibit defect induced states that are spin polarized, emphasizing their importance for inducing magnetism in PtSe2. The atomic‐scale insights into defect‐induced electronic states in monolayer PtSe2 provide the fundamental underpinning for defect engineering of PtSe2‐monolayers and the newly identified spin‐polarized edge states offer prospects for engineering magnetic properties in PtSe2 nanoribbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Graphene with its two‐dimensional structure and unique properties has immense potential in energy‐related applications such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Herein, we employ a well‐known biomolecule arginine‐glycine‐aspartate (RGD) peptide–functionalized graphene‐supported Pt nanoparticles as an electrocatalyst for PEM fuel cells for the first time. First, chemically reactive graphene oxide (GO) is used as a precursor to covalently functionalize it with RGD peptide through amide bond formation. The amino moieties of RGD peptide on graphene surface serve as ligands and active sites for the nucleation and controlled growth of Pt nanoparticles through polyol reduction method. The homogeneous distribution of ultra‐small (about 3 nm) Pt nanoparticles supported on RGD functionalized graphene boosted the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalytic activities by 52% in electrochemical active surface area (ECSA), 112% in mass activity, and 39% in specific activity as compared to unmodified graphene surface. The strong interaction between the metal and the modified support's surface, assisted in evading serious agglomeration and dissolution during 1000 cycles of accelerated degradation tests (ADT), improving the long‐term durability of the Pt electrocatalyst by showing about 21% higher ECSA retention than the unmodified support. Fuel cell performance of RGD functionalized graphene‐supported Pt nanoparticles also depicted improved power output due to its better Pt utilization and electrocatalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pompe disease is a severe disorder caused by loss of acid α‐glucosidase (GAA), leading to glycogen accumulation in tissues and neuromuscular and cardiac dysfunction. Enzyme replacement therapy is the only available treatment. AT845 is an adeno‐associated viral vector designed to express human GAA specifically in skeletal muscle and heart. Systemic administration of AT845 in Gaa−/− mice led to a dose‐dependent increase in GAA activity, glycogen clearance in muscles and heart, and functional improvement. AT845 was tolerated in cynomolgus macaques at low doses, while high doses caused anti‐GAA immune response, inflammation, and cardiac abnormalities resulting in unscheduled euthanasia of two animals. Conversely, a vector expressing the macaque GAA caused no detectable pathology, indicating that the toxicity observed with AT845 was an anti‐GAA xenogeneic immune response. Western blot analysis showed abnormal processing of human GAA in cynomolgus muscle, adding to the species‐specific effects of enzyme expression. Overall, these studies show that AAV‐mediated GAA delivery to muscle is efficacious in Gaa−/− mice and highlight limitations in predicting the toxicity of AAV vectors encoding human proteins in non‐human species. Synopsis: Muscle‐restricted expression of GAA via systemic AAV gene therapy clears glycogen accumulation and improves function in a mouse model of Pompe disease. Xenogeneic immune responses in non‐human primates highlight limitations of animal studies to assess toxicity of vectors encoding human proteins. AT845 is an adeno‐associated viral vector designed to express human GAA specifically in skeletal muscle and heart.Systemic administration of AT845 in Gaa−/− mice led to a dose‐dependent increase in GAA expression and activity, glycogen clearance in skeletal and cardiac muscles, and functional improvement.In non‐human primates, AT845 caused a dose‐dependent increase of GAA activity in skeletal muscle and heart.Our results suggest that adverse reactions observed in non‐human primates with human GAA were due to an anti‐GAA xenogeneic immune response rather than GAA overexpression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant advancements in the perovskite solar cells/modules (PSCs/PSMs) toward better operational stability and large area scalability have recently been reported. However, semitransparent (ST), high efficiency, and large area PSMs are still not well explored and require attention to realize their application in building‐integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). This work employs multiple synergistic strategies to improve the quality and stability of the ST perovskite film while ensuring high transparency. Europium ions, doped in the perovskite, are found to suppress the generation of detrimental species like elemental Pb and I, resulting in higher atmospheric stability. The effect of the top transparent contact is designed to obtain an average visible transparency (AVT) of >20% for full device and a green colored hue. Lastly, the lower current density due to the thinner ST absorber is enhanced by the application of a down‐converting phosphor material which harvests low energy photons and inhibits UV‐induced degradation. This multimodal approach renders a power conversion efficiency of 12% under dim light conditions and 9.5% under 1 sun illumination, respectively, on 21 cm2 ST‐PSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic hole‐transport layers (HTLs) are widely investigated in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their superior stability compared to the organic HTLs. However, in p–i–n architecture when these inorganic HTLs are deposited before the perovskite, it forms a suboptimal interface quality for the crystallization of perovskite, which reduces device stability, causes recombination, and limits the power conversion efficiency of the device. The incorporation of an appropriate functional group such as sulfur‐terminated surface on the HTL can enhance the interface quality due to its interaction with perovskite during the crystallization process. In this work, a bifunctional Al‐doped CuS film is wet‐deposited as HTL in p–i–n architecture PSC, which besides acting as an HTL also improves the crystallization of perovskite at the interface. Urbach energy and light intensity versus open‐circuit voltage characterization suggest the formation of a better‐quality interface in the sulfide HTL–perovskite heterojunction. The degradation behavior of the sulfide‐HTL‐based perovskite devices is studied, where it can be observed that after 2 weeks of storage in a controlled environment, the devices retain close to 95% of their initial efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), which is characterized by clinical manifestations such as pneumonia, lymphopenia, severe acute respiratory distress, and cytokine storm. S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE-II) to enter into the lungs through membrane proteases consequently inflicting the extensive viral load through rapid replication mechanisms. Despite several research efforts, challenges in COVID-19 management still persist at various levels that include (a) availability of a low cost and rapid self-screening test, (b) lack of an effective vaccine which works against multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2, and (c) lack of a potent drug that can reduce the complications of COVID-19. The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is a complicated process due to the emergence of mutant variants with greater virulence and their ability to invoke intricate lung pathophysiology. Moreover, the lack of a thorough understanding about the virus transmission mechanisms and complete pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is making it hard for medical scientists to develop a better strategy to prevent the spread of the virus and design a clinically viable vaccine to protect individuals from being infected. A recent report has tested the hypothesis of T cell immunity and found effective when compared to the antibody response in agammaglobulinemic patients. Understanding SARS-CoV-2-induced changes such as "Th-2 immunopathological variations, mononuclear cell & eosinophil infiltration of the lung and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)" in COVID-19 patients provides key insights to develop potential therapeutic interventions for immediate clinical management. Therefore, in this review, we have described the details of rapid detection methods of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular and serological tests and addressed different therapeutic modalities used for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. In addition, the current challenges against the development of vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 are also briefly described in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, tris‐s‐triazine based graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) is a new research hot topic. It has a unique electronic band structure, high physicochemical stability, large surface area, and is "earth‐abundant." These and other properties have made it a highly researched material especially for visible light photocatalysis and photodegradation applications and as the starting material from which to develop novel electrochemical sensing platforms. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art technologies utilizing tris‐s‐triazine graphitic carbon nitride as a tailorable signal‐transducing nanostructured material for sensing applications is presented in detail. Initially, the electronic structure of g‐C3N4, morphologies, doping, heterojunctions, its combination with other carbon materials, and defect formation, is described, which is followed by a discussion on its role in electrochemiluminescence, photoelectrochemical, fluorescence sensors and gas sensors as a signal transducer with appropriate examples. This review concludes with a discussion summarizing state‐of‐the‐art and both future perspectives and challenges at the cutting edge of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Determine the feasibility of implementing a heart failure (HF) management strategy that (i) uses a device‐based, remote, dynamic, multimetric risk stratification model to predict the risk of HF events and (ii) uses a standardized, centrally administered, ambulatory medication intervention protocol to reproducibly and safely decrease elevated risk scores. Methods and results: Prospective, non‐randomized, single‐arm, multicenter feasibility study (Intervene‐HF) was conducted in HF patients implanted with a cardiac resynchronization therapy with implantable cardio defibrillator (CRT‐D) with TriageHF risk score feature. Certified HF nurses (CHFN) in the Medtronic Care Management Services Program implemented an ambulatory medication intervention strategy by following a standardized guided action pathway triggered by risk‐based alert. When CHFN received notification of increased risk score (HF care alert), they implemented a 3 day course of diuretic up‐titration (PRN) previously prescribed by a physician. Safety was monitored daily. Recovery after PRN was defined as ≥70% recovery of impedance toward baseline levels. Sixty‐six patients followed for 8.2 ± 3.9 months had 49 HF care alerts. Twenty‐three of 49 alerts did not receive PRN due to protocol‐mandated criteria. Twenty‐six of 49 alerts received PRN, 22 were completed, and 19 led to impedance recovery. Four interventions were stopped for safety without leading to an adverse event (AE). One of 26 PRNs was followed by a HF event. Eighty‐five per cent (22/26) of PRNs were completed without an AE; 69% (18/26) met the recovery criteria. Conclusions: The Intervene‐HF study supports the feasibility of testing, in a large randomized clinical trial, an ambulatory medication intervention strategy that is physician‐directed, CHFN‐implemented, and based on individualized device risk stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This article presents a novel 11‐level switched capacitor multilevel inverter (SCMLI) structure first. After that, the cascaded configuration of the proposed structure is developed. The structure has the inherent output voltage boosting as well as self‐capacitor voltage balancing ability. The voltage boosting feature of the proposed structure mitigates the requirement of heavy magnetic components such as transformers or inductors in the structure, which significantly reduces the weight, cost, and complexity of the conversion system. The operating principle, selection procedure of switched capacitors, and power losses analysis of the proposed 11‐level structure are presented in detail. The proposed structure utilizes a smaller number of components as compared to similar structures for realizing the same number of output voltage levels. Further, the structure provides a lower total standing voltage per boosting factor as compared to other structures. An experimental investigation on a 11‐level laboratory prototype is conducted and the effectiveness of the proposed structure verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Perfect modeling of the building‐integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) module circuit equivalent is required for examining the operation of a BIPV system. Before designing the power electronic converters of an overall BIPV system, a perfect diode modeling is required that usually resembles the I‐V and P‐V characteristics of the BIPV modules. In this research article, different types of diode modeling of BIPV systems along with their comparative analysis based on the Lambert W function in MATLAB/Simulink environment is presented. The main aim of this research article is to analyze Mprime transparent M 115‐130P‐FI BIPV modules (115 Wp and 130 Wp) and compare the existing diode models in terms of accuracy and extraction of unknown parameters for the same. Simulation results for Lambert W function based comparison of the five‐parameter model (FPM), seven‐parameter model (SPM) and nine‐parameter model (NPM) power of 115 Wp and 130 Wp BIPV modules along with their percentage errors are well presented. Lambert W function based comparison of FPM, SPM, and NPM is further made at different values of irradiations and temperatures respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of centrifugal force produced by flowing fluid through the semicircular section of a pipe line is not sufficient to explain the characteristic of the centrifugal force type flow transducer developed from this principle. In this study, a modified form of this flow transducer is developed using a modified force sensing technique. This modified force principle explains the characteristic of the flow transducer to a very good extent. The modified force produced in the modified transducer system is composed of four components namely, centrifugal force, momentum force, damping force and restoring force. These forces produce the identical downward and upward movements of the lever ends of a common balance which is initially made horizontal at zero flow by using similar sensing U‐tube and dummy U‐tube. These movements are sensed by two identical inductive sensors. The static characteristic equation of the prototype unit of the transducer using the modified force sensing technique is derived mathematically in the study. The equation coefficients are calculated from the design parameters and are found to be matched with the same obtained from the average characteristic of repeated experiments performed under the same laboratory environment. Thus the proposed modified model appears to be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold supra‐pyramid structures were obtained by the addition of acidic solution of cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) to an aqueous solution of citrate stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNP). The reaction resulted in the precipitation of supra‐pyramid from the solution after just 1 min of shaking. Microscopic images confirmed formation of the supra‐pyramid. The stepwise structural transformation towards the supra‐pyramid was examined with variable concentrations of CB[8] to AuNP solution. Anionic counter parts of these acids (Br−, NO3−, SO42− and Cl−) controlled the size of the synthesized supra‐pyramids. These supra‐pyramid hosts showed uptake of three anticancer drugs: oral drugs etoposide, prednisolone and intravenous drug doxorubicin. Releases of drugs from these hosts were emulated at acidic stomach pH, basic small intestinal pH and in the presence of human serum albumin (HSA). The specific release of doxorubicin was confirmed at small intestinal pH 7.4. Poor release of drugs in presence of CB[8] specific guest 1‐adamantanamine confirmed the role of the supra‐pyramid as the exclusive host. The release of doxorubicin from the supra‐pyramid at pH 7.4 was confirmed by fluorescence microscopic imaging with prostate cancer DU‐145 cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doped polyaniline (PANI), doped polythiophene and their copolymers (by interfacial and aqueous polymerization) with monomers at 50:50 ratio has been synthesized and are characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The copolymer synthesized by interfacial polymerization is mixed with copper oxide nanoparticle synthesized chemically in lab at 0.2% loading. XRD measurement showed no peak for PANI and polythiophene, which confirms amorphous structure of the two. However, clear peak for copper oxide nanoparticle at 2θ = 36.45 and multiple peaks for the copolymer (interfacial polymerization) and the copolymer Nanocomposite signifies crystalline structure. TGA results show that the stability of copolymer prepared by interfacial polymerization lies in between the PANI and polythiophene. FTIR spectroscopy confirms that both aniline and thiophene units are present in the interfacial copolymer. Further the monomers are chemically linked in the copolymer (by interfacial and aqueous polymerization). The presence of peak at about 1103 cm−1 confirms the formation of NS bonding by reaction in between aniline and thiophene in the interfacial copolymer. The uniform distribution of nanoparticles in copolymer (interfacial polymerization) matrix have been confirmed from TEM images. The electrical properties of polymers, copolymers and copper oxide Nanocomposite are studied from which it is found that the copolymer have a synergistic effect on the improvement of conductivity when compared with the individual polymers. The 0.2% loading of copper oxide nanoparticles further improves the conductivity of the interfacial copolymer by approximate 15.24‐fold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish, being a good source of nutrients, is often cooked by different methods before consumption, which affect the beneficial quality detrimentally. In this study, Catla catla, and mustard oil are selected as representative of fish and cooking oil for frying, respectively, because of their agricultural importance and worldwide demand. Extensive experiments are performed varying the effective processing variables of conventional frying viz., temperature (140 °C‐240 °C), time (5 min–20 min) and oil amount (25 ml/kg of fish‐100 ml/kg of fish) to correlate the drastic reduction of the nutritional quality indices, that is, ω‐3/ω‐6 and cis/trans‐fatty acids (FAs) profiles of fish after frying. To establish a nonlinear correlation between these inputs and outputs, an exhaustive search of all available artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms and activation functions is executed for the development of a model. The hybrid robust process approach integrating ANN with differential evolution (DE) and simulated annealing (SA) are employed to optimize the cooking parameters for regaining nutritional impact. After frying ω‐3/ω‐6 and cis/trans‐FAs ratio deteriorated by 76.65% and 92.68%, respectively, than the fresh samples. The ANN‐DE and ANN‐SA formalism efficiently enhanced these nutritional parameters up to 33.18% and 79%, respectively. Practical applications: The present study applied artificial neural network (ANN) as an advanced alternative modeling tool to propose a generalized nonlinear correlation between temperature, time, oil amount, and nutritional values, that is, ω‐3/ω‐6 and cis/trans‐fatty acids (FAs) profiles of fried fish. Frying time provided a strong impact on food nutrition compared to other two input variables. Frying process detrimentally affected both the nutritional indices, that is, ω‐3/ω‐6 and cis/trans‐FAs profiles. The meta‐heuristic, stochastic optimization algorithms, namely differential evolution and simulated annealing along with ANN‐based processed model were implemented successfully to tune the cooking parameters, so that food quality indices of fish improved again to maximum value. The artificial intelligence modeling, along with optimizing methodology based parameters tuning approach described here is generic and can be advantageously extended to other experimentation of food process engineering. Besides, the finding of this study will benefit common people also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overexpression of glucose transport proteins (GLUTs) plays a pivotal role in the survival of cancer cells. Hence, targeting GLUTs receptors using glucose‐based polymers can fill up the lacuna of cancer treatment by confining the dissemination and accumulation of chemotherapeutic drugs on cancer cells. The present study addressed the preparation of glycohomopolymer (PMG), PEG‐based di‐ (PEG‐b‐PMG) and tri‐block (PMG‐b‐PEG‐b‐PMG) polymers using atom transfer radical polymerization and their potential in the development of novel nanoparticulate drug delivery system. Curcumin‐loaded glycopolymer nanoparticles were fabricated by nanoprecipitation method and investigated for various physicochemical parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, drug loading, morphology, and dissolution profile. Homoglycopolymer nanoparticles exhibited lower average particle size (240.16 ± 21.41 nm), higher zeta potential (−28.72 ± 4.25 mV), and entrapment efficiency (74.61 ± 5.03%) compared to their block copolymer counterparts. Optimized formulation exhibited diffusion and dissolution‐controlled drug release behavior. In vitro cell line studies demonstrated significantly superior cytotoxicity, clonogenic inhibitory and cellular uptake potential in MCF‐7 cells besides receptor recognizing property of optimized curcumin nanoparticulate formulation compared to free curcumin. These findings elucidate that curcumin homoglucopyranoside nanocarriers can be a promising drug delivery option for effective management of breast cancer. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48954. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition metal selenides M1+ySe2 (M = V, Ti) have intriguing quantum properties, which make them target materials for controlling properties by thinning them to the ultrathin limit. An appropriate approach for the synthesis of such ultrathin films is by molecular beam epitaxy. Here, it is shown that such synthesized V‐ and Ti‐Se2 films can undergo a compositional change by vacuum annealing. Combined scanning tunneling and photoemission spectroscopy is used to determine compositional and structural changes of ultrathin films as a function of annealing temperature. Loss of selenium from the film is accompanied by a morphology change of monolayer height islands to predominantly bilayer height. In addition, crystal periodicity and atomic structure changes are observed. These changes are consistent with a transition from a layered transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) to ordered intercalation compounds with V or Ti intercalated in between two layers of their respective TMDCs. These observations may clear up misconception of the nature of previously reported high‐temperature grown transition metal selenides. More significantly, the demonstrated control of the formation of intercalation compounds is a key step toward modifying properties in van der Waals systems and toward expanding material systems for van der Waals heterostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the outstanding properties and unique structure of graphene oxide (GO), the polymer nanocomposites of ethyl cellulose (EC) as a polymer matrix and the GO as a nano‐filler have been prepared with the different GO wt% concentrations using simple solution blending technique followed by the ultrasonication treatment and characterized by using various advanced techniques. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was utilized to determine the preliminary phase determination and for the structural analysis. The optical band gaps were determined with the help of UV‐Vis‐NIR spectrophotometer and were verified by the PL spectra using Spectro‐Fluorescence. According to experimental results, the optical bandgap of the nanocomposite was found to reduce with increasing GO content. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to study the surface morphology and to identify the presence of GO in the nanocomposites. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study has been carried out to recognize the presence of functional groups and their vibrational mechanisms. Micro‐Raman imaging technique has been used to determine the Raman bands present in the nanocomposites. The optical band gap of the nanocomposites reflects the semiconducting nature, which might be used in optoelectronic devices and sensor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A relativistic density functional theory (DFT) study is reported which aims to understand the complexation chemistry of An4+ ions (An = Th, U, Np, and Pu) with a potential decorporation agent, 5‐LIO(Me‐3,2‐HOPO). The calculations show that the periodic change of the metal binding free energy has an excellent correlation with the ionic radii and such change of ionic radii also leads to the structural modulation of actinide–ligand complexes. The calculated structural and binding parameters agree well with the available experimental data. Atomic charges derived from quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and natural bond order (NBO) analysis shows the major role of ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer in the stability of the complexes. Energy decomposition analysis, QTAIM, and electron localization function (ELF) predict that the actinide–ligand bond is dominantly ionic, but the contribution of orbital interaction is considerable and increases from Th4+ to Pu4+. A decomposition of orbital contributions applying the extended transition state‐natural orbital chemical valence method points out the significant π‐donation from the oxygen donor centers to the electron‐poor actinide ion. Molecular orbital analysis suggests an increasing trend of orbital mixing in the context of 5f orbital participation across the tetravalent An series (Th‐Pu). However, the corresponding overlap integral is found to be smaller than in the case of 6d orbital participation. An analysis of the results from the aforementioned electronic structure methods indicates that such orbital participation possibly arises due to the energy matching of ligand and metal orbitals and carries the signature of near‐degeneracy driven covalency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exchange bias effect in Au‐FexOy nanocomposites, prepared with regulated Au:Fe content, has been controlled using the variable iron content and the composition of FexOy. A green synthetic route has been adapted at room temperature in aqueous medium for such Au−Fe oxide nanocomposites. Diversity in FexOy compositions has been achieved through Au(III) reduction by Fe powder to obtain Au‐FexOy nanocomposites in presence of gold nanoparticles as seed and threshold amount of sodium citrate as stabilizing agent. The exchange bias effect in selective Au‐FexOy nanocomposites (5Fe, 6Fe, 7Fe and 9Fe) arises from the ferromagnetic‐antiferromagnetic (FM‐AFM) interaction between Fe3O4 and α‐Fe2O3 present in the samples. A theoretical model is used to explain the variation of the exchange bias, coercivity and magnetization for the different samples at various temperatures. These Au‐FexOy nanocomposites have been compared in terms of their catalytic activities for nitroarene reductions and reversible surface interaction with cancer drug doxorubicin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene has attracted wide consideration in recent years to the assembly of sensitive sensors and biosensors due to its unique and remarkable physical and electrochemical properties. Moreover, graphene, as an essential two‐dimensional carbon material with remarkably high quartz and electronic superiority, has also received significant research attention. This review presents the different synthesis techniques of graphene; graphene functionalized based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for various health care appellations. Further, were discussed on the basis of enhanced catalytic activity, improved detection limit in conjunction with sensitivity, and selectivity. Synergistic action of graphene and metal oxide nanostructure has contributed towards high activity as a biosensing material. The results with different sensors and biosensors for the detection of significant biomarkers such as protein sensor, electrochemical immune sensor, phytochrome sensor, cholesterol biosensor glucose, hydrogen peroxide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide detection sensor etc., and highlighted the use of graphene and functionalized graphene in different sensing platforms. Finally, the challenges related to less aggregated graphene‐based electrochemical sensors and biosensors as well as future research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]