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ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of two-dimensional ( 2D) and three-dimensional ( 3D) transvaginal ultrasonography, power Doppler angiography ( PDA) and gel infusion sonography ( GIS) at offline analysis for recognition of malignant endometrium compared with real-time evaluation during scanning, and to determine optimal image parameters at 3D analysis. Methods One hundred and sixty-nine consecutive women with postmenopausal bleeding and endometrial thickness ≥ 5 mm underwent systematic evaluation of endometrial pattern on 2D imaging, and 2D videoclips and 3D volumes were later analyzed offline. Histopathological findings at hysteroscopy or hysterectomy were used as the reference standard. The efficiency of the different techniques for diagnosis of malignancy was calculated and compared. 3D image parameters, endometrial volume and 3D vascular indices were assessed. Optimal 3D image parameters were transformed by logistic regression into a risk of endometrial cancer ( REC) score, including scores for body mass index, endometrial thickness and endometrial morphology at gray-scale and PDA and GIS. Results Offline 2D and 3D analysis were equivalent, but had lower diagnostic performance compared with real-time evaluation during scanning. Their diagnostic performance was not markedly improved by the addition of PDA or GIS, but their efficiency was comparable with that of real-time 2D-GIS in offline examinations of good image quality. On logistic regression, the 3D parameters from the REC-score system had the highest diagnostic efficiency. The area under the curve of the REC-score system at 3D-GIS (0.89) was not improved by inclusion of vascular indices or endometrial volume calculations. Conclusion Real-time evaluation during scanning is most efficient, but offline 2D and 3D analysis is useful for prediction of endometrial cancer when good image quality can be obtained. The diagnostic efficiency at 3D analysis may be improved by use of REC-scoring systems, without the need for calculation of vascular indices or endometrial volume. The optimal imaging modality appears to be real-time 2D-GIS. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Objective To propose a scoring system to predict endometrial cancer using different ultrasound image characteristics at gray-scale, with and without enhancement by gel infusion, and Doppler transvaginal sonography ( TVS) and to evaluate intra- and interobserver variability in assessment of these characteristics. Method Unenhanced TVS, Doppler examinations and gel infusion sonography ( GIS) were performed prospectively in 174 consecutive postmenopausal women with endometrial thickness ≥ 5 mm. The reference standard in all women was hysteroscopy or hysterectomy with pathological evaluation of the malignancy. The presence of various ultrasound pattern characteristics indicative of endometrial malignancy and intra- and interobserver variability in their assessment were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression was used to correlate image and clinical parameters to presence of endometrial cancer. Results A simple Doppler flow score (which considered only presence of vascularity and not presence of single/double dominant vessel, multiple vessels, large vessels, color splash or densely packed vessels) had an area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve ( AUC) of 0.83 in the prediction of endometrial cancer. Models including endometrial thickness, Doppler score and interrupted endomyometrial junction on unenhanced TVS predicted endometrial cancer with an AUC of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.92-0.99) and, with addition of irregular surface on GIS, the AUC was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.94-0.99). A risk of endometrial cancer ( REC) scoring system based on body mass index, Doppler score, endometrial thickness and interrupted endomyometrial junction on unenhanced TVS and irregular surface at GIS performed very well at identifying endometrial cancer; at a REC-score of ≥ 4 the sensitivity for detection of endometrial cancer was 91% and specificity was 94%. Observers agreed in 82.3% of cases (kappa, 0.63 (0.48-0.78)) when subjective parameters were analyzed in stored videoclips. Conclusion Our observer-dependent proposed scoring system seems to perform well in the prediction of endometrial cancer and should be tested in future studies. Copyright © 2013 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the research paper "3- and 2 Dimensional Transvaginal Ultrasound With Power Doppler and Gel Infusion for Diagnosis of Malignancy in Women With Postmenopausal Bleeding," by M. Dueholm and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "Endometrial cancer diagnosis: pattern evaluation at transvaginal ultrasound and gel infusion sonography versus endometrial sample, hysteroscopy and MRI," by M. Dueholm and colleagues is presented.

An abstract of the research paper "An Ultrasound Algorithm for the Identification of Endometrial Cancer," by M. Dueholm and colleagues is presented.