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Summary: Wheat is one of the primary staple foods throughout the planet. Significant yield gains in wheat production over the past 40 years have resulted in a steady balance of supply versus demand. However, predicted global population growth rates and dietary changes mean that substantial yield gains over the next several decades will be needed to meet this escalating demand. A key component to meeting this challenge is better management of fungal incited diseases, which can be responsible for 15%–20% yield losses per annum. Prominent diseases of wheat that currently contribute to these losses include the rusts, blotches and head blight/scab. Other recently emerged or relatively unnoticed diseases, such as wheat blast and spot blotch, respectively, also threaten grain production. This review seeks to provide an overview of the impact, distribution and management strategies of these diseases. In addition, the biology of the pathogens and the molecular basis of their interaction with wheat are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between willow (Salix) and rust (Melampsora) is highly specific. Willows named Salix burjatica, S. dasyclados (S. × dasyclados) and S. × calodendron are important in renewable-energy plantations in the UK and western Europe. There has been much controversy over their origin, species status and nomenclature. It has been suggested that they have originated from hybridization between. S. caprea, S. viminalis and S. cinerea. In the present work, 59 willow clones were investigated through morphological examination and detached leaf inoculation using willow differentials, for their association, in southwest England, with M. capraearum and three pathotypes of Melampsora epitea (Me-A, B and C). M. capraearum was found on all clones of S. caprea and its hybrids with S. aurita; Me-A on all S. viminalis clones; Me-B on wild S. cinerea, S. × calodendron, S. × dasyclados'De Biardii 445' and S. 'Spaethii'; Me-C on all S. burjatica clones and most S. × dasyclados clones. Both M. caprearum and Me-A infected all S. × sericans (S. caprea × viminalis) clones and S. × dasyclados'LA041/03'. We suggest that S. × dasyclados'LA041/03' should be treated as S. × sericans (S. caprea × S. viminalis); S. burjatica, S. dasyclados and S. × dasyclados as synonyms; S. × dasyclados 'De Biardii 445' as S. × calodendron 'De Biardii 445'; and S. 'Spaethii' as S. × calodendron 'Spaethii'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]