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Background: This work characterized cerebrovascular health in human subjects spanning the cognitive spectrum with and without presence of Aβ using different neuroimaging techniques (Fig1). Methods: Subjects (n=70) were clinically characterized into four groups: cognitively unimpaired (CU), CU‐Declining (at‐risk of progressing to clinical mild MCI based on traditional neuropsychological data), clinical MCI, and clinical dementia (Fig2). MRI: Vascular imaging: Whole‐brain 4D‐Flow data were acquired to characterize cerebrovascular health. pCASL with three post labeling delays was used to provide transit time corrected CBF maps. Structural imaging: T1‐weighted and T2‐FLAIR images were also collected for quantification of intracranial, hippocampal and white matter hyperintensity volumes. Hemodynamic measurements were extracted from intracranial arteries including the petrous ICAs, BA, MCAs, and veins SSS. Quantified flow parameters included: total cerebral blood flow, trans‐capillary pulse wave delay, and flow pulsatility index (PI). Trans‐capillary pulse wave delay was defined as the time shift between arterial and venous cardiac waveforms. PET: Aβ burden was assessed using 11C‐PiB PET imaging. Amyloid positivity (A‐, A+) was established as mean cortical PiB DVR >1.16. For A+ participants, amyloid time (i.e., estimated duration A+) was estimated using the sampled iterative local approximation algorithm. Differences were assessed using ANOVA followed by post‐hoc analysis (P<0.05 significance). Results: Micro‐vascular tissue perfusion was statically higher in A+/CU when compared to other A+ groups in the GM, WM, and hippocampus (Fig3 and 4). Trans‐capillary pulse wave delay was statistically longer in A+/CU when compared to A+/CU‐Declining, A+/MCI, and A+/dementia (Fig5A). For A‐ groups trans‐capillary pulse wave delay was similar; yet, flow PI was statistically higher in A‐/CU‐Declining and A‐/MCI when compared to A‐/CU in the ICAs and MCAs (Fig5 C, D). Flow PI in A+/CU was higher than in A‐/CU. Conclusions: Decreased micro‐vascular tissue perfusion and shorter trans‐capillary pulse wave delay in A+ subjects with cognitive alterations (e.g. CU‐Declining, MCI, Dementia) compared to A+/CU indicates decreased metabolism and increased small vessel stiffness may contribute to cognitive decline and/or are induced by amyloidosis. In contrast, for A‐ subjects significant differences in arterial flow pulsatility index between A‐/CU, CU‐Declining, and MCI suggests macro‐vascular arterial stiffness contributes to cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic highlighted the challenges delivering face‐to‐face patient care across healthcare systems. In particular the COVID‐19 pandemic challenged the imaging community to provide timely access to essential diagnostic imaging modalities while ensuring appropriate safeguards were in place for both patients and personnel. With increasing vaccine availability and greater prevalence of vaccination in communities worldwide we are finally emerging on the other side of the COVID‐19 pandemic. As we learned from our institutional and healthcare system responses to the pandemic, maintaining timely access to MR imaging is essential. Radiologists and other imaging providers partnered with their referring providers to ensure that timely access to advanced MR imaging was maintained. On behalf of the International Magnetic Resonance in Medicine (ISMRM) Safety Committee, this white paper is intended to serve as a guide for radiology departments, imaging centers, and other imaging specialists who perform MR imaging to refer to as we prepare for the next pandemic. Lessons learned including strategies to triage and prioritize MR imaging research during a pandemic are discussed. Level of Evidence: 5 Technical Efficacy: Stage 5 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cerebrovascular disease (CVD), has been linked with dementia stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the question of whether CVD is associated with underlying AD pathophysiology remains unresolved. This work investigated the relationship between advanced MRI based cerebrovascular markers with AD biomarkers of β‐amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tau tangles in subjects spanning the AD clinical spectrum. Method: Subjects: Study groups are summarized in figure 1. MRI: Whole brain 4D‐Flow data were acquired on a 3.0T system using a 32‐channel head coil. From 4D‐Flow images, intracranial blood flow, trans‐capillary pulse wave delay, and low frequency oscillations (LFOs) were estimated. Trans‐capillary pulse wave delay was defined as the cardiac pulse wave transit time from intracranial arteries‐to‐capillaries‐to‐veins and was measured from cardiac wave time‐to‐upstroke differences in arteries and veins. White matter hyperintensity (WMH) lesion volumes were segmented from T2‐FLAIR images using the Lesion Segmentation Toolbox in SPM12. PET: Four groups were established based on clinical diagnosis and biomarker positivity. Subjects were classified as cognitively normal (CN) or impaired (IM) (MCI or dementia) based on a clinical consensus review. Amyloid (A) (+/‐) was determined using a previously established global PiB DVR threshold >1.19 and tau (T) (+/‐) was determined using a previously established entorhinal cortex MK‐6240 SUVR threshold >1.27. Pairwise statistical differences were assessed using ANOVA followed by post‐hoc analysis (P<0.05 significance). Result: Trans‐capillary pulse wave delay was significantly longer in controls (A‐/T‐/CN) when compared with AD biomarker confirmed groups (fig 2 b) (P<0.001). Low frequency flow range and LFOs were significantly lower and diminished in A+T+ groups both cognitively normal and impaired (fig 3 P<0.001; fig 4 P=0.027, P=0.046, P=0.046). Linear regression analysis showed a weak correlation between trans‐capillary pulse wave delay and PiB and MK‐6240 (R2=0.12, R2=0.04), and between LFOs and PiB and MK‐6240 (R2=0.07, R2=0.03) (fig 5). No significant AT biomarker group differences were observed across other modalities such as traditional cardiovascular and cerebrovascular metrics, including WMH lesion volumes (fig 1). Conclusion: Although more traditional measures of CVD were not related to biomarker groups, 4D‐Flow MRI based vascular markers suggest significant intracranial vascular stiffness and reduced autoregulation‐related vasomotion in AD biomarker positive subjects during preclinical AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This work investigated the relationship between cerebrovascular disease (CVD) markers and Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers of amyloid beta deposition, and neurofibrillary tau tangles in subjects spanning the AD clinical spectrum. Methods: A total of 136 subjects participated in this study. Four groups were established based on AD biomarker positivity from positron emission tomography (amyloid [A] and tau [T]) and clinical diagnosis (cognitively normal [CN] and impaired [IM]). CVD markers were derived from structural and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging data. Results: Transcapillary pulse wave delay was significantly longer in controls compared to AT biomarker–confirmed groups (A+/T–/CN P < .001, A+/T+/CN P < .001, A+/T+/IM P = .003). Intracranial low‐frequency oscillations were diminished in AT biomarker–confirmed groups both CN and impaired (A+/T–/CN P = .039, A+/T+/CN P = .007, A+/T+/IM P = .011). A significantly higher presence of microhemorrhages was measured in A+/T+/CN compared to controls (P = .006). Discussion: Cerebrovascular markers indicate increased vessel stiffness and reduced vasomotion in AT biomarker–positive subjects during preclinical AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding cerebrovascular health in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is vital, as the majority of individuals with dementia due to AD are also found to have vascular disease at autopsy. We examined the relationships between centrally and peripherally measured vascular health markers and amyloid accumulation across the AD clinical spectrum. Method: Cerebral white matter (WM) disease was determined by a neuroradiologist using the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) score in 236 individuals (75% cognitively healthy, 25% cognitively impaired; Table 1) from the Wisconsin ADRC and WRAP cohorts. A subset (n = 73) of individuals completed [C‐11]PiB PET imaging. Metrics of internal carotid arterial (ICA) health assessed by 4D‐flow MRI as well as WM hyperintensity lesion volume (WMH‐LV), amyloid accumulation, vascular risk factors, and cognitive status were examined across individuals with high (≥3) and low (<3) CHS scores (Table 2, Figures 1 & 2). A threshold for vascular positivity (V+/‐) was identified as 1.5SD>the mean %WMH‐LV of total intracranial volume in individuals with CHS<3. Participants were classified according to their amyloid and vascular positivity status. Result: In the larger dataset (n = 236), individuals with CHS≥3 were significantly older, more likely to be cognitively impaired, and demonstrated higher pulse pressure, lower cholesterol, and greater %WMH‐LV (Table 1, Figure 1). There was no difference between CHS groups in average ICA blood flow, ICA pulse wave velocity, or global PiB accumulation (Table 2). Neither CHS rating nor %WMH‐LV were associated with amyloid (Spearman's rho = ‐.128, p =.280; Spearman's rho =.078, p =.511, respectively). When using %WMH‐LV as a biomarker for cerebrovascular health, the vascular positivity threshold was 0.409%. In individuals with amyloid imaging, 54.8%(38/73) were V‐/A‐, 8.2%(8/73) were V+/A‐, 34.2%(24/73) were V‐/A+, and (2/73)0.8% were V+/A+. CHS rating and vascular positivity were not related to cognitive diagnosis in the amyloid imaging subset (Figure 2). Conclusion: Elevated cerebral WM disease (CHS≥3) was related to greater WMH lesion burden, but not blood flow or pulse wave velocity of the ICAs. Thus far, in this sample spanning the continuum of AD, neuroimaging measures of vascular health were not related to amyloid, suggesting independence of these pathologies. Investigations into the associations between amyloid, cerebrovascular health, and cognition are ongoing as more data become available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vertebral artery hypoplasia (VAH) is an anatomical variation that may be associated with lower cerebral blood flow. We demonstrated the prevalence of VAH to be approximately 26% in a pilot study of healthy adults (n = 39). The purpose of this study was to expand on these findings by determining the prevalence of VAH and its impact on cerebral hemodynamics in a larger sample size of middle‐aged and older adults. Method: A total of 550 participants (66 ± 9 years; 346 females) underwent 4D flow MRI scans to evaluate the internal carotid arteries (ICA), vertebral arteries, and basilar artery. VAH+ (positive for VAH) was determined from the 4D flow MRI scans using both diameter (<2.5 mm) and flow (<47 mL/min). Result: We identified 152 participants as VAH+ (prevalence of 28%). The prevalence of VAH+ was similar between females (n = 95; 27%) and males (n = 57; 28%). VAH predominantly occurred in the right vertebral artery (n = 102; 67%). As expected within VAH+ participants, the hypoplastic vertebral artery diameter was smaller (2.0±0.2 mm vs. 2.8±0.5 mm; p<0.001), blood flow was lower (29±10 ml/min vs. 100±44 ml/min; p<0.001), and pulsatility index was higher (1.8±0.6 a.u. vs. 1.3±0.3 a.u.; p<0.001) compared to the contralateral artery. There were no differences in ICA diameter (p = 0.875), blood flow (p = 0.553) or pulsatility index (p = 0.984) between VAH+ and no VAH. When evaluating the basilar artery, the diameter was smaller (2.7±0.4 mm vs. 2.8±0.4 mm; p = 0.037) with lower blood flow (105±35 ml/min vs. 116±37 ml/min; p<0.001) in VAH+ compared with no VAH. Males with VAH+ had higher basilar artery pulsatility index compared with males with no VAH (1.4±0.4 a.u. vs. 1.2±0.3 a.u.; p = 0.004), but this was not apparent in females (p = 0.544). When comparing global cerebral blood flow, there was a trend for lower flow in VAH+ compared with no VAH (p = 0.096). Conclusion: We demonstrated VAH prevalence to be around 28%, with similar prevalence in both males and females. VAH was associated with impaired regional flow and with elevated basilar artery cerebral pulsatility in males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Brain MRI is used routinely to study morphology in normal aging and dementia. Expert image review for clinically significant findings varies across sites and best practice is unsettled. We describe unexpected findings from 8,205 research brain MRIs from adults 40 years and older, comparing neuroradiologist presumptive diagnoses versus lesions flagged as concerning by scanning staff. Method: N=8,205 consecutive brain MRIs were prospectively reviewed by neuroradiologists from April 2002 to March 2020 under an IRB directive intended to identify clinically relevant unexpected findings. The final study population (M= 3,625, F= 4,580; ages 40–94 years (y); median 62 y) included normal volunteers and subjects with known diagnoses. Neuroradiologists detailed their findings using a structured reporting form, using only the scans included for research purposes. Scans were categorized normal, abnormal without follow‐up recommended, or abnormal with follow‐up recommended. Only the last category was considered to have a clinically relevant, unexpected abnormality and was referred for notification. Scanning staff and research personnel were also instructed to document concerns they noticed at the time of scanning, a common screening approach at other sites, usually followed by referral for expert reading. Scans were subcategorized and compared by presumptive abnormality type, both for the neuroradiologists and scanning staff. Result: Unexpected findings of potential clinical significance were discovered by neuroradiologists in 442/8,205 (5.4%) research volunteers ≥40 years. The most common abnormalities prompting follow‐up were vascular (204/439 (46%)), neoplastic (117/439 (27%), and inflammatory lesions (35/439 (8%)). Fewer than 2% of these 442 concerning abnormalities were prospectively reported by scanning staff, who most commonly flagged normal anatomic variants for further review. Conclusion: Five percent of research volunteers ≥40 years who undergo brain MRIs have an unexpected, potentially clinically significant finding reported by a neuroradiologist. Very few relevant abnormalities are detected using spontaneous reports by scanning staff. This result could be predicted based on personnel training and roles in research protocols. Our results clarify how often significant abnormalities may be missed if scans are not formally interpreted. Ideally, neuroradiologist review should be included in aging research protocols using brain MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The present study investigated the relationship between beta-amyloid (Aβ) and cognition in a late middle-aged cohort at risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods One eighty-four participants (mean age = 60; 72% parental history of AD) completed a [C-11]Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography scan and serial cognitive evaluations. A global measure of Aβ burden was calculated, and composite scores assessing learning, delayed memory, and executive functioning were computed. Results Higher Aβ was associated with classification of psychometric mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at follow-up ( P < .01). Linear mixed effects regression results indicated higher Aβ was associated with greater rates of decline in delayed memory ( P < .01) and executive functioning ( P < .05). Apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) ε4 status moderated the relationship between Aβ and cognitive trajectories ( P values <.01). Discussion In individuals at risk for AD, greater Aβ in late middle age is associated with increased likelihood of MCI at follow-up and steeper rates of cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been considered as a potentially early biomarker of late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). We sought to detect the pattern of age‐related CBF trajectories, and to investigate how these trajectories are affected by APOE, chromosomal sex, and cardiometabolic measurements. Method: From two ongoing longitudinal cohort studies—the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention and the Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center—we included 950 individuals (age range 40—89 years), who were cognitively unimpaired at their first visit. CBF was measured using pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling MRI. Demographic factors, APOE ɛ4 status, and cardiometabolic measurements were obtained during a clinic visit that included structured interviews, physical examinations, and blood sampling. We applied linear mixed‐effects models in our analyses, which focused on brain regions of relevance to AD. Result: During the follow‐up period (median 2.17 years, range 0.13—8.24 years), increasing age was significantly associated with decreasing CBF in total gray matter (β=‐1.54) (Figure, a), hippocampus (‐1.33), superior frontal gyrus (‐1.92), middle frontal gyrus (‐2.20), posterior cingulate (‐2.71), and precuneus (‐2.32), with all p‐values<0.01. A three‐way interactive effect of age, sex, and APOE ɛ4 allele was observed on CBF trajectories. That is, compared with male ɛ4 carriers, female ɛ4 carriers showed a faster decline in global and regional CBF with increasing age (Figure, c), whereas age‐related decline in CBF was similar between male and female ɛ4 non‐carriers (Figure, b). Worse cardiometabolic profile (i.e., increased systolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, and blood glucose) was associated with lower CBF at all the visits. When time‐varying cardiometabolic measurements were adjusted in the model, the synergistic effect of sex and APOE ɛ4 on age‐related CBF trajectories became largely attenuated. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that APOE genotype and sex interactively impact CBF trajectories across the lifespan, and that this effect may be partially explained by cardiometabolic alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS)-a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors-is linked with cognitive decline and dementia. However, the brain changes underlying this link are presently unknown. In this study, we tested the relationship between MetS, cerebral blood flow (CBF), white matter hyperintensity burden, and gray matter (GM) volume in cognitively healthy late middle-aged adults. Additionally, the extent to which MetS was associated with cognitive performance was assessed. Design and Methods Late middle-aged adults from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention ( N = 69, mean age = 60.4 years) underwent a fasting blood draw, arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI, T1-weighted MRI, T2FLAIR MRI, and neuropsychological testing. MetS was defined as abnormalities on three or more factors, including abdominal obesity, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, blood pressure, and fasting glucose. Results Mean GM CBF was 15% lower in MetS compared to controls. Voxel-wise image analysis indicated that the MetS group had lower CBF across a large portion of the cortical surface, with the exception of medial and inferior parts of the occipital and temporal lobes. The MetS group also had lower immediate memory function; a mediation analysis indicated this relationship was partially mediated by CBF. Among the MetS factors, abdominal obesity and elevated triglycerides were most strongly associated with lower CBF. Conclusions The results underscore the importance of reducing the number of cardiovascular risk factors for maintaining CBF and cognition in an aging population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient motion is a common challenge in the clinical setting and fast spin echo longitudinal relaxation time fluid attenuating inversion recovery imaging method with motion correction would be highly desirable. The motion correction provided by transverse relaxation time- and diffusion-weighted periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction methods has seen significant clinical adoption. However, periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction with fast spin echo longitudinal relaxation time fluid attenuating inversion recovery-weighting has proved challenging since motion correction requires wide blades that are difficult to acquire while also maintaining short echo train lengths that are optimal for longitudinal relaxation time fluid attenuating inversion recovery-weighting. Parallel imaging provides an opportunity to increase the effective blade width for a given echo train lengths. Coil-by-coil data-driven autocalibrated parallel imaging methods provide greater robustness in the event of motion compared to techniques relying on accurate coil sensitivity maps. However, conventional internally calibrated data-driven parallel imaging methods limit the effective acceleration possible for each blade. We present a method to share a single calibration dataset over all imaging blades on a slice by slice basis using the APPEAR non-Cartesian parallel imaging method providing an effective blade width increase of 2.45×, enabling robust motion correction. Results comparing the proposed technique to conventional Cartesian and periodically rotated overlapping parallel lines with enhanced reconstruction methods demonstrate a significant improvement during subject motion and maintaining high image quality when no motion is present in normal and clinical volunteers. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents research on the time-resolved contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. It tells that the magnetic resonance angiography of the brain presents challenges due to the need for rapid imaging and high spatial resolution. It discusses a technique that divides a single dose contrast into two injections. It says that the contrast kinetics in the technique demonstrates that the shorter bolus length for the first injection significantly improves arterial and venous separation.

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) offers MRI measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in vivo, and may offer clinical diagnostic utility in populations such as those with early Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the current study, we investigated the reliability and precision of a pseudo-continuous ASL (pcASL) sequence that was performed two or three times within one hour on eight young normal control subjects, and 14 elderly subjects including 11 with normal cognition, one with AD and two with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Six of these elderly subjects including one AD, two MCIs and three controls also received 15O-water positron emission tomography (PET) scans 2 h before their pcASL MR scan. The instrumental reliability of pcASL was evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The ICCs were greater than 0.90 in pcASL global perfusion measurements for both the young and the elderly groups. The cross-modality perfusion imaging comparison yielded very good global and regional agreement in global gray matter and the posterior cingulate cortex. Significant negative correlation was found between age and the gray/white matter perfusion ratio ( r = -0.62, p < 0.002). The AD and MCI patients showed the lowest gray/white matter perfusion ratio among all the subjects. The data suggest that pcASL provides a reliable whole brain CBF measurement in young and elderly adults whose results converge with those obtained with the traditional 15O-water PET perfusion imaging method. pcASL perfusion MRI offers an alternative method for non-invasive in vivo examination of early pathophysiological changes in AD. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To prospectively compare 0.1 mmol/kg doses of gadobenate dimeglumine and gadopentetate dimeglumine for contrast-enhanced MRI of brain lesions at 3 Tesla (T). Materials and Methods Forty-six randomized patients underwent a first examination with gadobenate dimeglumine (n = 23) or gadopentetate dimeglumine (n = 23) and then, after 2-7 days, a second examination with the other agent. Contrast administration (volume, rate), sequence parameters (T1wSE; T1wGRE), and interval between injection and image acquisition were identical for examinations in each patient. Three blinded neuroradiologists evaluated images qualitatively (lesion delineation, lesion enhancement, global preference) and quantitatively (lesion-to-brain ratio [LBR], contrast-to-noise ratio [CNR], % lesion enhancement). Differences were assessed using Wilcoxon's signed-rank test. Reader agreement was determined using kappa (κ) statistics. Results There were no demographic differences between groups. The three readers preferred gadobenate dimeglumine globally in 22 (53.7%), 21 (51.2%), and 27 (65.9%) patients, respectively, compared with 0, 1, and 0 patients for gadopentetate dimeglumine. Similar significant ( P < 0.001) preference was expressed for lesion border delineation and enhancement. Reader agreement was consistently good (κ = 0.48-0.64). Significantly ( P < 0.05) higher LBR (+43.5- 61.2%), CNR (+51.3-147.6%), and % lesion enhancement (+45.9-49.5%) was noted with gadobenate dimeglumine. Conclusion Brain lesion depiction at 3T is significantly improved with 0.1 mmol/kg gadobenate dimeglumine. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:760-767. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances have reduced scan time in three-dimensional fast spin echo (3D-FSE) imaging, including very long echo trains through refocusing flip angle (FA) modulation and 2D-accelerated parallel imaging. This work describes a method to modulate refocusing FAs that produces sharp point spread functions (PSFs) from very long echo trains while exercising direct control over minimum, center- k-space, and maximum FAs in order to accommodate the presence of flow and motion, SNR requirements, and RF power limits. Additionally, a new method for ordering views to map signal modulation from the echo train into k y- kz space that enables nonrectangular k-space grids and autocalibrating 2D-accelerated parallel imaging is presented. With long echo trains and fewer echoes required to encode large matrices, large volumes with high in- and through-plane resolution matrices may be acquired with scan times of 3-6 min, as demonstrated for volumetric brain, knee, and kidney imaging. Magn Reson Med 60:640-649, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the predicted increase in prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the coming decades, early detection and intervention in persons with the predementia condition known as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is of paramount importance. Recent years have seen remarkable advances in the application of neuroimaging and other biomarkers to the study of MCI. This article reviews the most recent developments in the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to characterize brain changes and to prognosticate clinical outcomes of patients with MCI. The review begins with description of methods and findings in structural MRI research, delineating findings regarding both gross atrophy and microstructural brain changes in MCI. Second, we describe the most recent findings regarding brain function in MCI, enumerating findings from functional MRI and brain perfusion studies. Third, we will make recommendations regarding the current clinical use of MRI in identification of MCI. As a conclusion, we will look to the future of neuroimaging as a tool in early AD detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]