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We examined the association between sociodemographic factors, views of vaccines as being an individual choice to protect oneself versus a collective choice to protect others, general vaccine hesitancy, and willingness to receive a COVID‐19 vaccine. In a sample of adults (N = 619; 33% non‐white), we showed that demographic factors explain significant variance in both vaccine hesitancy and willingness to receive a COVID‐19 vaccine. Viewing vaccines as an individual choice to protect oneself explained additional variance in vaccine hesitancy. However, people who viewed vaccines as a collective choice to protect others showed both less vaccine hesitancy and greater willingness to receive a COVID‐19 vaccine. These findings suggest that promoting prosocial attitudes about vaccinations may decrease vaccine hesitancy and increase vaccine uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphodiesterase‐5 (PDE5) is responsible for regulating the concentration of the second messenger molecule cGMP by hydrolyzing it into 5′‐GMP. PDE5 is implicated in erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. The substrate binding site in the catalytic domain of PDE5 is surrounded by several dynamic structural motifs (including the α14 helix, M‐loop, and H‐loop) that are known to switch between inactive and active conformational states via currently unresolved structural intermediates. We evaluated the conformational dynamics of these structural motifs in the apo state and upon binding of an allosteric inhibitor (evodiamine) or avanafil, a competitive inhibitor. We employed enhanced sampling‐based replica exchange solute scaling (REST2) method, principal component analysis (PCA), time‐lagged independent component analysis (tICA), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and well‐tempered metadynamics simulations to probe the conformational changes in these structural motifs. Our results support a regulatory mechanism for PDE5, where the α14 helix alternates between an inward (lower activity) conformation and an outward (higher activity) conformation that is accompanied by the folding/unfolding of the α8′ and α8″ helices of the H‐loop. When the allosteric inhibitor evodiamine is bound to PDE5, the inward (inactive) state of the α14 helix is preferred, thus preventing substrate access to the catalytic site. In contrast, competitive inhibitors of PDE5 block catalysis by occupying the active site accompanied by stabilization of the outward conformation of the α14 helix. Defining the conformational dynamics underlying regulation of PDE5 activation will be helpful in rational design of next‐generation small molecules modulators of PDE5 activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the relations between disruptions experienced by young adults in the US during the COVID‐19 pandemic and their psychological adjustment. An online sample (N = 180, Mage = 24.8) reported on the impact of the pandemic on their living arrangements, work status, and finances; their psychological adjustment overall and with specific reference to the pandemic; and whether they lived alone and, if living with others, there were children in the home. Results indicated a moderate association between financial strain and poor overall adjustment and a small association between job‐related problems and sleep disruption. Women experienced negative effects of pandemic‐related disruptions on their adjustment. Men were particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of financial strain. The results show the negative psychological effects of disruptions brought about by the COVID‐19 pandemic on young adults' mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the Annals of Neurology discusses a case of Miyazaki syndrome, a rare complication of cerebrospinal fluid over-drainage through ventricular-peritoneal shunts. The patient experienced progressive neurological symptoms, including myelopathy, due to spinal cord compression from epidural venous engorgement. Timely recognition and treatment, such as shunt revision and adjusting valve pressure, can significantly improve patient outcomes. This case underscores the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate management of Miyazaki syndrome to enhance patient quality of life. [Extracted from the article]

Smartphones are a ubiquitous part of many people's lives, but little is known about their impact on everyday thought processes. Here we introduce the spontaneous smartphone checking scale (SSCS)—which measures the tendency to direct attention toward one's smartphone, unpreceded by external prompts (e.g., notifications, or alerts) and with no specific conscious goal in mind, as a parallel to mind‐wandering directed toward internal thoughts. The SSCS showed good psychometric properties and construct validity. It separated from measures of daydreaming and mind‐wandering by not loading on dimensions related to self‐consciousness, reflection, and rumination, but instead loading highly on a factor associated with other aspects of digital communication and concerns about public appearance on social media. This suggests that spontaneous smartphone checking serves different mental and social functions than internally generated spontaneous thought processes. We discuss possible long‐term effects of spontaneous smartphone checking taking up time for internally generated spontaneous thoughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) in developing countries have limited access to appropriate laboratory facilities for diagnosis and follow‐up. The aim of this study is to evaluate steroid measurement in hair as a diagnostic tool to identify and monitor CAH in these patients. Design: A method was developed to measure steroids in hair, the stability of steroids in hair was assessed, and the concentration range in healthy volunteers was determined. Hair samples of patients, before and after starting therapy, were transported at ambient temperature to The Netherlands for analysis. Patients: Twenty‐two Indonesian CAH patients and 84 healthy volunteers participated. Measurements: Cortisol, 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), androstenedione, and testosterone in hair were measured by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Steroids in hair could be measured and remained stable (<4.9% deviation) for at least 3 weeks at 4°C and 30°C. In each of the untreated patients, hair concentrations of 17OHP (9.43–1135 pmol/g), androstenedione (36.1–432 pmol/g), and testosterone (2.85–69.2 pmol/g) were all above the upper limit of the corresponding range in healthy volunteers; 5.5 pmol/g, 13 pmol/g, and 1.8 pmol/g, respectively. After starting glucocorticoid treatment, the steroid concentrations in the hair of CAH patients decreased significantly for androstenedione (73%) and testosterone (59%) after 6 months. Conclusions: CAH could be confirmed in Indonesian patients based on the concentration of 17OHP, androstenedione, and testosterone in hair, and a treatment effect was observed. These findings open up opportunities to diagnose and/or monitor CAH in developing countries with a simple noninvasive technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biologic is a therapeutic agent with biological activity that is administered to achieve an enhanced regenerative or reparative effect. The use of biologics has progressively become a core component of contemporary periodontal practice. However, some questions remain about their safety, indications, and effectiveness in specific clinical scenarios. Given their availability for routine clinical use and the existing amount of related evidence, the goal of this American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) best evidence consensus (BEC) was to provide a state‐of‐the‐art, evidence‐based perspective on the therapeutic application of autologous blood‐derived products (ABPs), enamel matrix derivative (EMD), recombinant human platelet‐derived growth factor BB (rhPDGF‐BB), and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP‐2). A panel of experts with extensive knowledge on the science and clinical application of biologics was convened. Three systematic reviews covering the areas of periodontal plastic surgery, treatment of infrabony defects, and alveolar ridge preservation/reconstruction and implant site development were conducted a priori and provided the foundation for the deliberations. The expert panel debated the merits of published data and exchanged experiential information to formulate evidence‐based consensus statements and recommendations for clinical practice and future research. Based on an analysis of the current evidence and expert opinion, the panel concluded that the appropriate use of biologics in periodontal practice is generally safe and provides added benefits to conventional treatment approaches. However, therapeutic benefits and risks range based on the specific biologics used as well as patient‐related local and systemic factors. Given the limited evidence available for some indications (e.g., gingival augmentation therapy, alveolar ridge preservation/reconstruction, and implant site development), future clinical studies that can expand the knowledge base on the clinical use of biologics in periodontal practice are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The autogenous connective tissue graft (CTG) with coronally advanced flap (CTG+CAF) is the "gold standard" for recession defect coverage; however, researchers continue to pursue lower morbidity, more convenient and unlimited supply harvest graft substitutes, including those that could provide soft tissue volume augmentation.Methods: A randomized, controlled, double-masked comparison of a volume-stable collagen matrix (VCMX) versus CTG was conducted at four clinical investigation sites. Single, contralateral, within patient matched-pair, RT1 recession defects were treated with VCMX+CAF (test) and CTG+CAF (control). The primary efficacy end point was percent root coverage at 6 months. Secondary efficacy end points included clinical measures such as soft tissue volume, attachment level, and keratinized tissue width. Patient-reported outcomes included measures such as discomfort, esthetics, and overall satisfaction; 6-month end point results were followed for 1 year.Results: Thirty patients received control and test therapies, and all patients were available for follow-up measures. Average percent root coverage for CTG+CAF was 90.5% ± 14.87% versus 70.7% ± 28.26% for VCMX+CAF, P <0.0001. Both therapies produced significant soft tissue volume increases (84.8 ± 47.43 mm3 control versus 48.90 ± 35.58 mm3 test, P = 0.0006). The test, harvest graft substitute produced less postoperative pain and was preferred by patients at the 6-month end point. All other end point measures were not significantly different.Conclusions: VCMX+CAF root coverage was inferior to CTG+CAF but produced less morbidity and was preferred by patients. Case/patient selection and surgical technique appear key to achieving successful results with the harvest graft alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of implementing collaborative innovation, a range of digitally enabled infrastructures impact core organizational activities. Automotive manufacturing is one such industry where competitors now openly collaborate, facilitated through new technologies, in an effort to enhance collective innovation systems. We conducted a longitudinal case study of the first open innovation network in the German automotive industry to determine how online and offline channels interact to fuel firms' joint search for external ideas. Delving into the physical, virtual and cognitive enablers of collaborative innovation, our findings suggest that, while online platforms can help to facilitate knowledge sharing processes that promote collaborative innovation, firms implementing digitally enabled collaborative ideation need to develop additional mechanisms based on stronger offline interactions. As such, our findings contribute to a better understanding of how online technologies can facilitate knowledge sharing processes to enhance collaborative innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to prior work, persistent goal pursuit is a continuous process where persisting is a matter of resisting the urge to give up. In everyday goals, however, persistence is often episodic, and its causes are more complex. People pause and resume pursuit many times. Whether people persist reflects more than will power and motivation, it also reflects the other goals they pursue, their resources, and the attentional demands of daily life. People can fail to persist not just because they gave up, but also because they failed to act. We propose a general model of persistence that accommodates the complexity of episodic goals. We argue that persistent goal pursuit is a function of three processes: resisting the urge to give up, recognizing opportunities for pursuit, and returning to pursuit. The broad factors that help and hurt persistence can be organized within these components. These components can also explain the mechanisms of four effective strategies for persistence: removing distractions, using reminders, using implementation intentions, and forming habits. The recognizing‐resisting‐returning model integrates and improves on extant theories of persistence and goal pursuit and is consistent with empirical work from laboratory and naturalistic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the effects of running with/without the use of pain killers on urinary neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (uNGAL) and other parameters of kidney function in recreational runners. Methods: Participants of the 10‐ and 21.1‐km Weir Venloop race were enrolled and their urine samples collected before and after the run. Urine dipstick and other conventional tests used to assess kidney function were performed. The presence of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and/or paracetamol was assessed by LC‐MS/MS. uNGAL was measured with a two‐step chemiluminescent immunoassay. Results: NSAIDs/analgesics were detected in urine of 5 (14.4%) 10‐km runners and 13 (28.9%) 21.1‐km runners. Only half‐marathon participants showed significant increases in uNGAL (pre: 11.7 [7.1‐34.3] ng/mL; post: 33.4 [17.4‐50.4] ng/mL; P =.0038). There was a significant effect of NSAID/analgesic use on uNGAL increase (F2, 76 = 4.210, P =.004). Post hoc tests revealed that uNGAL increased significantly in runners who tested positive for ibuprofen/naproxen compared to runners who did not use any medications (P =.045) or those who tested positive for paracetamol (P =.033). Running distance had a significant influence on the increase in uNGAL (F1, 53 = 4.741, P <.05), specific gravity (F1, 60 = 9.231, P <.01), urinary creatinine (F1, 61 = 10.574, P <.01), albumin (F1, 59 = 4.888, P <.05), and development of hematuria (χ2(4) = 18.44, P =.001). Conclusions: Running distance and use of ibuprofen/naproxen were identified as risk factors for uNGAL increase in recreational runners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercially available wearable devices are marketed as a means of objectively capturing daily sleep easily and inexpensively outside of the laboratory. Two ecological momentary assessment studies—with 120 older adolescents (aged 18–19) and 395 younger adolescents (aged 10–16)—captured nightly self‐reported and wearable (Jawbone) recorded sleep duration. Self‐reported and wearable recorded daily sleep duration were moderately correlated (r ~ .50), associations which were stronger on weekdays and among young adolescent boys. Older adolescents self‐reported sleep duration closely corresponded with estimates from the wearable device, but younger adolescents reported having an hour more of sleep, on average, compared to device estimates. Self‐reported, but not wearable‐recorded, sleep duration and quality were consistently associated with daily well‐being measures. Suggestions for the integration of commercially available wearable devices into future daily research with adolescents are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Even when laboratory results at first match with clinical assessment, assay interference should still be on a clinician's mind when later results no longer fit with the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediation analysis is a popular framework for identifying underlying mechanisms in social psychology. In the context of simple mediation, we review and discuss the implications of three facets of mediation analysis: (a) conceptualization of the relations between the variables, (b) statistical approaches, and (c) relevant elements of design. We also highlight the issue of equivalent models that are inherent in simple mediation. The extent to which results are meaningful stem directly from choices regarding these three facets of mediation analysis. We conclude by discussing how mediation analysis can be better applied to examine causal processes, highlight the limits of simple mediation, and make recommendations for better practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the causes of psychiatric disorders are not fully understood, it is well established that mental illness originates from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. In this regard, compelling evidence demonstrates that depression can be the consequence of altered, and often maladaptive, response to adversities during pre- and early post-natal life. In this study, we investigated the impact of chronic maternal separation (MS) on the expression of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF) in serotonin transporter (SERT) knockout rats in the ventral and dorsal hippocampus as well as the ventromedial and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (PFC). We found that both SERT deletion and the MS led to an overall reduction in Bdnf expression in the ventral hippocampus and the ventromedial PFC, whereas in the dorsal hippocampus and in the dorsomedial PFC, we observed a significant increase in the neurotrophin gene expression after MS exposure, specifically in the heterozygous SERT rats. In summary, we show that the modulation of Bdnf expression in SERT mutant rats exposed to MS reflects the complex functional consequences of this gene-environment interaction with a clear distinction between the ventral and the dorsal subfields of the hippocampus and of the PFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reintroductions are a common strategy to restore ecosystem integrity, especially when top predators are involved. Reintroductions are often time consuming, expensive, and controversial, and thus understanding what aspects are important for a successful program is needed. Focusing on the example of the reintroduction of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) to Colorado, we investigated how different release protocols (RP) affected mortality within the first year post-release. We found that average monthly mortality in the study area during the first year decreased with time in captivity from 0.205 (95% CI = 0.069, 0.475) for lynx having spent up to 7 days in captivity to 0.028 (95% CI = 0.012, 0.064) for lynx spending >45 days in captivity before release. Our results also suggest that keeping lynx in captivity beyond 5-6 weeks accrued little benefit in terms of monthly survival. We found that, on a monthly average basis, lynx were as likely to move out (P = 0.196, SE = 0.032) as well as back onto (P = 0.143, SE = 0.034) the reintroduction area during the first year after release. Mortality was 1.6 times greater outside of the study area, suggesting that permanent emigration and differential mortality rates on and off reintroduction areas should be factored into sample size calculations for an effective reintroduction effort. A post-release monitoring plan is critical to providing information to assess aspects of RP and to improve survival of individuals. Future lynx and other carnivore reintroductions may use our results to help design reintroduction programs including both the release and post-release monitoring protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Brief Sensation Seeking Scale (BSSS-8) in both English and Spanish with Latinos, the fastest-growing minority group in the United States, and the correlation between sensation seeking and tobacco and alcohol use. Design Cross-sectional survey, computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI). Setting Dallas and Houston, Texas. Participants A total of 789 Latinos participated in this study. Participants were currently in the work-force, not enrolled in college, and between the ages of 18 and 30 years. Measurements Participants completed a self-report questionnaire (in either English or Spanish) consisting of items measuring tobacco and alcohol use as well as the eight-item Brief Sensation Seeking Scale. Findings and conclusions For English-speaking Latino participants, the BSSS factor structure was second-order unidimensional and correlated positively with life-time cigarette use, intention to smoke in the future and amount and frequency of alcohol consumption. For Spanish-speaking Latino participants, a four-subfactor solution for the BSSS provided the best fit to the data although correlations between the four subscales and cigarette use were small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the special issue of Journal of Personality on personality and self-regulation. The goal of the issue is to illustrate and inspire research that integrates personality and process-oriented accounts of self-regulation. The article begins by discussing the trait perspective on self-regulation—distinguishing between temperament and personality accounts—and the information-processing perspective. Three approaches to integrating these perspectives are then presented. These range from methodological approaches, in which constructs representing the two perspectives are examined in integrated statistical models, to conceptual approaches, in which the two perspectives are unified in a holistic theoretical model of self-regulation. The article concludes with an overview of the special issue contributions, which are organized in four sections: broad, integrative models of personality and self-regulation; models that examine the developmental origins of self-regulation and self-regulatory styles; focused programs of research that concern specific aspects or applications of self-regulation; and strategies for increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of self-regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]