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Aim: Parents of children born preterm have identified outcomes to be measured for audit and research at 18-24 months of age: child well-being, quality of life/function, socio-emotional/behavioural outcomes, respiratory, feeding, sleeping, and caregiver mental health. The aim was to identify the best tools to measure these seven domains. Methods: Seven working groups completed literature reviews and evaluated potential tools to measure these outcomes in children aged 18-24 months. A group of experts and parents voted on the preferred tools in a workshop and by questionnaire. Consensus was 80% agreement. Results: Consensus was obtained for seven brief, inexpensive, parent friendly valid measures available in English or French for use in a minimum dataset and potential alternative measures for use in funded research. Conclusion: Valid questionnaires and tools to measure parent-identified outcomes in young preterm children exist. This study will facilitate research and collection of data important to families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opals are naturally occurring hydrous silica materials (SiO2*nH2O), characterized by different degrees of crystallinity and crystal structure. Because of their optical properties, opals have been largely used in jewelry and as decorative elements in artworks. For this reason, a complete characterization and a provenance study of this kind of materials is mandatory in order both to avoid frauds and to reconstruct ancient and modern trade routes of gems. In this work, we present a combined spectroscopic (Raman, FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) investigation of nine opals from the main deposits around the world (Australia, Madagascar, Slovakia, Mexico, Honduras and Ethiopia). Four of these samples are the rare and precious fire opals, characterized by an intense red-orange color. Ethiopia, Honduras and Mexico opals showed spectra and diffraction patterns typical of Opal-CT, generally associated to volcanic genesis, while Australia, Madagascar and Slovakia opals are Opal-A type, associated to sedimentary origin. Unexpectedly the fire opal from Brazil behaves as a CT one. The presence of CO2 was detected only in the latter group, and exceptionally in the Honduras sample; FTIR-FPA imaging showed carbon dioxide to be homogeneously distributed inside the gems. Opals-CT are CO2-free and give much more complex FT-IR spectra in the NIR region where H2O combination modes occur. The obtained results are discussed in terms of relevance of the above experimental techniques for geosourcing opals, and contribute to increase the database of the chemical-physical properties of opals. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the archaeological Khmer complex (Cambodia), an unusual black patina covering both the exterior and interior walls of the Neang Khmau temple, has been observed during a recent conservative survey. In fact, it is present over all the four facades of the temple, covers a relevant part of the vertical surfaces protected from rainfall and is also homogeneously distributed on the interior of the monument. The upper and the lower areas show, on the contrary, a relevant lichen growth. The temple was built by using laterite bricks, a natural material common in tropical areas as a weathering product of pre-existing rocks. A preliminary investigation on the patina samples together with ecological considerations excluded a biological origin of the black alteration, thus prompting a more detailed study. In this work, we have investigated the physico-chemical origin of this unusual patina by identifying its mineralogical and chemical composition. Raman and FTIR spectroscopies, SEM-EDS, micro-XRF and XRPD have been applied to characterize the alteration products. Analyses have been performed both on single fragments and on polished cross sections collected from all four temple facades and from one area in the temple interior. Optical observations of the cross sections have evidenced irregularities in the thickness of the patina. Raman and FTIR spectra have revealed that the black layers are mainly composed of manganese minerals (hollandite, romanechite and manganite). This peculiar alteration pattern is interpreted as because of the tropical climatic conditions of Cambodia. Indeed the variation of wet and dry seasons favours the migration of iron and manganese ions and their successive immobilization in regions not directly subject to leaching. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper some colored frames coming from the very popular cinematographic film Sardinian Drummer Boy, dating back to the beginning of the XX century, were analyzed. The presence in the emulsion of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are formed thanks to the impression-development mechanism, confers to the cinematographic film the characteristic of being an efficient Surface Enhancement Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) substrate. This peculiarity makes it possible to investigate, in a non-invasive way, the nature of the film components, such as the dyes used for the coloring process. In particular, Raman analyses allowed the unambiguous identification of the dyes used in tinted frames, i.e. tartrazine and safranin, in which the colorant is absorbed by the gelatin, and in toned frames, i.e. Rhodamine B, where the dye is fixed thanks to the formation of an insoluble species with AgI obtained by conversion of metallic silver. This second case is of particular interest to evaluate the possibility to identify the dye even when it is present as a silver iodide derivative. For this purpose an AgI-colorant derivative has been prepared and its SERS spectrum compared with that obtained on the film sheet. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this case report, the authors describe the cytological features of a primary Merkel cell carcinoma of the parotid gland and discuss how the diagnosis was confirmed with immunocytochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a guidance for clinicians on the genetics of inherited predispositions related to colorectal polyps. Topics include Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC), and a study by Al Tassan and colleagues on a family with multiple adenomas which led to the identification of MUTYH gene as being the responsible for a new form of adenomatous polyposis.

Four different lithotypes of rock gathered from stone monuments and natural outcrops in Temperate and Mediterranean bioclimates, with endolithic microorganism colonization (cyanobacteria, fungi, and lichens), have been analysed by Raman spectroscopy. Endolithic microorganisms can penetrate actively into the rocks giving rise to biodeterioration phenomena. Often the biological origin of these deterioration phenomena is not recognized and confused with abiotic damages. The aim of this work is to identify by Raman spectroscopy the endolithic traces on stones, due to current or past biological colonization. The Raman spectra show the presence of bio-markers characteristic of the strategy adopted by microorganisms against strong UV-radiation and dry conditions, such as scytonemin, anthraquinone compounds, and carotenoids. Moreover, we have identified different geo-markers such as goethite and lepidocrocite because of the mobilization of iron by lichen metabolic activity. Importantly, we have identified for the first time by Raman spectroscopy, traces of endolithic microorganisms on stone monuments located in Temperate and Mediterranean bioclimate, where extreme climate conditions are not foreseen. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The factors that impact quality of life in acne patient are not fully understood. Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between quality of life with (i) acne severity; (ii) the duration of this cutaneous disease; and (iii) the gender. Methods Leeds scale to quantify acne severity, and Assessment of the Psychological and Social Effects of Acne (APSEA) score to evaluate quality of life were used. An unselected consecutive group of 50 males and 50 females affected by facial acne filled in the APSEA questionnaire during the first visit and after 3 months of treatment. Results (i) At the beginning of the treatment, APSEA score correlated with acne severity, but at the end of it, the reduction of APSEA score was less marked than the reduction of acne severity. (ii) Acne duration does not significantly influence APSEA score. (iii) Before treatment, acne severity was comparable between females and males, whereas APSEA score was significantly higher in females than in males. Conclusion The quality life of acne patients could be influenced by social and emotional factors. The discrepancy of the results reported in literature regarding the correlation of the quality of life with acne severity and duration probably depends on the sensitivity and specificity of the questionnaire used to assess the quality of life. Among the different available scores to measure quality of life in acne patients, in the authors' experience, APSEA score is a valuable one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Nowadays, aesthetic appearance is receiving more and more attention from clinicians and patients. Therefore, it is of paramount importance for the surgeon to maintain or to improve the quality and the stability of the soft tissue-implant interface. The scientific literature supports the idea that the immediate placement and provisionalization of endosseus implants and abutments can indeed offer additional clinical control over the peri-implant tissue architecture. On this basis, this prospective study aims to evaluate the changes in soft tissues around immediately loaded dental implants in full-arch rehabilitations, over a period of 3 months. Materials and methods Fifteen subjects were treated for immediate full-arch rehabilitations. Following implant placement, provisional rehabilitations made of bisphenol-A-glycidyldimethacrylate ( BIS- GMA) and resin were placed. All records were made using a periodontal probe. The facial soft-tissue level was measured evaluating the distance between the soft-tissue margin and the incisal edge of the crown. Moreover, papilla levels were measured at the mesial and distal sites from a reference line connecting the occlusal edge of the crowns. Results The average value at the mesial site was −0.035 mm (±1, median 0 mm), while at the midfacial site, it was 0 mm (±0.76, median 0 mm) and at the distal site, −0.05 mm (±0.92, median 0 mm). The plaque score index showed a reduction during the follow-up period. Discussion Our data indicate that no differences at the midfacial point were detectable over the observation period. This is in agreement with several studies; it is plausible that these results are linked to a correct position of the implant in the alveolar socket. Moreover, comparing our results with what has been reported by other authors, it is surprising that while other studies highlight that papilla loss at the mesial and distal aspect is an expected consequence of immediate implant restorations, our data do not show any changes. The explanation of these results remains unclear. Further studies are needed to support our data and to clarify what mechanisms are involved in the maintenance of soft tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Over the years, several modifications have been made to the sinus augmentation technique and to the materials used. However, there is still controversy about the need for using a barrier concurrently with a graft in sinus augmentation procedures. On this basis, the aim of this randomized clinical study was to investigate the effect of resorbable collagen membrane over the osteotomy window on maxillary sinus augmentation healing. Materials and methods Patients who required maxillary sinus augmentation were evaluated and selected to enter the study. After maxillary sinus grafting, each patient was randomly assigned to control (membrane over the osteotomy window) or test (no membrane) group. After 6 months, one bone biopsy was harvested from the lateral window and sent to the histology laboratory. The Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used for comparing the two groups. P-value was set at 5%. Results Eighteen patients entered the study and were randomly allocated in control (nine patients) or test group (nine patients). The histomorphometric measurements revealed that newly formed bone was 30.7% ± 15.5% of the total volume from the membrane group (control). The average percentage of connective tissue was 50.6% ± 18.7% and residual graft percentage was 18.4% ± 20.3%. On the other hand, data regarding the nonmembrane group (test) showed that the percentage of newly formed bone was 28.1% ± 19.4%. The mean percentage of connective tissues was 59.3% ± 15.4% and 12.6% ± 12.4% for the residual graft particles. No significant difference was detected in the histomorphometrical evaluation between the two groups. Discussion Our results showed that, compared with sites not covered, the use of the membrane did not substantially increase the amount of vital bone over a period of 6 months. On the other hand, the use of membrane seems to reduce the proliferation of the connective tissue and the graft re-absorption rate. It is plausible that blood supply of maxillary sinus can play a role in such a result. Further studies are needed to explore whether the use of membrane could really be advantageous for the sinus augmentation procedure and to evaluate what influence this method can have on the amount and quality of reconstructed bone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to evaluate the characteristics and the topography of a new implant surface. Titanium discs were manufactured using master alloy powder (Ti-6Al-4V) with a particle size of 25-45 µm as the basic material (Leader Implants, Milan, Italy). We acquired images in three different dimensional ranges of decreasing dimensions: 30 (dimensional class A), 10 (dimensional class B), and 5 µm2 (dimensional class C). For each dimensional range, we collected five (dimensional classes A and B) to ten (dimensional classes C) different images, belonging both to the center and to the edge of the slide Results In dimensional class A, implant surface showed an average roughness value ( Ra) of 0.6 µm, whereas the root mean square roughness ( Rrms) value was 0.78 µm. In the dimensional class B, value of Ra was 133.4 µm and value of Rrms was 161.7 µm. Finally, at a smaller level as in dimensional class C, value of Ra was 68.5 µm and Rrms was 81.05 µm. Moreover, the peak to peak value was 369.5 µm and the average height value was 187.3 µm Discussion The surface which results from direct laser fabrication process has an ideal nano-roughness to enhance protein adsorption and to facilitate precursor osteoblast adhesion. In conclusion, direct laser forming surface seems to be a promising technique for forming dental implants from titanium alloys. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, data collected from the wall fresco paintings of room 114, called the ' Sala delle maschere', of the Domus Aurea in Rome is analysed. The chemical composition of the efflorescence is investigated by infrared spectroscopy. The colour palette is determined by means of EDXRF, Raman spectroscopy and visible reflectance spectroscopy. EDXRF has allowed an extensive mapping of the elements present in the pigments and plaster; whilst in-situ Raman spectroscopy has been determinant for attributing the molecular composition of the pigments in a number of doubtful cases. Most pigments identified are typical of Imperial Roman fresco paintings (first to fourth centuries AD) (Ward-Perkins 1981); more interestingly, we found evidence of fragments painted with Egyptian blue, which was normally used mostly in official rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cite this article: Int J Dent Hygiene 10, 2012; 284-289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2010.00493.x Genovesi AM, Ricci M, Marchisio O, Covani U.Periodontal dressing may influence the clinical outcome of non surgical periodontal treatment: a split-mouth study. Abstract: Introduction: After scaling and root planning (SRP), healing induces the formation of a junctional long epithelium rather than a new connective attachment. We hypothesize that the placement of a periodontal dressing will be able to prevent detachment of coagulum inducing proper healing and improving periodontal parameters. Materials and methods: This split-mouth study included 30 patients with periodontitis with ages ranging from 35 to 70 years. Probing pocket depth (PD), probing attachment level (PAL), bleeding on probing index (BoP) and plaque index (PI) were assessed before and after therapy. The group of patients received SRP in a span of 24 h. Then, a periodontal dressing was applied on the test side and it was removed after 1 week. Results: Control group: The difference between PD values at baseline and after therapy was 1.6 ± 0.6 mm. The difference in PAL (ΔPAL) measurement was 1.4 ± 0.4. Test group: there was a greater PD reduction, this being 2.4 ± 0.6 mm on average. The difference in PAL was 2.5 ± 0.4 mm. Conclusions: Our results clearly suggest that the use of a periodontal dressing improves the periodontal parameters after an SRP procedure. This is probably due to clot stabilization and prevention of bacterial colonization during wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterization and conservation of materials used in contemporary art are a big challenge for scientists and restorers because of the huge variability and the large heterogeneity of their use and compositions. The aim of this work is to contribute to the knowledge of the composition of new materials extensively applied in contemporary artworks, namely the marker pen inks. Marker pen inks represent a serious problem for restorers as they fade in a few years, changing colour and shade. Moreover, they are often soluble in the commonly used solvents. This research is performed in collaboration with the Fondazione Federico Fellini, owner of more than 500 original drawings of the famous movie director - most of them realised by marker pens. In this work, we report, for the first time, Raman spectra of marker pen original and 'laboratory' drawings. Studies of the 'laboratory' samples have been complemented by thin layer chromatography in order to separate the complex colouring mixture into its individual components. Raman spectra of yellow, orange and red standard samples of two consumer and two professional brands have been recorded and identified. A comparison among old and new marker pen inks composition is discussed, and inferences are drawn about the brand likely used in the two originals. Interestingly, we notice that food additives are often used as colour agents in marker pen inks and report here their standard Raman spectra. This study puts into evidence the need for a reliable standard database of pigments and dyes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of a Raman spectroscopic study of the cloisonne' and basse-taille enamels, which beautify two Byzantine style bindings from the Marciana Library (Venice), namely the Lat. III,111 and the MsGR.I.53 codexes, are presented in this work. The first binding dates back to the 13th century and was subject to an early restoration work in the 14th century, when new enamels substituted four originals. The second binding, from the 15th century, shows a lower number of enamels, all originals, and with a larger color palette. The white and yellow enamels of both codexes were successfully characterized and the red ones, where hematite was not used. Interestingly the white and yellow color of the 13th century enamels of the Lat. III,111 codex has been obtained by an ancient technique of the glass technology, which was already obsolete in the 13th century, and is based on the use of calcium antimonate and Naples yellow. The white color in the other binding's enamels have been instead obtained by using cassiterite, according to the tradition of the time. Cassiterite was also mixed to Naples yellow in the enamels of the MsGR.I.53 codex, to change the yellow hue. The identification of agents determining some colors is instead uncertain or not feasible by Raman spectroscopy. The transparency of the 14th century enamels of the Lat. III,111 codex has allowed the comparison of metal degradation below the enamels and in regions exposed to the atmosphere. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: After a tooth extraction, the height of the buccal wall tends to decrease. The literature indicates that regenerative techniques (guided bone regenerative [GBR] techniques) have succeeded in improving the bone levels. Therefore, this experiment set out to compare the physiological bone remodelling in Beagle dog models after implant placement in a fresh extraction socket, with and without the application of regenerative procedure. Materials and methods: Five dogs were used in this study. Test and control sites were randomly selected. The experimental teeth (fourth pre-molar and first molar) were hemi-sected removing the distal roots and placing implants. Porcine bone was placed to fill the gap around the implant on the test sites and a reabsorbable membrane was used to cover the area. The dogs were put down at different times (2 weeks, 1 month and 3 months). The measurements were taken immediately and at 2, 4, 12 weeks after implant placement. Student's test for paired data was used to compare the means of the clinical measurements. Results: At 2 weeks: On the control sites, few signs of resorption were detected at the first molar only, while at the test sites bone levels were placed at the implant shoulder or above. At 4 weeks: On the control site, slight bone remodelling was observed, while on the test site minor signs of resorption or an increase of bone levels were detected. At 12 weeks: The alveolar crest on the control sites showed various degrees of remodelling. On the test sites stable bone levels or an increase of bone crest was observed. Conclusion: With the limits of this study, the findings showed that GBR techniques were able to limit resorption of the alveolar crest after tooth extraction. A pattern of bone remodelling after tooth extraction and implant placement was observed in the control sites (no GBR) as well as in test sites (GBR), and although the exact cause of this is unclear, surgical trauma could play a role. Further studies are necessary to confirm these results and to clarify the precise causes of bone remodelling in fresh extraction sockets. To cite this article: Barone A, Ricci M, Calvo-Guirado JL, Covani U. Bone remodelling after regenerative procedures around implants placed in fresh extraction sockets: an experimental study in the Beagle dogs. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 2011; 1131-1137 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.02084.x [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tooth extraction is followed by marked osseous changes of the residual alveolar ridge including severe bone alterations both in height and in width. However, such remodelling could jeopardize the subsequent implant insertion for two main reasons. Firstly, the absence of adequate bone levels makes implant placement impossible; secondly, aesthetic problems in the fabrication of implanto‐supported restoration could be caused by serious bone re‐absorption. Thus, it is of crucial importance that the dental surgeon knows how the alveolar crest changes when a single tooth has been removed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of alveolar crest remodelling observed in a single intercalated area of tooth extraction after at least a period of 6 months of healing, using standardized photos of model casts. Material and methods: Among the patients who were treated for a single intercalated tooth extraction during the last 2 years at the department of dentistry at Versilia Hospital, Lido di Camaiore (Lucca), Italy, we selected 50 patients. The amount of alveolar crest remodelling was assessed on standardized photos of study models. All measurement were recorded on an Excel sheet (Excel, Windows XP®) and each value was multiplied by the enlargement index so that true values of re‐absorption could be obtained. Finally, we have calculated the percentage of amount of alveolar crest remodelling and shifting of alveolar crest. Results: We calculated the percentage of buccal remodelling and alveolar crest shift. The buccal re‐absorption was 19.4±9.4% at mesial point, 39.1±10.4% at midpoint and 20.3±10.7% at distal level. Moreover, the shift of the alveolar crest was 59.1±11.2% at mesial point, 64.8±10.5% at the midpoint and 56±12.5% at distal point. Conclusions: This study confirmed that buccal wall tends to re‐absorb after the extraction according to a specific pattern. Thus, the re‐absorption at the midpoint represent the double of bone loss at the distal and the mesial points. Furthermore, we have observed first how the alveolar crest shifts placing along the more lingual/palatal line which divides the original alveolar crest into three parts. To cite this article: 
Covani U, Ricci M, Bozzolo G, Mangano F, Zini A, Barone A. Analysis of the pattern of the alveolar ridge remodelling following single tooth extraction.
Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 22, 2011; 820–825
doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.02060.x [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatile fraction of Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) Stirt. was isolated by steam distillation from fresh aerial tissues and analysed by GC and GC-MS. Leaves from six accessions collected in central and south Italy and flowers from a single accession were used in this investigation. The yield in essential oil from the leaves and flowers was 0.1-0.3% and 0.2% of fresh material, respectively. A wide range in volatile quantitative composition was detected. Alcohols and sesquiterpenes were identified as the major compounds in both types of tissue samples. The former constituted 36.6-62.3% of the total leaf oil and 53.0% of the flower oil; the latter, 18.1-31.5% of the leaf oil and 13.7% of the leaf oil and 13.7% of the flower oil. Hydrocarbons (4.3-9.1% in leaves, 7.6% in flowers), phenolics (4.3-7.8% in leaves, 2.6% in flowers), furanocoumarins (3.0-4.7% in leaves, 4.9% in flowers) and monoterpenes (1.4-2.9% in leaves, 1.9% in flowers) were also detected. Aldehydes, sulphurated compounds, esters, acids and miscellaneous compounds, together constituting 1.1-5.1% in the leaves and 4.7% in the flowers, were also identified and quantified in lower amount. The presence of furanocoumarins, phenol derivatives and sulphurated compounds were detected for the first time in the volatile oil from this species. A possible relationship between volatile chemical composition and the characteristic, strong 'oil' odour of this species is discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spermatozoon fibrous sheath contains longitudinal columns and circumferential ribs. It surrounds the axoneme of the principal piece of the mammalian sperm tail, and may be important in sperm stability and motility. Here we describe its assembly during spermiogenesis in a marsupial, the brush-tail possum, and compare its structural organization with that of eutherian mammals, birds and reptiles. Transmission electron microscopy showed that possum fibrous sheath assembly is a multistep process extending in a distal-to-proximal direction along the axoneme from steps 4 to 14 of spermiogenesis. For the most part, assembly of the longitudinal columns occurs before that of the circumferential ribs. Immunohistochemical and immunogold labelling showed that fibrous sheath proteins are first present in the spermatid cytoplasm; at least some of the proteins of the sheath precursors differ from those in the mature fibrous sheath. That immunoreactivity develops after initiation of chromatin condensation suggests that fibrous sheath proteins, or their mRNAs, are stored within the spermatid cytoplasmic lobule prior to their assembly along the axoneme. These findings are similar to those in laboratory rats, and thus suggests that the mode of fibrous sheath assembly evolved in a common ancestor over 125 million years ago, prior to the divergence of marsupial and eutherian lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: This paper presents the findings of a staff survey conducted at a 350-bed acute care facility located on the periphery of Toronto, Canada. BACKGROUND: Toronto's severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) crisis resulted in trauma-like effects at hospitals hardest hit by the disease. A systematic examination of the impact on staff working in hospitals that saw relatively few cases, while maintaining the precautions associated with elevated alert levels, has not been undertaken. METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed for 1 month commencing 17 April 2003 and 300 completed responses were obtained (approximately one in six staff members). The data collected included demographic and occupational information, in addition to perceptions of SARS' impact on patient care, factors contributing to adverse impacts on patient care, working conditions, decision-making, communication and relations, sources of support, and the impact on workers' lives outside work. Items for these sections were developed by a multi-disciplinary team of health care workers and hospital administrators. RESULTS: In the absence of pre-SARS normative data for the survey, demographic and occupational variables were used to look for patterns of differences between relevant subgroups of respondents. Statistically significant differences were found for gender (73.9% women), nurses (24.7%) vs. others, doctors (20.3%) vs. others, older (40 years or older, 60.0%) vs. younger persons, emergency or intensive care unit workers (8.0%) vs. others, and those employed fewer years at the hospital (less than 5 years: 46.2%) vs. five or more years. These differences varied across the following domains: factors adversely affecting patients, communications, support, working conditions, decision-making and, to a lesser extent, impact on life outside work. While all groups found SARS stressful, nurses reported a greater impact on morale and job satisfaction. Nurses relied more on peer support than doctors, felt less informed and less involved in decision-making than doctors felt, and were more likely to report that infection control procedures were not strict enough. CONCLUSIONS: The between-group differences and the pattern of these differences clearly illustrate the polarizing and stressful impact SARS had at a hospital with only a small number of probable or suspect cases. The clear differences between groups defined by demographics, professions and clinical roles suggest a subtle and pervasive secondary impact of the SARS outbreak, with repercussions health care facilities must contend with while maintaining increased levels of vigilance in the wake of SARS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the case of a 29-year-old man who presented with an itching linear eruption on the back after eating a raw Lentinus edodes (LE), an Asiatic mushroom. Topics covered include physical and laboratory tests conducted to the patient, such as histological examination and patch test, which led to the diagnosis of shiitake dermatitis (SD), dietary history and the distinctivelinear rash were the diagnosis was based, and patient outcome following oral betamethasone administration.

Discusses the problems related to the cellular source of interleukin-4 able to induce the development of T-helper cells. Role of T-cell repertoire in the development of allergen specific T-helper cells and immunoglobulin E responses; Factor influencing the development of T-helper cells; Approach required to better understand the cellular and molecular basis of T-helper cell differentiation.

Examines the phenotypic and functional activities of different T-cells subsets in mice and humans. Evidence for the importance of TH-2-like cells in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation; Factors contributing to the development of TH-2-like cells in atopics; Role of T-cell repertoire in the development of allergen-specific TH-2-like cells and IgE responses.

Discusses the cellular and molecular aspects of immune responses to allergens as well as to human allergic infiammation. Explanation of how the pathophysiological alterations responsible for allergic respiratory diseases came about; Importance of Th2-like cells in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. Data obtained from studies concerning the pathogenetic aspects of airway allergic inflammation but also of atopic allergic inflammation in general.

Presents a review of Dysregulation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses and airway allergic inflammation in atopic individuals. Brief description of the recent acquisitions regarding the physiological aspects of IgE regulation in humans; Discussion on the possibility that certain alterations are responsible for the enhanced and persistent IgE antibody production in atopies as well as for the airway allergic inflammation; Suggestion that there is evidence that in humans, IgE antibody production is dependent on two main signals provided by the T cells to the B cells.

This article focuses on the study conducted on the correlation between leucocyte migration and skin reactions. Several workers have shown a good correlation between inhibition of leucocyte migration and delayed skin reactions. On the other hand, other workers were not able to demonstrate a close correlation between the degree of skin reactivity and the extent of leucocyte inhibition, or even between the leucocyte migration test and positive or negative delayed skin reactions. It has been suggested that the capillary tube technique for demonstrating antigen-induced leucocyte migration inhibition gives reproducible results chiefly when particulate antigens are used.

The ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) to form rosettes with ox red blood cells (ORBC) sensitized by anti-ORBC purified rabbit IgM and IgG was investigated. The mean percentage of cells capable of forming rosettes with ORBC coated with IgM (EAIgM-RFC) in the peripheral blood of either untreated or X-ray-treated patients with HD was significantly lower than that of normal individuals. In the same groups of patients with HD the mean percentage of T lymphocytes equipped with receptor for IgG (Tγ lymphocytes), evaluated by a mixed fluorescent rosette assay, was significantly higher than in normal controls. These data suggest that the altered proportion between Tμ- and Tγ-cell subpopulations in patients with HD probably represents a disease-related phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of T cells and monocytes, as well as that of cytokines, such as IL-I, IL-2 and IL-6, on the IL-4-dependent in vitro human IgE synthesis was investigated. Recombinant IL-4, IL-4-containing T-cell clone supernatants and different combinations of recombinant cytokines failed to induce highly purified B cells to synthesize IgE. IL-4-dependent IgE synthesis was restored by addition to purified B cells of either untreated or mitomycin C-treated autologous T lymphocytes. Addition to purified B cells of autologous monocytes did not restore the IgE response, but usually it exerted a potentiating effect on the synthesis of IgE induced by IL-4 in the presence of suboptimal concentrations of T cells. The activity of T cells apparently preceded that of IL-4 and required a physical contact with B cells. The presence in culture of IL-2 also appeared to be necessary for the T-cell and IL-4-depeodent IgE synthesis. Even though not essential, IL-6 was able to potentiate IgE synthesis in most experimentS, whereas IL-I did not display any modulatory effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human recombinant interleukin-4 (rIL-4) was assessed for its ability to promote the proliferative response of purified human B cells co-stimulated with submitogenic concentrations of soluble F(ab′)2 fragments of anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies. The growth-promoting activity of rIL-4 was usually as potent as, or even more potent than, that of recombinant interlcukin-2 (rIL-2), and more potent than that of recombinant interferon-gamma (rIFN-γ). Preincubation with rIL-4 did not cause enhancement of the proliferative response of B cells to the subsequent addition of rIL-4 and anti-IgM antibody. In contrast, the proliferative response of B cells preincubated with anti-IgM antibody and rIL-4 was potentiated by the subsequent addition of rIL-4. The simultaneous addition of rIFN-γ and rIL-2 or rIFN-γ, and rIL-4 had an additive effect in comparison with the response induced by rIL-2 or rIL-4 alone, respectively, whereas simultaneous addition of rIL-2 and rIL-4 induced a response equal or lower than that stimulated by rIL-2 or rIL-4 alone. The addition of rIFN-γ at the beginning of culture or preincubation of B cells with rIFN-γ and anti-IgM antibody potentiated the proliferative response of B cells to the subsequent addition of either rIL-2 or rIL-4. Taken together, these data suggest that rIL-4 acts as a growth factor for activated human B cells and displays on such cells a growth-promoting activity similar to that of rIL-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) induced highly purified human tonsillar B cells to differentiate into immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cells in vitro. The B-cell response was not due to rIL-2- contaminating substances, but reflected the activity of IL-2 itself, since it was inhibited by addition to the cultures of anti-TAC monoclonal antibody. The rIL-2-induced B-cell response was apparently not mediated by factors released by residual T cells present in B-cell suspensions at undetectable levels, since supernatants (SN) from unstimulated autologous T cells cultured at concentrations even much higher than those possibly contaminating B-cell suspensions did not induce any detectable Ig production. In addition, the Ig production by B cells cultured with SN prepared from high numbers of autologous T cells stimulated with rIL-2, as well as from allo-activated or mitogen-stimulated T cells, was of the same magnitude as the Ig production resulting from direct addition of rIL-2 concentrations comparable with those present in the supernatants. After centrifugation on Percoll density gradients, most of the tonsillar B cells responsive to rIL-2 were recovered in the lower density cell fraction containing a number of larger activated B cells. Moreover, B-cell enriched suspensions from peripheral blood (PB) (which usually contains a lower number of in vivo activated B cells than tonsil) showed poor or no response to rIL-2 alone, but displayed significant Ig production when rIL-2 was added to the cultures in the presence of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I (SAC) bacteria. Taken together, these data indicate that IL-2 can directly induce differentiation into Ig-producing cells of in vivo or in vitro activated human B cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unfractionated and T-cell depleted human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were cultured in vitro in the presence of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I (StaCw). After 7 days of culture, the cells were assayed for cytoplasmic immunoglobulins (Cyto-Ig) by direct staining using fluorescein-labelled F(ab')2 fragments prepared from specific antisera against human IgG F(ab')2. The amount of immunoglobulin of the IgM and IgG class released into the cell-free supernatants was also measured by radioimmunoassay. In unfractionated PBL StaCw, like PWM, was able to induce a significant increase of either the number of Cyto-Ig containing cells or the amount of IgM And IgG secreted into the supernatant. In contrast, the amount of 1gM and IgG immunoglobulin released into the supernatant of T-cell depleted suspensions stimulated with PWM was significantly reduced in comparison with that of Unfractionated populations, whereas it was unchanged in T-cell depleted vs unfractionated suspensions stimulated with StaCw. The addition of a few I lymphocytes restored the ability of T-call depleted suspensions to produce Ig in the presence of PWM, whereas despite addition of high numbers of T cells no further augmentation of the Ig production induced by StaCw on T-cell depleted suspensions was observed. Cultures of umbilical cord blood lymphocytes (UCBL) stimulated with PWM did not generate Ig-producing cells, whereas UCBL stimulated with StaCw showed significant production of Ig of both 1gM and lgG classes. The results indicate that T lymphocytes are probably not involved either with stimulation or with the suppression of Ig production induced by StaCw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of lymphocyte subsets activated by soluble and insoluble protein A (SpA) was investigated by testing the ability of human tonsil populations to form rosettes with human red blood cells coated with SpA (SpA-HRBC) and to respond in vitro to SpA. SpA coupled to Sepharose beads (SpA-Seph) and Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan I (StaCw). Purified human I cells, which were unable to form rosettes with SpA-HRBC, were not activated by SpA-Seph or StaCw, whereas 8-cell enriched suspensions, where the number of lymphocytes forming rosettes with SpA-HRBC was significantly increased in comparison with that found in unfractionated populations, showed DNA synthesis equal to or greater than unseparated lymphocytes. In contrast, soluble SpA was unable to activate highly purified B lymphocytes in 3 day cultures and induced higher DNA synthesis in unseparated than in purified human T cells. Tonsil cell suspensions depleted in cells forming rosettes with SpA-I-IRBC synthesized significantly less DNA in the presence of SpA-Seph and lost the ability to respond to StaCw. The depletion in either IgG-bearing or IgM- and/or IgD-bearing cells induced a reduction in the response of lymphocytes to SpA-Seph and StaCw. Depletion in IgM- and/or IgD-bearing cells induced a more marked decrease in the response to StaCw than depletion in lgG-bearing lymphocytes, while the decrease of the response to SpA-Seph, induced by depletion in IgM- and/or IgD-bearing cells, was lower than that induced by depletion in lgG-bearing lymphocytes. In contrast, soluble SpA-induced proliferation was not significantly affected by depletion of cells forming rosettes with SpA-HRBC' or of IgG-bearing or IgM- and/or IgD-bearing lymphocytes. These results suggest that the mitogenicity of SpA-Seph and StaCw is due to a selective binding of insoluble SpA to components present on the membrane of either IgO- bearing or IgM- and/or IgD-bearing lymphocytes. They also indicate that the potentiation of T-cell response to soluble SpA, induced by the presence in culture of non-T cells, is not due to B lymphocytes which are able to form ,rosettes with SpA-HRBC and to respond to SpA itself when it is presented to the cells on an insoluble matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The response to SPA and Staphylococcus strain Cowan I (StaCw) of highly purified populations of peripheral blood and tonsil human lymphocytes was investigated. Purified T lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood by E-rosetting were unable to respond in vitro to StaCw and showed a poorly significant response to soluble SPA. On the contrary B-cell-enriched suspensions of either peripheral blood or tonsil responded well to StaCw. Either EA-RFC or EA-RFC-depleted suspensions showed a significant response to soluble SPA, but only EA-RFC-depleted suspensions were activated by StaCw. Highly purified B-cell populations from tonsils did not show any proliferative response in the presence of soluble SPA. The addition to highly purified B-cell suspensions from human tonsils of increasing concentrations of autologous T lymphocytes did not induce any increase of thymidine uptake in the presence of StaCw. However, it was able to restore a marked proliferative response of the B-cell cultures to soluble SPA, even though mitomycin-treated T lymphocytes were added. The low response of highly purified peripheral blood T lymphocytes to soluble SPA could be potentiated by the addition of autologous mitomycin-treated B cells, whereas the unresponsiveness of purified T lymphocytes to StaCw was not affected. Mitogenic activity of SPA coupled to Sepharose beads was different from that of soluble SPA and paralleled that of StaCw. These data strongly suggest that insoluble SPA is a T-cell-independent B-cell mitogen in man, whereas soluble SPA, like PWM, exerts its activity on B cells only in the presence of T cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 15 of 38 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) were capable of forming rosettes with human erythrocytes coated with staphylococcal protein A (SpA-HRBC). PBE from seven patients also showed a marked proliferative response after stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria strain Cowan I (Cowan Staph). The SpA-rosetting of CLL cells was inhibited by incubation with F(ab')2 fragments of anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies. In addition, incubation with these fragments inhibited the proliferative response of leukaemic B cells to Cowan Staph. The Cowan-Staph-induced proliferation of CLL cells was also impaired by the addition of normal human IgG and human IgG F(ab')2 fragments to the cultures, whereas non-immune rabbit IgG was not inhibitory. The inhibitory activity of human IgG (ab')2 fragments was retained by a SpA-Sepharose column, and it was found in the material recovered from the same column by acid elution. These data indicate that an interaction between SpA and a structure located in the F(ab')2 region of surface Ig of different classes is responsible for either SpA-binding or the Cowan-Staph-induced proliferative response of PBL from some patients with CLL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune cellular responses and circulating antibodies to heterologous and homologous thyroglobulin have been studied in two groups of guinea-pigs immunized with human or bovine thyroid extract in Freund's complete adjuvant. In animals immunized with human thyroid extract, the in vitro [2-14C]thymidine incorporation by lymphocytes and the inhibition of peritoneal exudate cell migration in the presence of human thyroglobulin were earlier and more marked than those to bovine thyroglobulin as observed in animals immunized with bovine thyroid extract. In the two groups of guinea-pigs no significant difference was found regarding the production of circulating antibodies. Moreover cellular cross-reaction to homologous thyroglobulin could be detected in animals immunized with human but not in those immunized with bovine thyroid extract. Serological and cellular cross-reactions between human and bovine thyroglobulin were present in both groups of guinea-pigs. Finally a significantly higher incidence of thyroid inflammatory lesions was found in the human thyroid extract immunized animals. The role of cell-mediated immune responses in initiating tissue damage in experimental thyroiditis is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]