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Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a promising solution to expedite various phases of the systematic review process such as screening. Objective: We aimed to assess the accuracy of an AI tool in identifying eligible references for a systematic review compared to identification by human assessors. Methods: For the case study (a systematic review of knowledge translation interventions), we used a diagnostic accuracy design and independently assessed for eligibility a set of articles (n = 300) using human raters and the AI system DistillerAI (Evidence Partners, Ottawa, Canada). We analysed a series of 64 possible confidence levels for the AI's decisions and calculated several standard parameters of diagnostic accuracy for each. Results: When set to a lower AI confidence threshold of 0.1 or greater and an upper threshold of 0.9 or lower, DistillerAI made article selection decisions very similarly to human assessors. Within this range, DistillerAI made a decision on the majority of articles (93–100%), with a sensitivity of 1.0 and specificity ranging from 0.9 to 1.0. Conclusion: DistillerAI appears to be accurate in its assessment of articles in a case study of 300 articles. Further experimentation with DistillerAI will establish its performance among other subject areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Existing patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) use a variety of recall periods and response scales to assess CRS symptom burden. Global perspectives of CRS patients regarding optimal recall periods and response scales for CRS PROMs are unknown. Methods: This was a multi-center, cross-sectional study recruiting 461 CRS patients from sites across the United States, Saudi Arabia, New Zealand, and Austria. Participants chose which CRS symptom recall period (1 day, 2 weeks, 1 month, >1 month) was most reflective of their current disease state and upon which to best base treatment recommendations (including surgery). Participants also chose which of six response scales (one visual analogue scale and five Likert scales ranging from four to eight items) was easiest to use, understand, and preferred. Results: A plurality of participants (40.0%) felt their CRS symptoms' current state was best reflected by a 1-month recall period. However, most patients (56.9%) preferred treatment recommendations to be determined by symptoms experienced over a >1 month period. The four- and five-item Likert scales were the easiest to understand (26.0% and 25.4%, respectively) and use (23.4% and 26.7%, respectively). The five-item (26.4% rating it most preferred and 70.9% rating it preferred) and four-item Likert (22.3% rating it most preferred and 56.4% rating it preferred) response scales were most preferred. Conclusion: Future PROMs for CRS should consider assessment of symptoms over a 1-month period and use a four- or five-itemLikert response scale to reflect global patient preferences. These findings also inform interpretation of current CRS PROMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Using young adults' retrospective reports, the current study examines the moderating effects of parental differential treatment (PDT) on the association between family cohesion and sibling relationship quality during adolescence. Background: Sibling relationships in adolescence carry great implications for individual development. However, little is known about the potential interactions between family cohesion and PDT on sibling affection and hostility. Method: Retrospective data were collected from 325 young adults (M = 19.50 years, SD = 1.25) who recalled family of origin experiences with parents and a target sibling closest to their age. Results: Family cohesion was positively associated with sibling affection and negatively associated with sibling hostility. Additionally, fathers' differential control attenuated the relationship between cohesion and sibling affection and both mothers' and fathers' differential affection attenuated the relationship between cohesion and sibling hostility. Conclusion: Findings on the main effects suggest that perceived family cohesion is a crucial factor that promotes better sibling relationships (i.e., higher affection and lower hostility). However, offspring's perceptions of PDT can affect the relationship between family cohesion and sibling relationship quality, such that extreme levels of parents' (especially fathers') differential affection and control weaken the association. The significant moderation emerged with differences in parental sex (i.e., mother and father) and PDT dimensions (i.e., affection and control). Implications: To help siblings engage in more affectionate and fewer hostile interactions, parents (especially fathers) should consciously work to provide equal treatment toward their offspring and work on providing more contextual information when they have to show differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental context reinstatement (MCR) is a key part of the cognitive interview. However, police face challenges delivering MCR in real‐life situations. Over the years, modifications have been made to make MCR more user‐friendly for officers and ensure witness engagement. The current study evaluates the impact of vocalizing MCR generations aloud on mock‐witness's immediate and delayed recollections. Participants watched a staged multiple‐car collision and were interviewed about it the next day. Half verbalized mental images aloud (aMCR), while the other half kept them silent in their minds (cMCR). After a week, participants took part in a delayed recall attempt. No significant differences in immediate recall performance were found. During the delayed recall, participants who engaged in aMCR previously recalled significantly more and more correct details than those who received cMCR. aMCR might lead to more coherent representations in working memory, resulting in improved consolidation and better future recall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are interviewed to provide information about past events in various contexts (e.g., police interviews, court proceedings, therapeutic interviews). During an interview, various factors may influence the accuracy of children's responses to questions about recent events. However, behavioral research in this area is limited. Sparling et al. (2011) showed that children frequently provided inaccurate responses to questions about video clips they just watched depending on the antecedents (i.e., the way a question was asked) and consequences (i.e., the response of the interviewer to their answers). In the current study, we replicated and extended the procedures reported by Sparling et al. and found that two of five children were sensitive to the various antecedents and consequences that we manipulated. Our findings indicate a need for more research in this area to determine the relevant environmental variables that affect children's response accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Fecal incontinence (FI) is characterized by both irregular and unpredictable bowel symptoms. An accurate history of symptoms is important for diagnosis and guiding management. Whether a patient's history of bowel symptoms is reliable or if there is recall bias is unknown. Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of FI symptoms based on patient's recall compared with a prospective stool diary. Methods: FI (Rome IV) patients completed a bowel questionnaire that included leakage episodes and stool consistency. Subsequently they completed a one‐week FI stool diary. Agreement and correlation between historical recall and stool diary were compared. Results: One hundred patients participated. On average they reported 12 bowel movements (BMs) and five FI episodes per week. Fifty‐two percent had completed under‐graduation, 33% high school and 15% postgraduation. Using recall, 23% of patients accurately reported the number of FI episodes, whereas 41% underestimated and 36% overestimated its prevalence compared to the FI diary. Similarly, the concordance for the number of BMs was 30%, urgency was 54%, amount of stool leakage was 16%, and stool consistency was 12.5%. The concordance for nocturnal FI events, use of pads and lack of stool awareness were 63%, 75%, and 66.6% respectively. Conclusion: There is poor concordance for key bowel symptoms including the number of FI episodes as reported by FI patients, suggesting significant recall bias. Thus, historical recall of chronic FI symptoms may be less accurate. A prospective stool diary could provide more accurate information for the evaluation of FI patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on incidental memory in everyday settings has shown that frequent exposure to stimuli does not guarantee accurate representation in memory. In two studies, we explored the memory and metamemory of car brand logos using recall (drawing) and recognition tasks (Study 1) or a naming task (Study 2). The results showed that memory accuracy for logos was modest in the recall and recognition tasks; nevertheless, the participants' accuracy in naming the visually displayed car logos was almost perfect. The participants showed overconfidence in their ability to recall and recognize car logos prior to their performance, which was adjusted after completing the recall task. Overconfidence was absent in the naming tasks. These results replicate the modest visual memory and metacognitive adjustments in recall and recognition tasks found in previous studies and contrast with participants' better memory performance and metacognitive adjustments in the naming task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern medicine, medical tests are used for various purposes including diagnosis, disease screening, prognosis, and risk prediction. To quantify the performance of the binary medical test, we often use sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values as measures. Additionally, the F1$$ {F}_1 $$‐score, which is defined as the harmonic mean of precision (positive predictive value) and recall (sensitivity), has come to be used in the medical field due to its favorable characteristics. The F1$$ {F}_1 $$‐score has been extended for multi‐class classification, and two types of F1$$ {F}_1 $$‐scores have been proposed for multi‐class classification: a micro‐averaged F1$$ {F}_1 $$‐score and a macro‐averaged F1$$ {F}_1 $$‐score. The micro‐averaged F1$$ {F}_1 $$‐score pools per‐sample classifications across classes and then calculates the overall F1$$ {F}_1 $$‐score, whereas the macro‐averaged F1$$ {F}_1 $$‐score computes an arithmetic mean of the F1$$ {F}_1 $$‐scores for each class. Additionally, Sokolova and Lapalme1$$ {}^1 $$ gave an alternative definition of the macro‐averaged F1$$ {F}_1 $$‐score as the harmonic mean of the arithmetic means of the precision and recall over classes. Although some statistical methods of inference for binary and multi‐class F1$$ {F}_1 $$‐scores have been proposed, the methodology development of hypothesis testing procedure for them has not been fully progressing yet. Therefore, we aim to develop hypothesis testing procedure for comparing two F1$$ {F}_1 $$‐scores in paired study design based on the large sample multivariate central limit theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated indexical variation as a variable that promotes second language (L2) vocabulary learning across language modalities. In three experiments, we presented Catalan Sign Language signs (Experiments 1a and 1b), pseudowords (Experiment 2), and English words (Experiment 3) to participants in three conditions that varied in the number of people who introduced these stimuli (one, three, or six people). We evaluated learning outcomes in two recall tasks: a picture‐to‐L2 naming task and a L2‐to‐L1 translation task. For the sign modality, indexical variation benefitted the immediate recall of signs in the translation task (Experiment 1a) and delayed recall after two weeks in the picture naming task (Experiment 1b). For the oral modality, we observed no effect when participants learned pseudowords (Experiment 2), but variability benefited recall in the translation task when participants learned English words (Experiment 3). We discuss these contrastive results, considering the influence of indexical variation in adult L2 sign and oral vocabulary learning. A one‐page Accessible Summary of this article in non‐technical language is freely available in the Supporting Information online and at https://oasis‐database.org [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of taking Mind Lab Pro, a plant‐based nootropic on memory in a group of healthy adults. Auditory, visual, visual working memory, immediate and delayed recall (DR) were assessed. Methods: The study employed a pseudo randomised, double blinded, placebo‐controlled design. A total of 49 healthy individuals completed the study with 36 in the experimental group and 13 in the control group. Participants ranged between 20 and 68 years with a mean age of 31.4 ± 14.4 years. Pre and post taking either the Mind Lab Pro supplement or placebo for 30 days. All participants completed the Wechsler Memory Scale Fourth UK Edition (WSM‐IV UK). Results: We found that the experimental group significantly improved in all memory subtests assessed (p < 0.05) whilst the control group only significantly improved in auditory memory and immediate recall (p = 0.004 and p = 0.014 respectively). A significant difference in immediate and DR was also found between the control and experimental group (p = 0.005 and 0.034 respectively). Conclusion: The use of Mind Lab Pro for 4 weeks improves memory with the experimental group significantly improving in all sub areas of memory as assessed by the WSM‐IV UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Written memoranda of conversations, or memcons, provide a near‐contemporaneous record of what was said in conversation, and offer important insights into the activities of high‐profile individuals. We assess the impact of writing a memcon on memory for conversation. Pairs of participants engaged in conversation and were asked to recall the contents of that conversation 1 week later. One participant in each pair memorialized the content of the interaction in a memcon shortly after the conversation. Participants who generated memcons recalled more details of the conversations than participants who did not, but the content of recall was equally and largely accurate for both participants. Remarkably, only 4.7% of the details of the conversation were recalled by both of the partners after a week delay. Contemporaneous note‐taking appears to enhance memory for conversation by increasing the amount of information remembered but not the accuracy of that information. These findings have implications for evaluating the testimony of participants on conversations with major political or legal ramifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: With increasing rates of migration worldwide, police are more likely than ever to interview witnesses who do not have the same first language as they do. We examined how to best approach this situation by comparing three different ways of conducting such interviews. Methods: Native Arabic speakers (N = 128) living in Sweden witnessed a video of a mock crime and were allocated to one of three interview conditions: a face‐to‐face interview in Swedish (i.e. their second language), a face‐to‐face interview with an interpreter translating from Swedish to Arabic or an Arabic language Self‐Administered Interview© (SAI). Results: For total number of details reported, the no interpreter condition resulted in moderately fewer details being reported than the interpreter and SAI conditions. A similar trend was seen for correct details; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Participants in the SAI condition were somewhat less accurate in their reports compared with both the interpreter and no interpreter conditions. Conclusions: If interviewing without an interpreter, there is minimal loss of reported detail when the witness speaks the interviewer's language at an intermediate level and the questions posed are few and simple. Moreover, provided that the witness has a sufficient level of literacy, administrating the SAI in the witness's native language can be an alternative for witnesses with no or limited verbal ability in the interviewer's language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We reviewed the child and the adult literature on the impact of witnesses drawing what happened on the number of details recalled and the accuracy of the reported details. Most experiments reported a beneficial effect of drawing what happened (or drawing the scene) on the number of details reported primarily in free recall and sometimes also in cued recall. The consensus across studies was that drawing protocols did not negatively impact the accuracy of reported details (when accuracy was attainable) unless suggestive details were drawn. These results were largely consistent regardless of interviewer expertise or protocol used. Draw‐and‐tell instructions should be considered by forensic investigators for the following reasons: (1) the beneficial effect on number of details recalled with no detriment to accuracy, (2) the added benefit for children who need additional interviewer support, and (3) the ease at which the instruction can be implemented with minimal expertise or training. However, more ecologically valid research is needed to establish the efficacy of drawing (1) in forensic interviews, (2) in the presence of misinformation, (3) across instances of repeated event memory, and (4) across sequential interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that memory is involved in making simulations and predictions about the future (i.e., future thinking), but less work has examined how the outcome of those predictions (whether events play out as predicted or expected) subsequently affects episodic memory. In this investigation, we examine whether memory is better for outcomes that are consistent with predictions, or whether memory is enhanced for outcomes that are inconsistent with predictions, after the predicted event occurs. In this experiment, participants learned a core trait associated with social targets (e.g., high in extroversion), before making predictions about behaviors targets would perform. Participants then were shown behaviors the social targets actually performed (i.e., prediction outcome), which was either consistent or inconsistent with predictions. After that, participants completed a memory test (recognition; recall) for the prediction outcomes. For recognition, the results revealed better memory for outcomes that were consistent with traits associated with targets (i.e., trait‐consistent outcomes), compared to outcomes that were inconsistent (i.e., trait‐inconsistent outcomes). Finding a memory advantage for trait‐consistent outcomes suggests that outcomes that are in line with the contents of memory (e.g., what one knows; schemas) are more readily remembered than those that are inconsistent with memory, which may reflect an adaptive memory process. For recall, memory did not differ between trait‐consistent and trait‐inconsistent outcomes. Altogether, the results of this experiment advance understanding of the reciprocal relationship between episodic memory and future thinking and show that outcome of predictions has an influence on subsequent episodic memory, at least as measured by recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In March 2021, Biotronik informed about the risk of premature battery depletion in a group of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators. Following the manufacturers' recommendation, our center executed a recall and introduced remote monitoring (RM) in patients with susceptible devices. This study reports the rate of premature battery depletion in our center and events found in RM‐supported follow‐up. Methods: Single‐center observational study. Results: Out of the 206 susceptible implanted devices, 125 patients appeared for the visit and RM was introduced in 107 (83%) patients. Until the visit, three (2.4%) devices required replacement due to battery depletion, and a further three (2.4%) devices had unexpected battery depletion during follow‐up. Conclusions: The recalled devices had a higher rate of battery exhaustion than expected, while other device or lead defects were less common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even clinically "asymptomatic" carotid stenosis is associated with multidomain cognitive impairment, gray matter (GM) atrophy, and silent lesion. However, the links between them remain unclear. Using structural MRI data, we examined GM asymmetry index (AI) and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) in 24 patients with severe asymptomatic carotid stenosis (SACS), 24 comorbidity‐matched controls, and independent samples of 84 elderly controls and 22 young adults. As compared to controls, SACS patients showed worse verbal memories, higher WMH burden, and right‐lateralized GM in posterior middle temporal and mouth‐somatomotor regions. These clusters extended to pars triangularis, lateral temporal, and cerebellar regions, when compared with young adults. Further, a full‐path of WMH burden (X), GM volume (atrophy, M1), AI (asymmetry, M2), and neuropsychological variables (Y) through a serial mediation model was analyzed. This analysis identified that left‐dominated GM atrophy and right‐lateralized asymmetry in the posterior middle temporal cortex mediated the relationship between WMH burden and recall memory in SACS patients. These results suggest that the unbalanced hemispheric atrophy in the posterior middle temporal cortex is crucial to mediating relationship between WMH burden and verbal recall memories, which may underlie accelerated aging and cognitive deterioration in patients with SACS and other vascular cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the association between thinking dispositions and two outcomes of multiple‐texts comprehension: integration of conflicting information in argumentative essays; and recall of inferential information as an index of deep comprehension. We focused on two thinking dispositions, need for cognition (NFC) and actively open‐minded thinking (AOT), as relevant individual differences in the processes involved in multiple‐texts comprehension. NFC is the tendency to engage in and enjoy cognitively demanding activities, whereas AOT is the tendency to rationally evaluate arguments and supporting evidence, without being influenced by biases from one's own prior beliefs and prior knowledge. 73 university students completed perceived topic knowledge, perceived exposure to argumentative writing, and perceived competence in argumentative writing, NFC and AOT questionnaires, read two contradictory texts, wrote an argumentative essay, and recalled the information read 1 month later. Argumentative essays were assessed by length and level of integration of conflicting perspective. Text recalls were assessed by number of valid inferences included. Research questions were investigated through a path analysis model. The path analysis model had a good fit. NFC was indirectly associated with argumentation quality of the essay via the essay length. AOT was directly associated with the inferences included in the recall task. The present study contributes to the literature on multiple‐texts comprehension by emphasizing the role of thinking dispositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is some research indicating that the presence of music adversely impacts academic task performance. While most of this research involves individuals reading text passages, few studies have explored how graphical representations contribute to the auditory distraction literature. The aim of our study was to investigate if concept maps, a graphical representation that depicts relations among concepts, and linear text differentially affect recall when they are studied in the presence of music. Participants studied a preconstructed concept map or text summary while listening to verbal or nonverbal music. Results indicated that participants who studied the concept map with verbal music recalled significantly more ideas than those who studied the text summary. This result was particularly robust for those with low to moderate prior knowledge in the domain being studied. These findings suggest that the novel structure of concept maps may induce greater concentration, which could provide protection against auditory distraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess tooth loss (TL) in initially periodontally healthy/gingivitis (PHG) and periodontally compromised (PC) individuals during a 15‐ to 25‐year follow‐up in a specialist practice and to identify the factors influencing TL. Materials and methods: Patients were re‐examined 240 ± 60 months after active periodontal therapy (PC) or initial examination (PHG). PHG patients were periodontally healthy or had gingivitis, and PC patients exhibited at least stage II periodontitis. TL, patient‐related outcomes, and risk factors for TL were assessed at the patient level (group‐relation, gender, age, smoking, bleeding on probing, educational status, mean number of visits/year). Results: Fifty‐six PC patients receiving regular supportive periodontal care (12 female, mean age 49.1 ± 10.9 years, stage II: 10, stage III/IV: 46) lost 38 teeth (0.03 ± 0.05 teeth/year). Fifty‐one PHG patients (23 female, mean age 34.5 ± 12.4 years) following regular oral prevention lost 39 teeth (0.04 ± 0.05 teeth/year) (p =.631). Both PC and PHG groups did not show any significant differences regarding visual analogue scale measurements [aesthetics (p =.309), chewing function (p =.362), hygiene (p =.989)] and overall Oral Health Impact Profile (p =.484). Age at the start of follow‐up was identified as a risk factor for TL (p <.0001). Conclusion: PC and PHG patients exhibited similarly small TL rates over 240 ± 60 months, which should, however, be interpreted with caution in view of the group heterogeneity. Clinical trial number: DRKS00018840 (URL: https://drks.de). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Some women keep on recalling intense labor pain experienced at childbirth to a degree that may negatively affect their life during the postpartum period or lead them to request a cesarean section (CS) in the subsequent delivery. This longitudinal study aimed to assess the impact of severe recalled labor pain from the previous birth on the preference for and delivery by an elective CS in the subsequent delivery. Furthermore, we investigated whether co‐occurring maternal demographic, somatic and mental health factors related to the previous and subsequent delivery, explain parts of a potential association. Material and methods: The study sample comprised 1135 parous women from the Akershus Birth Cohort. Severe recalled labor pain was assessed on a numeric rating scale at pregnancy week 17, and at pregnancy week 32, the preference for an elective CS for the subsequent delivery was assessed. Information on actual delivery by elective CS in the subsequent delivery was retrieved from the electronic birth record. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the impact of severe recalled labor pain on elective CS. Results: Severe recalled labor pain at the previous birth was associated with a preference for an elective CS (odds ratio [OR] 3.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.25–5.67) and actual delivery by elective CS (OR 4.71, 95% CI 2.32–9.59). This association remained statistically significant for the preference for an elective CS (adjusted OR [aOR] 2.12, 95% CI 1.24–3.62) but diminished for delivery by elective CS (aOR 2.30, 95% CI 0.99‐5.35) when adjusting for a variety of covariates. Factors related to previous childbirth such as number of years since previous birth, assisted vaginal delivery, anal sphincter lesions, overall birth experience and fear of childbirth were also linked to preference for and delivery by an elective CS. Conclusions: Women with severe recalled labor pain were about twice as likely to prefer an elective CS compared with women without severe recalled pain. For actual delivery, the significant association with severe recalled pain diminished after adjustment for covariates. However, sample size was small and, irrespective of severe recalled labor pain, preference for an elective CS was statistically significantly associated with actual delivery by elective CS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Instructor enthusiasm has been shown to enhance a range of positive student outcomes including recall, but the underlying mechanisms for the favourable effects of teacher enthusiasm are still largely unknown. Aims: We hypothesized that attention paid to the instructor is one mechanism and that the positive effects of enthusiasm will disappear when attention is captured by another task. Samples: In a series of three studies, we involved fourth and fifth graders in listening to texts read aloud with high or low levels of displayed enthusiasm. Methods: In Study 1, we obtained self‐reported and observed behavioural indicators of attention while students were read texts with high versus low enthusiasm. In Study 2, we additionally manipulated attention by comparing a group who performed a concurrent attentional task while listening to the texts read with high or low enthusiasm to a group who only listened to the texts. In Study 3, we compared the attention‐catching concurrent task used in Study 2 to a non‐attention‐catching dual task. Results and Conclusions: Our results confirm that displayed enthusiasm captures attention and that attention partially explains the positive effect of displayed enthusiasm on recall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General anaesthesia for obstetric surgery has distinct characteristics that may contribute towards a higher risk of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, experience and psychological implications of unintended conscious awareness during general anaesthesia in obstetric patients. From May 2017 to August 2018, 3115 consenting patients receiving general anaesthesia for obstetric surgery in 72 hospitals in England were recruited to the study. Patients received three repetitions of standardised questioning over 30 days, with responses indicating memories during general anaesthesia that were verified using interviews and record interrogation. A total of 12 patients had certain/probable or possible awareness, an incidence of 1 in 256 (95%CI 149-500) for all obstetric surgery. The incidence was 1 in 212 (95%CI 122-417) for caesarean section surgery. Distressing experiences were reported by seven (58.3%) patients, paralysis by five (41.7%) and paralysis with pain by two (16.7%). Accidental awareness occurred during induction and emergence in nine (75%) of the patients who reported awareness. Factors associated with accidental awareness during general anaesthesia were: high BMI (25-30 kg.m-2 ); low BMI (<18.5 kg.m-2 ); out-of-hours surgery; and use of ketamine or thiopental for induction. Standardised psychological impact scores at 30 days were significantly higher in awareness patients (median (IQR [range]) 15 (2.7-52.0 [2-56]) than in patients without awareness 3 (1-9 [0-64]), p = 0.010. Four patients had a provisional diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder. We conclude that direct postoperative questioning reveals high rates of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia for obstetric surgery, which has implications for anaesthetic practice, consent and follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: PubMed is one of the most important basic tools to access medical literature. Semantic query expansion using synonyms can improve retrieval efficacy. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the performance of three semantic query expansion strategies. Methods: Queries were built for forty MeSH descriptors using three semantic expansion strategies (MeSH synonyms, UMLS mappings, and mappings created by the CISMeF team), then sent to PubMed. To evaluate expansion performances for each query, the first twenty citations were selected, and their relevance were judged by three independent evaluators based on the title and abstract. Results: Queries built with the UMLS expansion provided new citations with a slightly higher mean precision (74.19%) than with the CISMeF expansion (70.28%), although the difference was not significant. Inter‐rater agreement was 0.28. Results varied greatly depending on the descriptor selected. Discussion: The number of citations retrieved by the three strategies and their precision varied greatly according to the descriptor. This heterogeneity could be explained by the quality of the synonyms. Optimal use of these different expansions would be through various combinations of UMLS and CISMeF intersections or unions. Conclusion: Information retrieval tools should propose different semantic expansions depending on the descriptor and the search objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper presents two experiments investigating the effect of presence versus absence of compulsory number marking in a native language on a speaker's ability to recall number information from photos. In Experiment 1, monolingual English and Japanese adults were shown a sequence of 110 photos after which they were asked questions about the photos. We found that the English participants showed a significantly higher accuracy rate for questions testing recall for number information when the correct answer was "2" (instead of "1") than Japanese participants. In Experiment 2, English and Japanese adults engaged in the same task as in Experiment 1 with an addition that explored reasons for the results found in Experiment 1. The results of Experiment 2 were in line with the results of Experiment 1, but also suggested that the results could not be attributed to differences in guessing patterns between the two groups or the type of linguistic constructions used in the test situations. The current study suggests that native language affects speakers' ability to recall number information from scenes and thus provides evidence for the Whorfian hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite its abolition in 2012, the indeterminate sentence of Imprisonment for Public Protection (IPP) still casts a long shadow over the justice system. Recall is a growing problem: In June 2020, there were 1,359 recalled IPP prisoners. Research documents the negative mental health implications of initial imprisonment under an IPP sentence; however, little is known about experiences on licence, or post-recall.Aims: To explain how recalled IPP prisoners perceive being on licence, and in prison post-recall, to affect their mental wellbeing.Methods: We draw on 31 interviews with recalled IPP prisoners, conducted for a wider project exploring the high rates of IPP recall.Results: Three themes emerged: a perpetual state of anxiety about recall and spending additional years behind bars; self-imposed social isolation, both in the community and in prison; and a profound sense of hopelessness. People often feel trapped in an unjust and inevitable cycle of imprisonment, with little faith in a positive future.Conclusions: The government must make structural changes to stop the revolving door of IPP recall. In the short term, confidential mental health support should be available to people serving IPPs in prison and the community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining quick and reliable evidence regarding the proficiency of learners is a perennial issue in second language (L2) learning research. In this study, we examined naturalistic utterance recall as a measure of L2 learning proficiency that can be easily extracted from videos and automatically scored using the video's captions. In our recall task, learners listen to audio clips and write down as much of the utterance as they can remember. We evaluated this naturalistic recall task with a sample of English native speakers who are learning Spanish at beginner to advanced levels, as well as Spanish native speakers. The results suggest that our recall measure is a better predictor of a learner's ability to translate heard sentences than a shortened version of a standardized listening multiple‐choice comprehension test. Our findings suggest naturalistic utterance recall can offer an accurate and efficient method for predicting foreign language proficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the terms of the Recall of MPs Act 2015, there have been three recall petitions brought against MPs who have committed misconduct. The outcomes have been variable. The first petition failed to attract enough signatures to trigger a by‐election. The second led to the unseating of the MP, who declined the opportunity to stand in the subsequent by‐election. The third led to the removal of the MP and an unsuccessful candidature to regain his seat at the by‐election. Variation has not been confined to outcomes. There have been differences in how the legislation has been implemented—in terms of the ease of access of constituents to the recall petition. This article suggests that in the interests of fairness and transparency, there is a strong case for adjusting the legislation to ensure national standardisation of local implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are few publications on search strategies to identify diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) studies in lilacs. Objective: To translate and customise medline search strategies for use in lilacs and assess their retrieval of studies in Cochrane DTA systematic reviews. Method: We developed a six‐step process to translate and customise medline search strategies for use in lilacs (iAHx interface). We identified medline search strategies of published Cochrane DTA reviews, translated/customised them for use in lilacs, ran searches in lilacs and compared the retrieval results of our translated search strategy versus the one used in the published reviews. Results: Our lilacs search strategies translated/customised from the medline strategies retrieved studies in 70 Cochrane DTA reviews. Only 29 of these reviews stated that they had searched the lilacs database and 21 published their lilacs search strategies. Few had used the lilacs database search tools, none exploded the subject headings, and 86% used only English terms. Conclusion: Translating and tailoring a medline search strategy for the lilacs database resulted in the retrieval of DTA studies that would have been missed otherwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Classic studies in cognition have demonstrated that the use of appropriate memory mnemonics can reliably increase recall performance. However, is the facilitative effect of mnemonics consistent across all individuals? As some mnemonics explicitly contain a large visuospatial component, does normal variance in visuospatial aptitudes predict the effectiveness of such strategy usage? To explore this question, participants who varied in visuospatial ability were asked to recall several lists of words, and either did or did not use a visuospatial mnemonic. Results indicated that effective mnemonic usage was directly dependent on participants' visuospatial ability, and those lower in visuospatial aptitudes actually produced lower recall performance when asked to use such a mnemonic. Similarly, those lower in visuospatial aptitude also reported that mnemonic usage made the task significantly more difficult. These findings suggest that individual differences in relevant cognitive abilities can influence the effectiveness of memory strategies commonly used to enhance recall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An emotional event can provoke somatic symptoms as a consequence of brain responses accompanying reactions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). ANS consists of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system, and their anatomical and physiological mechanisms are different. The aim of this study was to evaluate the time lag between the responses of electroencephalography (EEG) and the parasympathetic nervous system (from electrocardiography; ECG) during emotional recall. EEG and ECG of healthy young adults were simultaneously recorded during the recall of emotionally pleasant and unpleasant audiovisual stimuli, with three repetitions. A time series (TS) of relative power spectra from EEG and a TS of power spectral values in high frequency (HF) of RR intervals in ECG were obtained using fast Fourier transform. The time lag between the TS of EEG and HF was calculated using wavelet cross‐correlation analysis. The results indicated that the cerebral cortex responded earlier than the parasympathetic nervous system to the pleasant stimuli. In contrast, the parasympathetic nervous system responded earlier than the cerebral cortex to the unpleasant stimuli. These events constantly appeared in both unfamiliar and familiar situations. This study quantitatively shows that the parasympathetic nervous system quickly and constantly reacts to emotionally unpleasant stimuli. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of people recalled to custody in England and Wales has increased in recent years. Improving successful re‐release by engaging people in an effective recall process would achieve better outcomes for prisons, probation, and the public. Analysing in‐depth accounts of seven men, recall was experienced as painful and damaging rather than rehabilitative, lacking in credibility and legitimacy, and as a process faced alone. Progression was inhibited by hopelessness and powerlessness. Some expressed motivation for the future, but others intended to disengage from supervision. There is a need for greater procedural justice, collaboration, autonomy, hope, and trust, in the recall process and supervisory relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary There is widespread belief in the legal system that alcohol impairs witness testimony. Nevertheless, most laboratory studies examining the effects of alcohol on witness testimony suggest that alcohol may affect the number of correct but not incorrect details recalled. However, it is difficult to draw conclusions because sample sizes, testing paradigms, and recall measures vary between individual studies. We conducted a meta‐analysis to address this issue. We found alcohol intoxication had a significant and moderate sized effect on the number of correct details recalled (g = 0.40). The effect of alcohol on the number of incorrect details recalled was not significant. Further, the effect of alcohol on the recall of correct details was significantly moderated by multiple factors like intoxication level, the retention interval length between encoding and recall, and the types of questions asked (i.e., free recall vs. cued recall). We discuss the applied implications of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence synthesis reviews in health care rely on the efficient identification of research evidence, particularly evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs). There are no recently validated filters to identify RCTs in the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL Plus). Objectives: To develop, test and validate a search filter to identify reports of RCTs from CINAHL Plus. Methods: Nine sets of relevant and irrelevant records were identified to develop and test search filters iteratively. Two sets were used to validate the sensitivity and precision of the filters. The performance of two previously published filters and the filter built into EBSCOhost was evaluated. Results: We present a validated filter which offers sensitivity of 0.88 (95% CI: 0.77–0.95) and precision of 0.36 (95% CI: 0.31–0.41). This is comparable to the sensitivity of published filters, but has much better precision. Conclusions: A sensitive and precise filter, developed using records selected based on title and abstract information, is available for identifying reports of RCTs in the CINAHL Plus database via EBSCOhost. Using this filter is likely to reduce the number of results needing to be screened to a quarter of those retrieved by other published filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Searching for topics within large biomedical databases can be challenging, especially when topics are complex, diffuse, emerging or lack definitional clarity. Experimentally derived topic search filters offer a reliable solution to effective retrieval; however, their number and range of subject foci remain unknown. Objectives: This systematic scoping review aims to identify and describe available experimentally developed topic search filters. Methods: Reports on topic search filter development (1990‐) were sought using grey literature sources and 15 databases. Reports describing the conception and prospective development of a database‐specific topic search and including an objectively measured estimate of its performance ('sensitivity') were included. Results: Fifty‐four reports met inclusion criteria. Data were extracted and thematically synthesised to describe the characteristics of 58 topic search filters. Discussion: Topic search filters are proliferating and cover a wide range of subjects. Filter reports, however, often lack clear definitions of concepts and topic scope to guide users. Without standardised terminology, filters are challenging to find. Information specialists may benefit from a centralised topic filter repository and appraisal checklists to facilitate quality assessment. Conclusion: Findings will help information specialists identify existing topic search filters and assist filter developers to build on current knowledge in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate pain experiences and memories in fibromyalgia (FM) patients over time. Method: Participants included 572 females who were members of a large health maintenance organization who had a diagnosis of FM syndrome (FMS) and met inclusion criteria for the study. Recruitment was for an intervention study that tested the effects of social support and education treatment arms, but there were no treatment effects. Reports of experiential pain (EP), historical peak pain (HPP), and historical valley pain (HVP) for FM were collected. Differences between HPP and EP and EP and HVP (bias) were calculated to determine whether HPP and HVP were distributed evenly around EP over time across participants. Models were performed to assess personal history and psychosocial factors that affect EP, HPP, HVP, and bias. Results: There was systematic tendency for HPP to be significantly larger than EP relative to EP vs HVP. EP and HPP decreased significantly over time, but not HVP. There were significant predictors of EP, HPP, HVP, and bias, including depression, self‐efficacy, and sleep quality, among others. Conclusion: The experiences and recollections of pain in FM appear to provide a unique means of understanding the maintenance of chronic pain—including factors that affect this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has reported that walking through a doorway to a new location makes memory for objects and events experienced in the previous location less accurate. This effect, termed the location updating effect, has been used to suggest that location changes are used to mark boundaries between events in memory: memories for objects encountered within the current event are more available than those from beyond an event boundary. Within a computer‐generated memory task, participants navigated through virtual rooms, walking through doorways, and interacting with objects. The accuracy and their subjective experience of their memory for the objects (remember/know and confidence) were assessed. The findings showed that shifts in location decreased accurate responses associated with the subjective experience of remembering but not those associated with the experience of knowing, even when considering only the most confident responses in each condition. These findings demonstrate that a shift in location selectively impacts recollection and so contributes to our understanding of boundaries in event memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Recall of MPs Act 2015 allows constituents to petition for their MP to be unseated. A petition of recall is opened, for six weeks, if an MP has received a custodial sentence or been suspended from the House of Commons for ten or more sitting days. Should 10 per cent of constituents sign the petition, a by‐election is required, which the deposed MP has the right to contest. The first test of the Act came in 2018, when Ian Paisley, MP for North Antrim, was suspended from the Commons for thirty days. This article examines how the Act was implemented and assesses whether procedural oddities played any part in the petition failing to attract sufficient signatures to trigger a by‐election. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the hippocampus in recollection and familiarity remains debated. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we explored whether hippocampal activity is modulated by increasing recollection confidence, increasing amount of recalled information, or both. We also investigated whether any hippocampal differences between recollection and familiarity relate to processing differences or amount of information in memory. Across two fMRI tasks, we separately compared brain responses to levels of confidence for cued word recall and word familiarity, respectively. Contrary to previous beliefs, increasing confidence/accuracy of cued recall of studied words did not increase hippocampal activity, when unconfounded by amount recollected. In contrast, additional recollection (i.e., recollecting more information than the word alone) increased hippocampal activity, although its accuracy matched that of word recall alone. Unlike cued word recall, increasing word familiarity accuracy did increase hippocampal activity linearly, although at an uncorrected level. This finding occurred although cued word recall and familiarity memory seemed matched with respect to information in memory. The detailed characteristics of these effects do not prove that word familiarity is exceptional in having hippocampal neural correlates. They suggest instead that participants fail to identify some aspects of recollection, misreporting it as familiarity, a problem with word‐like items that have strong and recallable semantic associates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surprise has been explored as a cognitive‐emotional phenomenon that impacts many aspects of mental life from creativity to learning to decision‐making. In this paper, we specifically address the role of surprise in learning and memory. Although surprise has been cast as a basic emotion since Darwin's () The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, recently more emphasis has been placed on its cognitive aspects. One such view casts surprise as a process of "sense making" or "explanation finding": metacognitive explanation‐based theory proposes that people's perception of surprise is a metacognitive assessment of the cognitive work done to explain a surprising outcome. Or, to put it more simply, surprise increases with the explanatory work required to resolve it. This theory predicts that some surprises should be more surprising than others because they are harder to explain. In the current paper, this theory is extended to consider the role of surprise in learning as evidenced by memorability. This theory is tested to determine how scenarios with differentially surprising outcomes impact the memorability of those outcomes. The results show that surprising outcomes (less‐known outcomes) that are more difficult to explain are recalled more accurately than less‐surprising outcomes that require little (known outcomes) or no explanation (normal). This paper discusses the Metacognitive Explanation Based (MEB) theory, that surprise stems from a metacognitive assessment of the cognitive work necessary to make sense of outcomes. The authors discuss two predictions of MEB, 1. reviewing past evidence that the most difficult outcomes to explain are the most surprising; 2. discussing evidence from a new study demonstrating that surprising outcomes are more memorable than less‐surprising outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Donor-recipient HLA compatibility is an important determinant of transplant outcomes. Allele-group to allele-level imputations help assign HLA genotypes when allele-level genotypes are not available during donor selection. Methods We evaluated the performance of HaploStats, an allele-level multi-locus HLA genotype imputation tool from the National Marrow Donor Program, in a cross-sectional study including hematopoietic stem cell donors (HSCD) from Quebec, Canada. A total of 144 self-identified Caucasian HSCD genotyped at the allele-group and allele-level for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 loci were studied. We compared allele-level genotypes imputed by HaploStats to those obtained by the reference standard, sequenced-based typing (SBT). Results Imputation performance, determined by allele-level genotype recall (fraction of matching imputed and sequenced genotypes) was 97%, 96%, 95%, 84%, and 81% for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1 loci, respectively. Our sample deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium only at the HLA-DRB1 locus. Residual ambiguity, determined by typing resolution scores (TRS), was greatest for HLA class II loci (average TRS 0.65 and 0.80 for DRB1 and DQB1, respectively). In contrast, average TRS of 0.88, 0.84, and 0.92 was observed for HLA-A, -B, and -C, respectively. Conclusions HLA allele imputation from ambiguous genotypes demonstrate satisfactory prediction accuracy for HLA class I but modest prediction accuracy for HLA class II loci in self-identified Caucasian HSCD from Quebec. While consideration of high-resolution allele and haplotype frequencies in the Quebec population may improve the performance of available allele-level multi-locus genotype imputation tools in Quebec, this study suggests that genotyping at the first two field level should be conducted whenever possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Awareness of various arguments can help interactants present opinions, stress points, and build counterarguments during discussions. At school, some topics are taught in a way that students learn to accumulate knowledge and gather arguments, and later employ them during debates. Prior knowledge may facilitate recalling information on well structured, fact-based topics, but does it facilitate recalling arguments during discussions on complex, interdisciplinary topics? We assessed the prior knowledge in domains related to a bioethical topic of 277 students from Germany (approximately 15 years old), their interest in the topic, and their general knowledge. The students read a text with arguments for and against prenatal diagnostics and tried to recall the arguments one week later and again six weeks later. Prior knowledge in various domains related to the topic individually and separately helped students recall the arguments. These relationships were independent of students' interest in the topic and their general knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Patient recall of treatment information is a key variable towards chronic disease ( CD) management. It is unclear what communication and patient participation characteristics predict recall. Objectives To assess what aspects of doctor-patient communication predict patient recall of medication information. To describe lifestyle treatment recall, in CD primary care patients. Design Observational study within a RCT. Setting & participants Community-based primary care ( PC) practices. Family physicians (n=18): practicing >5 years, with a CD patient caseload. Patients (n=159): >40 years old, English speaking, computer literate, off-target hypertension, type II diabetes and/or dyslipidaemia. Main variables Patient characteristics: age, education, number of CDs. Information characteristics: length of encounter, medication status, medication class. Communication variables: socio-emotional utterances, physician dominance and communication control scores and PACE (ask, check and express) utterances, measured by RIAS. Number of medication themes, dialogue and initiative measured by MEDICODE. Main outcome measures Recall of CD, lifestyle treatment and medication information. Results Frequency of lifestyle discussions varied by topic. Patients recalled 43% (alcohol), 52% (diet) to 70% (exercise) of discussions. Two and a half of six possible medication themes were broached per medication discussion. Less than one was recalled. Discussing more themes, greater dialogue and patient initiative were significant predictors of improved medication information recall. Discussion Critical treatment information is infrequently exchanged. Active patient engagement and explicit conversations about medications are associated with improved treatment information recall in off-target CD patients followed in PC. Conclusion Providers cannot take for granted that long-term off-target CD patients recall information. They need to encourage patient participation to improve recall of treatment information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multivariate functional connectivity analyses of neuroimaging data have revealed the importance of complex, distributed interactions between disparate yet interdependent brain regions. Recent work has shown that topological properties of functional brain networks are associated with individual and group differences in cognitive performance, including in episodic memory. After constructing functional whole-brain networks derived from an event-related fMRI study of memory retrieval, we examined differences in functional brain network architecture between forgotten and remembered words. This study yielded three main findings. First, graph theory analyses showed that successfully remembering compared to forgetting was associated with significant changes in the connectivity profile of the left hippocampus and a corresponding increase in efficient communication with the rest of the brain. Second, bivariate functional connectivity analyses indicated stronger interactions between the left hippocampus and a retrieval assembly for remembered versus forgotten items. This assembly included the left precuneus, left caudate, bilateral supramarginal gyrus, and the bilateral dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus. Integrative properties of the retrieval assembly were greater for remembered than forgotten items. Third, whole-brain modularity analyses revealed that successful memory retrieval was marginally significantly associated with a less segregated modular architecture in the network. The magnitude of the decreases in modularity between remembered and forgotten conditions was related to memory performance. These findings indicate that increases in integrative properties at the nodal, retrieval assembly, and whole-brain topological levels facilitate memory retrieval, while also underscoring the potential of multivariate brain connectivity approaches for providing valuable new insights into the neural bases of memory processes. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2242-2259, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT Previous research has shown that the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and hippocampus (Hipp) are critical for extinction memory. Basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic input to the vmPFC and Hipp is critical for neural function in these substrates, which suggests BF cholinergic neurons may be critical for extinction memory. In order to test this hypothesis, we applied cholinergic lesions to different regions of the BF and observed the effects these lesions had on extinction memory. Complete BF cholinergic lesions induced contextual fear memory generalization, and this generalized fear was resistant to extinction. Animals with complete BF cholinergic lesions could not acquire cued fear extinction. Restricted cholinergic lesions in the medial septum and vertical diagonal bands of Broca (MS/vDBB) mimicked the effects that BF cholinergic lesions had on contextual fear memory generalization and acquisition of fear extinction. Cholinergic lesions in the horizontal diagonal band of Broca and nucleus basalis (hDBB/NBM) induced a small deficit in extinction of generalized contextual fear memory with no accompanying deficits in cued fear extinction. The results of this study reveal that MS/vDBB cholinergic neurons are critical for inhibition and extinction of generalized contextual fear memory, and via this process, may be critical for acquisition of cued fear extinction. Further studies delineating neural circuits and mechanisms through which MS/vDBB cholinergic neurons facilitate these emotional memory processes are needed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional wisdom suggests that remembering our past successes or failures can help us make better decisions in the present. But how successful is this practice in the domain of self-control? Our work examines how the content of consumers' recollections (past self-control successes versus failures) and the subjective difficulty with which this content comes to mind (easily or with difficulty) jointly shape consumers' self-control decisions. When successes are easy to recall, people display more self-control than when they have difficulty recalling successes. However, recalling failures prompts indulgence regardless of its difficulty. We suggest that these differences in behavior may exist because recalling failures has substantially different affective and cognitive consequences than does recalling successes. Consistent with this theory, we demonstrate that external cues toward high or low self-certainty moderate the effects of recall on self-control. Taken together, this work enhances our understanding of self-control, self-perceptions, and metacognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legislation on recall of MPs, introduced as a response to the parliamentary expenses scandal, was presented as filling an accountability gap. The nature of this alleged gap is examined, and it is argued that the accountability of Members of Parliament is more complicated than the recall proposal suggests. This includes issues about the regulation of parliamentary standards. Finally, the recall proposal is located within the context of discussion about the condition of representative democracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Obtaining accurate information about gastrointestinal ( GI) symptoms is critical to achieving the goals of clinical research and practice. The accuracy of patient data is especially important for functional GI disorders (e.g., IBS) whose symptoms lack a biomarker and index illness severity and treatment response. Retrospective patient-reported data are vulnerable to forgetting and various cognitive biases whose impact has not been systematically studied in patients with GI disorders. The aim of this study was to document the accuracy of patient-reported GI symptoms over a reporting period (1 week) most representative of the time frame used in research and clinical care. Methods Subjects were 273 Rome III-diagnosed IBS patients (mean age = 39 years, 89% F) who completed end of day GI symptom ratings for 7 days using an electronic diary. On Day 8, Subjects recalled the frequency and/or intensity of IBS symptoms over the past 7 days. Reports were then compared against a validation criterion based on aggregated end of day ratings. Key Results At the group level, subjects recalled most accurately abdominal pain and urgency intensity at their worst, urgency days, and stool frequency. When data were analyzed at the individual level, a subgroup of subjects had difficulty recalling accurately symptoms that showed convergence between recall and real time reports at the group level. Conclusions & Inferences Although many patients' recollection for specific GI symptoms (e.g., worst pain, stool frequency) is reasonably accurate, a non-trivial number of other symptoms (e.g., typical pain) are vulnerable to distortion from recall biases that can reduce sensitivity of detecting treatment effects in clinical and research settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the effect of sleep versus wakefulness on item recognition and source memory recollection in a sample of shift-workers and permanent day-workers. Recognition of words that were previously viewed arrayed in quadrants of a page, and recollection of the original source location of the words on the page were assessed after a 12-h retention interval that was filled with wakefulness incorporating the subjects' work-shift, or an equal period that included sleep. Both shift-workers and permanent day-workers had poorer item recognition and source memory recollection when the retention interval was spent awake rather than including sleep. Shift-workers expressed larger deficits in performance than day-workers after wakefulness. This effect was not mediated by whether the shift-workers were on a day- or night-shift at the time of the study. These results indicate that sleep is an important contributor to successful item recognition and source recollection, and that mnemonic processing in shift-workers may be especially sensitive across their work-shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While fMRI activation studies contrasting task conditions regularly assess the whole brain, this is usually not true for studies analyzing task-dependent brain connectivity changes by psychophysiological interactions (PPI). Here we combine standard PPI (sPPI) and generalized PPI (gPPI) with a priori brain parcellation by spatially constrained normalized cut spectral clustering (NCUT) to analyze task-dependent connectivity changes in a whole brain manner, and compare the results to multiseed conventional PPI analyses over all activation peaks in an episodic memory recall task. We show that, depending on the chosen parcellation frame, the whole-brain PPI approach is able to detect a large amount of the information that is detected by the conventional approach. Over and above, whole-brain PPI allows identification of several additional task-modulated connections, particularly from seed regions without significant activation differences between conditions. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5071-5082, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]