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The Pro‐Pro ligated tripeptides Ile‐Pro‐Pro 4 (IPP) and Val‐Pro‐Pro 5 (VPP) isolated from the fermented milk exhibit marked anti‐hypertension activity. Additionally, the naturally occurring Pro‐Pro ligated tripeptide Gly‐Pro‐Pro 6 (GPP) exhibits antioxidant properties. These peptides have enormous potential to be used as dilatory supplements. In the present study, we achieved a scalable, convenient, and high‐yielding synthesis of IPP, VPP, and GPP along with two more hydrophobic Pro‐Pro ligated tripeptides (APP 7, LPP 8) by employing the TAG technique. We used acid labile (2,4‐bis(octadecyloxy)phenyl)methanol as the TAG. We demonstrated synthesis of one of IPP at molar scale. We think that our method has the potential to be escalated to an industrial scale without much difficulty and they become available for general use as dietary supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic nuclear architecture and chromatin organizations are the key features of the mid‐prophase I in mammalian meiosis. The chromatin undergoes major changes, including meiosis‐specific spatiotemporal arrangements and remodeling, the establishment of chromatin loop–axis structure, pairing, and crossing over between homologous chromosomes, any deficiencies in these events may induce genome instability, subsequently leading to failure to produce gametes and infertility. Despite the significance of chromatin structure, little is known about the location of chromatin marks and the necessity of their balance during meiosis prophase I. Here, we show a thorough cytological study of the surface‐spread meiotic chromosomes of mouse spermatocytes for H3K9,14,18,23,27,36, H4K12,16 acetylation, and H3K4,9,27,36 methylation. Active acetylation and methylation marks on H3 and H4, such as H3K9ac, H3K14ac, H3K18ac, H3K36ac, H3K56ac, H4K12ac, H4K16ac, and H3K36me3 exhibited pan‐nuclear localization away from heterochromatin. In comparison, repressive marks like H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 are localized to heterochromatin. Further, taking advantage of the delivery of small‐molecule chemical inhibitors methotrexate (heterochromatin enhancer), heterochromatin inhibitor, anacardic acid (histone acetyltransferase inhibitor), trichostatin A (histone deacetylase inhibitor), IOX1 (JmjC demethylases inhibitor), and AZ505 (methyltransferase inhibitor) in seminiferous tubules through the rete testis route, revealed that alteration in histone modifications enhanced the centromere mislocalization, chromosome breakage, altered meiotic recombination and reduced sperm count. Specifically, IOX1 and AZ505 treatment shows severe meiotic phenotypes, including altering chromosome axis length and chromatin loop size via transcriptional regulation of meiosis‐specific genes. Our findings highlight the importance of balanced chromatin modifications in meiotic prophase I chromosome organization and instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, rapid and conceptually new efficient protocol for the synthesis of 4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[g]indazole derivatives from novel enaminones prepared via Blaise reaction under catalyst free conditions is reported involving polyethylene glycol (PEG‐400) as an efficient recyclable medium without using any organic co‐solvent or additive by Microwave irridation with 91–95 % yields without chromatography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current work, light weight epoxy bio‐composites are created for low‐cost technological applications using luffa aegyptiaca fiber and biochar particles derived from coco husk (CHB). This study aims to evaluate the effects of CHB particles added at different concentrations (3 vol% and 5 vol%) on the dynamic mechanical, ballistic and tribology behavior of epoxy composites constructed from luffa aegyptiaca fiber with different fiber loading (20%, 30% and 40 vol%). The composites are prepared using hand layup process provided with post curing operation. The combination of 3 vol% CHB particles and 40 vol% luffa aegyptiaca fiber having the improved viscoelastic properties by means of high storage modulus (5.05 GPa) and low loss factor (0.31). Moreover, this composite shows better ballistic properties in terms of low velocity impact energy (17.1 J). The optical image of impact damage behavior shows minimum damage of impactor on the composite and penetration effect found to be lower. This luffa aegyptiaca fiber reinforced epoxy composite also shows the lowest value of coefficient of friction (COF) with 0.48 and the lowest specific wear rate of 0.011 mm3/Nm. These epoxy composites made from luffa aegyptiaca fiber and CHB particles may be useful in a variety of engineering applications that can use materials for manufacture sporting goods, home furnishings, food packaging, and transportation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C(3)‐Aminoisoindolinones have attracted the attention of medicinal chemists due to their unique and stable N−C−N substructure and possibilities for facile and scalable synthesis of combinatorial libraries. We discovered that para‐toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), an organic protic acid, efficiently catalyzes condensation of isoindolinone‐3‐ols with primary and secondary amines to furnish C(3) N‐substituted isoindolinones in high yields. The N−C bond formation reaction is highly efficient and experimentally simple. The method replaces known transition metal catalysts involving Cu, Pt, Pd or Au. It works efficiently for both intra‐ and inter‐molecular variants. Furthermore, it is amenable for synthesis of C(3)‐aminoisoindolinones with free N(2) via photolytic deprotection of the 2‐nitrobenzyl group. We have demonstrated application of the method for synthesis of a variety of medicinally relevant bicyclic and tricyclic C(3)‐aminoisoindolinones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cosmetics have a long history in China, but their origins remain unclear. Cosmetic industry potentially originated in the Spring and Autumn Period (770–476 bce), but little is known about the early manufacture and use of cosmetics. The Liujiawa site, located on the southern edge of the Loess Plateau in northern China, was the late capital of the ancient Rui state in the early to mid‐Spring and Autumn Period. During the excavation, a sealed small and exquisite container with suspected cosmetic use was unearthed from tomb M49 belonging to a male associated with the aristocratic class. We report in this paper the multidisciplinary application of ATR‐FTIR, XRD, SEM, stable isotope analysis, GC‐MS and GC‐C‐IRMS analysis of the residue inside the container, demonstrating that the residue, which was made of ruminant adipose fat mixed with monohydrocalcite from cave moonmilk, was likely used as cosmetic face cream by the nobleman of the Rui state. This study provides an early example of cosmetic production in China, and, together with the prevalence of similar cosmetic containers during this period, it suggests the rise of an incipient cosmetics industry. Furthermore, the exploitation of moonmilk, a special stalactite in some limestone caves, reflects the link between early Taoist School and cosmetic production encouraged by the aristocratic class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, natural fibers used as reinforcement with polymer composite materials is trending among many researchers, due to their significant properties like low density, light weight and biodegradability. One of such fibers is Cordia dichotoma, which are cheap and available in abundance. The Cordia dichotoma ffibers were extracted from its bark using water‐retting process. These unidirectional fibers were reinforced in a polyester matrix, and mechanical properties such as tensile and flexural properties of the resulting composite were determined experimentally. The Cordia dichotoma fibers were alkali treated with 5% NaOH solution to enhance bonding with matrix and the effect of this treatment on properties of the composite were explored. It was observed that 5% NaOH treatment gives considerable improvement in mechanical properties of the composite. FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the functional groups and chemical compositions of the raw and alkali treated fiber composites. SEM analysis was carried out and resulting images revealed the existence of impurities on the surface of the raw fiber in the composite. Removal of the impurities with alkali treatment of fibers made the surface of the fibers rough and lead to improving the mechanical properties. Further, thermal stability (degradation temperature and weight loss) of raw and alkali treated fiber reinforced composites was studied using TGA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandal (Santalum album) is an important forest tree that has been utilized for centuries, valued for its wood and scented essential oil derived from the heartwood. Sandalwood spike disease (SSD) is one of the most destructive problems that affect Indian sandalwood. In 1969, three research groups confirmed that the causal agent of SSD was a phytoplasma. Although research literature on sandalwood spike disease has been published for over a century, many earlier publications reported only primarily descriptive macro‐morphological data. Identification of the causal agent was confirmed only recently, using nested PCR of 16S rRNA‐encoding gene sequences and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The identified phytoplasma exhibited high sequence similarity to the aster yellows subgroup 16SrI‐B in NCBI BLAST search. The use of tissue culture in transgenic and disease‐free cloning strategies to produce disease‐resistant sandalwood tress might be the most realistic solution for SSD. The aim of this review is to increase understanding of SSD among phytopathologists in order to encourage research on SSD to discover best management practices. The increased cultivation of sandalwood plantations has significant importance, and it is essential to review the status of SSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The C(4) N‐heteroaryl 2‐amino‐3‐nitro‐4H‐chromenes are podophyllotoxin (POD) mimics as they possess the pharmacophore features of the anticancer natural product. We have achieved a facile synthesis of several such 4H‐chromenes by substitution of C(4) SMe in N‐alkyl 4‐(methylthio)‐3‐nitro‐4H‐chromen‐2‐amines with heteroaromatic amines like 2‐aminopyridines and 2‐aminopyrimidines. Resulting 4H‐chromenes were evaluated for anticancer activity against prostate and lung cancer cell lines. Two of the 4H‐chromenes showed significant anti‐cancer activity, even better than POD. Both of them were non‐toxic towards normal cell‐lines. In silico ADMET studies revealed drug‐likeliness of all the 4H‐chromenes. Molecular docking studies with αβ tubulin concurred with in vivo results and revealed that the 4H‐chromenes bind to the active site of POD. Molecular dynamics simulation studies on the complexes of αβ tubulin with the two best 4H‐chromenes revealed high stability. Overall, our studies revealed that the two 4H‐chromenes could act as lead compounds for further development of potent anticancer drugs. All the newly synthesized 4H‐chromenes were subjected to in vivo anti‐cancer activity against prostate and lung cancer cell lines. The studies revealed that two of them 18 q and 18 s exhibited IC50values better than POD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study examining the fatigue failure mechanism of self-piercing riveted (SPR) joints between aluminum alloy 6111-T4 and 5754-O is presented in this paper. In particular, the high-cycle fatigue behavior of the SPR joints in the lap-shear configuration is characterized. Experimental fatigue testing revealed that failure of SPR joints occurred because of cracks propagating through the sheet thickness at locations away from the rivet. In-depth postmortem analysis showed that significant fretting wear occurred at the location of the fatigue crack initiation. Energy dispersive X-ray of the fretting debris revealed the presence of aluminum oxide that is consistent with fretting initiated fatigue damage. High-fidelity finite element analysis of the SPR process revealed high surface contact pressure at the location of fretting-initiated fatigue determined by postmortem analysis of failed coupons. Furthermore, fatigue modeling predictions of the number of cycles to failure based on linear elastic fracture mechanics supports the conclusion that fretting-initiated fatigue occurred at regions of high surface contact pressure and not at locations of nominal high-stress concentration at the rivet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Chronic hepatitis C virus ( HCV) infection is the leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC) in the United States ( US) and an emerging cause in China. Aim To compare the clinical characteristics of hepatitis C patients in the US and China, and factors influencing disease stage. Methods Prospective study of 2 cohorts of HCV patients recruited at 1 site in the US and 3 sites in China. Standardised questionnaire on risk factors and medical history were used and diagnosis of cirrhosis and HCC was based on pre-defined criteria. Results One thousand nine hundred and fifty seven patients (1000 US and 957 China) were enrolled. US patients were more likely to be men (61.4% vs 48.5%), older (median age 57 vs 53 years), obese (38.4% vs 16.8%) and diabetic (21.8% vs 10.8%). A significantly higher per cent of US patients had cirrhosis (38.2% vs 16.0%) and HCC (14.1% vs 2.7%). Investigator estimated time at infection in US was 10 years earlier than in Chinese patients but US patients were more likely to have advanced disease even after stratifying for duration of infection. Study site in the US, older age, truncal obesity, diabetes and prior HCV treatment were significant predictors of advanced disease on multivariate analysis. Conclusions HCV patients in the US had more advanced liver disease than those in China. We speculate that underlying fatty liver disease may be a major contributor to this difference, and management of glycometabolic abnormalities should occur in parallel with anti-viral therapy to achieve optimal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence suggests that living with asthma is linked with psychological and behavioural factors including self-management and treatment adherence, and therefore, there is a reasonable hypothesis that nonpharmacological treatments may improve health outcomes in people living with this condition. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of nonpharmacological interventions for adults with asthma was designed. Databases searched included The Cochrane Airways Group Register of trials, CENTRAL and Psychinfo. The literature search was conducted until May 2014. Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria and were organized into four groups: relaxation-based therapies ( n = 9); mindfulness ( n = 1), biofeedback techniques ( n = 3); cognitive behavioural therapies ( CBT) ( n = 5); and multicomponent interventions ( n = 5). A variety of outcome measures were used, even when trials belonged to the same grouping, which limited the ability to conduct meaningful meta-analyses. Deficiencies in the current evidence base, notably trial heterogeneity, means that application to clinical practice is limited and clear guidelines regarding the use of nonpharmacological therapies in asthma is limited. Relaxation and CBT, however, appear to have a consistent positive effect on asthma-related quality of life and some psychological outcomes, and lung function (relaxation only). Future trials should be informed by previous work to harmonize the interventions under study and outcome measures used to determine their effectiveness; only then will meaningful meta-analyses inform clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This article explores the theoretical underpinnings of the dissonance framework in online consumer satisfaction formation process. Specifically, we suggest that any discrepancy between pre- and post-purchase service performance would help determine consumers' evaluations of online vendors. Drawing upon cognitive dissonance theory, a conceptual model is developed and tested in two different studies (preliminary and main studies). Using data from 191 college students collected longitudinally, the preliminary study demonstrates the validity and reliability of the measurements. Using a comparative analysis, the main study then tests our conceptual model as well as various competing models, including the expectation-confirmation model, with a sample of 292 online consumers. The results in both studies support our main prediction that the service encountered in different stages establishes dissonance. Specifically, we find that dissonance explains online consumers' satisfaction process to a substantial extent, as compared with disconfirmation under the same conditions in online retailers. This study contributes to providing an alternative yet substantial approach for expectation-confirmation theory, reflecting the overarching nature of online shopping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Once-weekly administration of bortezomib has reduced bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy without affecting response rates, but this has only been demonstrated prospectively in three- and four- drug combinations. We report a phase II trial of alternate dosing and schedule of bortezomib and dexamethasone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients who are not eligible for or refused autologous stem cell transplantation. Bortezomib 1·6 mg/m2 intravenously was given once-weekly for six cycles, together with dexamethasone 40 mg on the day of and day after bortezomib. Fifty patients were enrolled; 58% did not require any dose modification. The majority of patients had multiple co-morbidities, including cardiovascular (76%) and renal insufficiency (54%), and the median number of medications prior to enrollment was 13. Of all evaluable patients, the overall response rate was 79% and at least 45% had at least a very good partial response. The median time to first response was 1·3 months (range, 0·25-2·4 months). The progression-free and overall survivals were 8 months and 46·5 months, respectively. Twenty-four percent developed worsening neuropathy. We conclude that alternate dosing and scheduling of bortezomib and dexamethasone is both safe and effective for management of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in frail patients. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01090921). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic compounds with 3-amino enone or 1,3-diketone functional groups are extremely important, as they can be converted into a plethora of heterocyclic or carbocyclic compounds, or can be used as ligands in metal complexes. We have achieved a new, easy, straightforward and convenient synthesis of 3-amino enones and 1,3-diketones starting from aryl/heteroaryl/alkyl nitriles and 1-aryl/alkyl 2-bromoethanones. The reaction is a variation of the classical Blaise reaction, and it works with zinc and trimethylsilyl chloride as an activator. By running the hydrolysis of the reaction intermediate with HCl (3 n aq.) at 0-30 °C or at 100 °C, it is possible to form either 3-amino enones or 1,3-diketones, respectively. The newly developed method was used for the synthesis of avobenzone, an ingredient of sun-screen lotions. Furthermore, an easy synthesis of ( Z)-3-amino-1-[4-( tert-butyl)phenyl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one, with UV/Vis absorption characteristics similar to those of avobenzone, was also achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The study presents computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for evaluation of basic geometrical shapes as headers for equal liquid flow distribution. The headers that have been evaluated are conical header, cylindrical header, pyramidal header, rectangular header and spherical header. The computational approach used in the study has been validated by comparing predictions of numerical simulations with experimental results for a cylindrical header. The effects of volume of header, flow rate, diameter of outlets and pressure imbalance at outlets on flow distribution have been studied. At low flow rates, there is no significant difference in the performance of the headers of different geometrical shapes. At higher flow rates, spherical header is found to be better. The possibility of ensuring equal flow distribution by having outlets of varying cross-sectional area is discussed. The results reported in the study provide useful insights relevant for header design problems. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inexpensive copper(II) acetate effectively catalyzes cross-coupling of electron-deficient as well as electron-rich arylboronic acids with 4-methylsulfanyl-2-alkylamino-3-nitro-4 H-chromenes under near neutral conditions at room temp. to furnish a range of 4-aryl-4 H-chromenes. This new strategy enabled substitution of the C(4)SMe group present on a sp3 hybridized carbon of the 4 H-chromenes with aryl/heteroaryl groups. Mechanistic probing revealed that the CuI-CuIII cycle is involved in catalysis. One-pot sequential substitution of C(4)SMe followed by C(6)Br with aryl groups has been achieved through Cu(OAc)2 and Pd2(dba)3 (Suzuki coupling) catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Email plays an important role in the digital economy but is threatened by increasingly sophisticated cybercrimes. A number of security services have been developed, including an email authentication service designed to cope with email threats. It remains unknown how users perceive and evaluate these security services and consequently form their adoption intention. Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model and Technology Threat Avoidance Theory, this paper investigates the factors that affect user intention to adopt an email authentication service. Our results show that user intention to adopt an email security service is contingent upon users' perception of risk and evaluation of both internal and external coping strategies. This study contributes to research in security service adoption, service success and design, and information security behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 50% sugar replaced with 0.05% stevia-added Kulfi, whey protein concentrate ( WPC) at 0, 2, 3 and 4% levels were separately incorporated. Increase in WPC level resulted in significant ( P < 0.05) decrease in freezing point, melting rate, hardness and moisture percentage and significant ( P < 0.05) increase in specific gravity, protein percentage and total calorie content in the product. Among 0, 2, 3 and 4% WPC-added Kulfi, 3% WPC-added Kulfi was adjudged as best by a panel of judges. Above 3% WPC addition, the product was very soft and possessed undesirable whey flavour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the relative advantages of two models (a) a two-factor (i.e. source and channel) choice model; and (b) a theory of planned behaviour (TPB)-based acceptance model, developed to explain electronic government (e-government) service adoption. The models were empirically validated in the government-to-citizen (G2C) anti/counter-terrorism (ACT) service domain by a telephone survey administered to a sample of 500 US residents systematically drawn from the mainland USA. The structured telephone survey questionnaire measured respondents' intentions to use Web-based ACT services and their beliefs and attitudes towards various ACT service providers (e.g. the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Homeland Security, local police, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and news companies) and media (e.g. Web, email, telephone, TV, newspapers, postal mail). The results of multiple-regression analysis of the 500 interview responses show that the source-channel choice model can explain the service usage intentions as well as, or better than, the TPB-based acceptance model. Both service source and channel exerted consistent and substantive effects on citizens' intention to use ACT services, explaining, on average, more than 43% of variance in the dependent variable. In contrast, subjective norms in the TPB-based model seemed to have a marginal effect. Privacy protection and integrity of the service source appeared to be key antecedents of source preference, while the influence of channel attributes on channel preference varied widely depending on the type of services. This study provides an empirical basis for the validity and applicability of the source-channel choice model and offers insightful and prescriptive knowledge for e-government initiatives and service providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near the IL28B gene have been shown to be associated with response to treatment for chronic hepatitis C and also with spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We analysed the association between IL28B genetic variants and spontaneous clearance of HCV infection in 376 HCV-infected Chinese paid plasma donors. Genotyping of eight SNPs near the IL28B region was performed by the iPLEX system (MassARRAY® SNP Genotyping; Sequenom) in all donors, and sequencing was performed on all 80 donors who cleared HCV and on 160 of 296 donors who did not clear HCV to validate the genotypes. Eighty (21.3%) donors spontaneously cleared HCV. Four SNPs were significantly associated with spontaneous HCV clearance: rs8099917 TT ( vs GT), rs8105790 TT ( vs CT), rs12980275 AA ( vs AG) and rs10853728 CC ( vs CG or GG) with OR (95% CI) 15.27 (2.07-112.50), 14.88 (2.02-109.72), 7.92 (1.88-33.32) and 2.32 (1.22-4.42) respectively. No association between the other four IL28B SNPs including rs12979860 and spontaneous HCV clearance was found. Women had a higher rate of spontaneous HCV clearance than men [56/213 (26.3%) vs 24/163 (14.6%), P = 0.007], and this was true even after stratification for IL28B genotypes with OR of 1.9-2.2 among those with favourable genotypes. Our results confirmed that IL28B polymorphism is associated with spontaneous clearance of HCV in Chinese subjects, but the SNPs that predict HCV clearance in Chinese subjects were different from those reported in Caucasians. Women were more likely to clear HCV infection regardless of IL28B genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The project aimed to assess stigmatized attitudes among health professionals directed towards patients with mental health problems. The Attitude to Mental Illness Questionnaire was used to assess participants' attitudes towards fictitious patients from a secure forensic hospital and patients with schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Participants were health professionals from acute and mental health settings. In total, 108 completed questionnaires were received. Participants had highly stigmatized attitudes towards patients from a forensic hospital and those with active substance use disorders. Attitudes were less stigmatized to people with substance use disorders who were recovering in remission. This suggested that health professionals have stigmatized attitudes towards an illness such as schizophrenia and this is worse towards patients from a secure hospital. The manner in which patients with substance use disorder are presented can have a significant effect on stigmatized attitudes by health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professionals working in the public sector in the UK report widespread violence towards staff working in areas such as health care, social services and education. This study compares the characteristics of patients with and without a history of violence in a large sample of patients attending a community mental health service in South East England. The data were taken from a study of comorbidity and cannabis use in a mental health trust covering a semi-rural population of 250 000 people in Harlow and the surrounding area of South East England. Key workers were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires from the Comorbidity of Substance Misuse and Mental illness in Community Mental Health and Substance Misuse Services study. Rates of violence against health workers were more than 20 times higher among those patients with a history of violence (23.6% vs. 1%, P < 0.001). Alcohol and drug use was more frequent in those who were violent. Prevalence of comorbidity, schizophrenia and personality disorders was high. Key workers' estimates suggested that there was no difference in aggression, engagement or adherence to care plan among those with a history of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper develops conceptual criteria for evaluating Enterprise Information Portal (EIP) systems in the context of knowledge management activities such as knowledge integration and application. The criteria have been drawn from an Activity theory perspective consisting of actors, community, object, tools, rules, and division of labor. It then discusses the characteristics of several commercial EIPs and evaluates one major commercial EIP in the context of the framework. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper concerns analytical integration of polynomial functions over linear polyhedra in three-dimensional space. To the authors' knowledge this is a first presentation of the analytical integration of monomials over a tetrahedral solid in 3D space. A linear polyhedron can be obtained by decomposing it into a set of solid tetrahedrons, but the division of a linear polyhedral solid in 3D space into tetrahedra sometimes presents difficulties of visualization and could easily lead to errors in nodal numbering, etc We have taken this into account and also the linearity property of integration to derive a symbolic integration formula for linear hexahedra in 3D space. We have also used yet another fact that a hexahedron could be built up in two, and only two, distinct ways from five tetrahedral shaped elements These symbolic integration formulas are then followed by an illustrative numerical example for a rectangular prism clement, which clearly verifies the formulas derived for the tetrahedron and hexahedron elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rates of synthesis of dodecyl decanoate in hexane have been measured as a function of water activity (aw), for various immobilized preparations of the lipases from Rhizomucor miehei and Candida rugosa. Only very large changes in the amount of enzyme adsorbed to the support affect the shape of the rate/αw profile; at the highest loadings the profiles tend to become somewhat flatter. A similar leveling can be obtained by pre-adsorbing an intert protein. The effect is probably due to adjacent protein molecules effectively replacing water; it does not simply reflect mass transfer or interfacial area limitation. The activity/αw profile was essentially the same with most supports tested: polypropylene, anion-exchange resin, celite, anion-exchange modified silica. A hydrophobic porous glass support reduced the rate somewhat at intermediate αw values with both enzyme; a polyamide material had this effect only with the lipase from Rh. Miehei. The shape of the activity/αw profile was not affected by large differences in purity of the lipase preparation, but did differ between forms that probably differ in glycosylation. Overall, relatively few manipulation of the system can significantly affect the shape of the rate/αw profiles, which seem to be mainly an intrinsic property of the enzyme molecules used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study business in terms of the coordination mechanisms encapsulated within the business processes. Our Framework for studying the coordination mechanisms consists of our aspects, namely, the decision structure, information structure, workflow structure and agency structure. The research integrates various literature streams to develop this descriptive framework. We present examples drawn from the financial industry utilizing the framework. Some future research directions to understand and analyze business processes using the coordination approach are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for determining the composition of acetone, hexane and water mixtures was adapted for use with acetone, cyclohexane and water mixtures. Techniques for drying cottonseed flakes to different moisture contents for extraction with acetone-cyclohexane azeotropes were devised. Tests for possible gossypol binding occurring during the drying operation were made. Bench scale extractions yielded data which show the water resulting in miscellas when extracting cottonseed flakes at various moisture levels. It is envisioned that in a commercial process utilizing an acetone-cyclohexane-water mixture to produce cottonseed protein products for food uses, the water in the extracting mixture would be stablized at a level somewhere between the 0 and 3% by wt water levels of the two azeotropes used in these studies. Efforts are currently being devoted to defining the optimum practical water level that could be easily attained in commercial usage. Additional products evaluations will also be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Variations on the Blaise Reaction: Synthesis of 3,5-Dioxopentanoates and 3-Amino-5-oxopent-3-enoates" by H. S. P. Rao and N. Muthanna is presented.

Different triarylmethanes are obtained by a copper(II)-catalyzed reaction of diarylmethanols with arylboronic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]