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In military contexts, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) automatic target recognition (ATR) models frequently encounter the challenge of imbalanced data, resulting in a noticeable degradation in the recognition performance. Therefore, the authors propose a cost‐sensitive awareness generative adversarial network (CAGAN) model, aiming to improve the robustness of ATR models under imbalanced data. Firstly, the authors introduce a convolutional neural network (DCNN) to extract features. Then, the synthetic minority over‐sampling technique (SMOTE) is applied to achieve feature‐level balancing for the minority category. Finally, a CAGAN model is designed to perform the final classification task. In this process, the GAN‐based adversarial training mechanism enriches the diversity of training samples, making the ATR model more comprehensive in understanding different categories. In addition, the cost matrix increases the penalty for misclassification results and further improves the classification accuracy. Simultaneously, the cost‐sensitive awareness can accurately adjust the cost matrix through training data, thus reducing dependence on expert knowledge and improving the generalisation performance of the ATR model. This model is an end‐to‐end ATR scheme, which has been experimentally validated on the MSTAR and OpenSARship datasets. Compared to other methods, the proposed method exhibits strong robustness in dealing with various imbalanced scenarios and significant generalisation capability across different datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLSs) contribute to inflammation and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the regulatory mechanisms of FLSs in relapse and remission of RA remain unknown. Identifying FLS heterogeneity and their underlying pathogenic roles may lead to discovering novel disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs. Methods: Combining single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) and spatial transcriptomics, we sequenced six matched synovial tissue samples from three patients with relapse RA and three patients in remission. We analyzed the differences in the transcriptomes of the FLS subsets between the relapse and remitted phases. We validated several key signaling pathways using quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) and multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC). We further targeted the critical signals in vitro and in vivo using the collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) model in rats. Results: Lining and sublining FLS subsets were identified using scRNA‐seq. Differential analyses indicated that the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathway was highly activated in the lining FLSs from patients with relapse RA for which mIHC confirmed the increased expression of FGF10. Although the type I interferon pathway was also activated in the lining FLSs, in vitro stimulation experiment suggested that it was independent of the FGF10 pathway. FGF10 knockdown by small interfering RNA in FLSs significantly reduced the expression of receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand. Moreover, recombinant FGF10 protein enhanced bone erosion in the primary human‐derived pannus cell culture, whereas the FGF receptor (FGFR) 1 inhibitor attenuated this process. Finally, administering an FGFR1 inhibitor displayed a therapeutic effect in a CIA rat model. Conclusion: The FGF pathway is a critical signaling pathway in relapse RA. Targeted tissue‐specific inhibition of FGF10/FGFR1 may provide new opportunities to treat patients with relapse RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a bottleneck to photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting; however, there remains an impressive challenge for intrinsic charge transport for the development of integrated photoanodes. Herein, covalent triazine frameworks as conjugated molecules are grafted on the surfaces of ferroelectric BaTiO3−x (CTF/BTO) nanorod array, and then oxyhydroxide oxygen evolution cocatalyst (OEC) is constructed as an integrated photoanode. The OEC/CTF/BTO array not only achieves a high photocurrent density of 0.83 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs RHE) and low onset potential of ≈0.23 VRHE, but also optimizes outstanding stability. To disclose the origin, the enhanced PEC activity can be contributed to the integration of CTF and OEC, enhancing light‐harvesting capability, boosting charge carrier mediation, and promoting water oxidation kinetics through electrochemical analysis and density functional theory calculations. This study not only provides an alternative to accelerate charge transfer, but also paves the rational design and fabrication of integrated photoanodes for boosting PEC water splitting performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginsenoside Rg1 is the active ingredient of the plant named genus Panax (ginseng), which exhibited significant bioactivities, including anti‐inflammatory, antioxidation, and anti‐diabetic effects. Herein, 4‐week treatment of ginsenoside Rg1 remarkably decreased blood glucose levels and improved the resistance of insulin, oxidative stress, and inflammation along with lipid profile in T2D rats triggered via high‐fat diet and streptozotocin (STZ). Ginsenoside Rg1 supplementation improved the intestinal microbial composition induced by type 2 diabetes (T2D), which increased the proportions of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Lachnoclostridium and decreased the proportions of Lactobacillus. Additionally, Spearman's correlation test between the gut microflora and biomedical assays (|r| >.5) revealed that the Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Roseburia, and Romboutsia greatly affect intestinal microbiota, which may play pivotal roles in preventing T2D. Our findings illustrate the use of ginsenoside Rg1 as a dietary supplement along with prospective prebiotics due to its ability to alter the gut microflora and alleviate T2D‐linked biochemical abnormalities. Practical applications: This was the first study to elucidate the influences of ginsenosides Rg1 in improving the intestinal microbiota of T2D in SD rats. The data illustrated that the ginsenosides Rg1 remarkably increased the proportions of SCFAs producing bacteria. Hence, ginsenoside Rg1 could be used as a potential prebiotic in the treatment of T2D through alteration of intestinal microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms underlying osteoarthritis (OA) have recently been hypothesized to involve a dysfunctional immune system. In this study, we collected synovium, synovial fluid (SF), and peripheral blood from 21 patients. Mononuclear cells were characterized using FCM. H&E staining and mIHC histological assessment of synovium were performed. Cytokine levels in the SF were measured using ELISA. We observed similar frequencies of immune cells in the synovium and SF, which were enriched in DCs. Notably, CD1c+CD163+ DC3s were expanded in the synovium and SF. Furthermore, we found that DC3s were primarily located within the ectopic lymphoid-like structure (ELLS) in close proximity to CD8+ T cells. Finally, the level of TNF-α and IL12p70 in the SF correlated with the severity of OA. These data suggest that OA is an immune system-related disease and that DC3s may play an active role in OA progression by promoting ELLS formation and inflammatory responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing robust oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts requires significant advances in material design and in‐depth understanding for water electrolysis. Herein, we report iridium clusters stabilized surface reconstructed oxyhydroxides on amorphous metal borides array, achieving an ultralow overpotential of 178 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for OER in alkaline medium. The coupling of iridium clusters induced the formation of high valence cobalt species and Ir–O–Co bridge between iridium and oxyhydroxides at the atomic scale, engineering lattice oxygen activation and non‐concerted proton‐electron transfer to trigger multiple active sites for intrinsic pH‐dependent OER activity. The lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism (LOM) was confirmed by in situ 18O isotope labeling mass spectrometry and chemical recognition of negative peroxo‐like species. Theoretical simulations reveal that the OER performance on this catalyst is intrinsically dominated by LOM pathway, facilitating the reaction kinetics. This work not only paves an avenue for the rational design of electrocatalysts, but also serves the fundamental insights into the lattice oxygen participation for promising OER application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exists periodic modulation problem in radar echoes due to the main rotor blades periodic blockage in helicopter‐borne fire‐control radar which is mounted atop the main rotor mast of the helicopter. Such modulation echo induces a set of ghosts in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image, further resulting in a poor performance of subsequent tracking and striking. To address this problem, this article proposes a method on rotor blades blockage modulation suppression for helicopter‐borne SAR. By decomposing the blocked echo into the form of Fourier series in the azimuth direction, a reference function could be constructed to suppress the modulation directly by adopting an iterative approximation strategy. This method effectively avoids the complex blocked data recovery methods, and thus can be used to suppress various kinds of periodic modulation components without requiring certain distribution models. Both simulated and real‐measured data are processed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy conversion is one of the most versatile approaches for sustainable energy demands. The fundamental limitations for photocatalysis remain light absorption, charge separation, and photocatalytic (PC) performance of the catalysts. For the past few decades, defect engineering has been proven to be a promising solution for converting solar energy to chemical energy. In this regard, the recent progress of defect engineering toward solar energy conversion is summarized. Beginning with defects classification, the definition of various defects, synthesized strategies, and characterization techniques of controllable material defects are presented. The role of defect engineering on solar energy conversion is developed, extending light absorption, promoting charge separation, and facilitating stable PC reaction. The achievement of the defective photocatalysts is discussed toward versatile applications such as solar water splitting, CO2 reduction, nitrogen fixation, molecular activation, pollutants degradation, and solar cells. Finally, this Review, with regards to defect engineering, ends with the future opportunities and challenges for this exciting and emerging area for solar energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging is a valuable technique in the identification of space satellites, it can potentially detect interesting components of space satellites in ISAR images to further conduct identification. This study proposes a novel method, defined as feature probabilistic estimation (FPE), to detect interesting components of space satellites based on ISAR image registration. In FPE, area feature registration is provoked to establish the relationship between space satellites and off‐line templates of interesting components, followed by detection accuracy based on weighted Gaussian probabilistic density function. Electromagnetic simulations with different aspects, interesting components' structures and scenery noise demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed FPE, compared with the normalised cross coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabricating hierarchical and highly matched heterostructure with large surface areas and multiple interfaces is an effective approach to enhancing the photo electrochemical performance. Here, well‐aligned hierarchical Cu7S4/TiO2/CoCr‐layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanorod arrays are reported, aiming at accelerating charge separation and transfer kinetics. The modifications of Cu7S4 and CoCr‐LDH based on TiO2 have endowed the photoanode a surprising enhancement in both ultraviolet light absorption and charge separation efficiency due to highly matched band alignment. The formation of heterojunction is an effective strategy to prevent photocorrosion of Cu7S4 by attaching protective layers on Cu7S4. Moreover, other than the hierarchical morphology with enlarged active surface areas would provide sufficient active sites for the water oxidation processes and pore channels for the gas escaping, owing to the special band alignment of three components, multiple reaction interfaces are produced and involved in the water splitting process, since the photoinduced holes for water oxidation are simultaneously distributed in CoCr‐LDH and Cu7S4. As expected, this synergistic effect in this ternary Cu7S4/TiO2/CoCr‐LDH heterogeneous photoanode gives rise to a largely enhanced photoconversion efficiency (0.58% at 0.6 V) and photocurrent density (2.04 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V). Ternary hierarchical Cu7S4/TiO2/CoCr‐layered double hydroxide (LDH) heterostructured nanorod arrays with multiphase reaction interfaces are reported. The successive modifications of Cu7S4 and CoCr‐LDH based on TiO2 endow the ternary photoanode a surprising enhancement in both ultraviolet light absorption and charge separation efficiency due to the highly matched band alignment at the Cu7S4/TiO2/CoCr‐LDH interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]