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Since the water‐insoluble dispersing dye has both absorption and scattering characteristics, a spatial resolution hyperspectral measurement approach and experimental testing was proposed in this article, which can collect spectral and spatial data from samples simultaneously. The concentration of 81 groups of three‐component disperse dye samples were measured. However, the hyperspectral data of dye solutions in the 420–800 nm band is saturated, resulting in the inability for multispectral data processing. A segmented concentration quantitative analysis model was developed. For the unsaturated band (420–510 nm), the partial least squares (PLS), the N‐way partial least squares (NPLS), and support vector machine (SVM) models using the data points on the X‐axis of a two‐dimensional light intensity distribution map were established. The predicted performance of PLS model was worse slightly than that of the other two models, The coefficient of determination (R2) values of concentrations for red, orange and blue disperse dye were 0.888, 0.796 and 0.959, respectively. For saturated band (520–670 nm), the NPLS and SVM models using the data points on the X‐ and Y‐axis were established. Results shows that the prediction accuracy of concentrations of the three‐component disperse dye was increased by adding additional data points on the Y‐axis, with R2 values of 0.944, 0.807, and 0.912, respectively. For the strong scattering band (680–800 nm), a SVM model was established, and R2 of concentration of the three dyes reached 0.974, 0.933 and 0.995, respectively. The results showed that multidimensional spectroscopy method can improve the prediction accuracy of component concentration of disperse dye solution, by using more spectral information from X and Y directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current understanding of how culture relates to the development of children's gender‐related peer preferences is limited. To investigate the role of societal acceptance of gender nonconformity, this study compared children from China and Thailand. Unlike China and other cultures where the conceptualization of gender as binary is broadly accepted, individuals who identify as a nonbinary "third" sex/gender have been highly visible and tolerated in Thai society for at least several decades. Chinese and Thai 4‐ to 9‐year‐olds (N = 458) viewed vignettes of four hypothetical peers who varied on gender (i.e., boy vs. girl) and gender‐typed toy play behavior (i.e., masculine vs. feminine), and were asked to give a friendship preference rating for each peer. Chinese, compared with Thai, children evidenced gender‐related peer preferences that emerged earlier, remained more stable across age groups, and were relatively more biased against gender‐nonconforming behavior. The only cultural similarity was in children's preference for peers who were of the same gender and/or displayed same‐gender‐typed behavior. Thus, while preference for peers who are of the same gender and/or display same‐gender‐typed behavior is common among children across cultures, the developmental onset and course of these preferences vary by culture. Moreover, societal acceptance of gender nonconformity might be key to limiting children's bias against gender‐nonconforming peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present research was to assess whether children's first interaction with a single outgroup member can significantly impact their general attitudes toward the outgroup as a whole. In two preregistered studies, 5‐ to 6‐year‐old Chinese children (total N = 147) encountered a Black adult from another country for the very first time, and they played a game together. General attitudes toward the outgroup were assessed using both implicit and explicit measures. In both studies, the interaction resulted in less negative explicit attitudes toward Black people, but more negative implicit attitudes. The results demonstrate for the first time that one encounter with a single outgroup member can impact children's general attitudes toward that group, and that it can have differential effects on implicit and explicit attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dosing vancomycin for critically ill neonates is challenging owing to substantial alterations in pharmacokinetics (PKs) caused by variability in physiology, disease, and clinical interventions. Therefore, an adequate PK model is needed to characterize these pathophysiological changes. The intent of this study was to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that reflects vancomycin PK and pathophysiological changes in neonates under intensive care. PK‐sim software was used for PBPK modeling. An adult model (model 0) was established and verified using PK profiles from previous studies. A neonatal model (model 1) was then extrapolated from model 0 by scaling age‐dependent parameters. Another neonatal model (model 2) was developed based not only on scaled age‐dependent parameters but also on quantitative information on pathophysiological changes obtained via a comprehensive literature search. The predictive performances of models 1 and 2 were evaluated using a retrospectively collected dataset from neonates under intensive care (chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR1900027919), comprising 65 neonates and 92 vancomycin serum concentrations. Integrating literature‐based parameter changes related to hypoalbuminemia, small‐for‐gestational‐age, and co‐medication, model 2 offered more optimized precision than model 1, as shown by a decrease in the overall mean absolute percentage error (50.6% for model 1; 37.8% for model 2). In conclusion, incorporating literature‐based pathophysiological changes effectively improved PBPK modeling for critically ill neonates. Furthermore, this model allows for dosing optimization before serum concentration measurements can be obtained in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tracked the long-term effect of perceptual individuation training on reducing 5-year-old Chinese children's (N = 95, Mage  = 5.64 years) implicit pro-Asian/anti-Black racial bias. Initial training to individuate other-race Black faces, followed by supplementary training occurring 1 week later, resulted in a long-term reduction of pro-Asian/anti-Black bias (70 days). In contrast, training Chinese children to recognize White or Asian faces had no effect on pro-Asian/anti-Black bias. Theoretically, the finding that individuation training can have a long-term effect on reducing implicit racial bias in preschoolers suggests that a developmentally early causal linkage between perceptual and social processing of faces is not a transitory phenomenon. Practically, the data point to an effective intervention method for reducing implicit racism in young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigated the relation between racial categorization and implicit racial bias in majority and minority children. Chinese and Indian 3- to 7-year-olds from Singapore (N = 158) categorized Chinese and Indian faces by race and had their implicit and explicit racial biases measured. Majority Chinese children, but not minority Indian children, showed implicit bias favoring own race. Regardless of ethnicity, children's racial categorization performance correlated positively with implicit racial bias. Also, Chinese children, but not Indian children, displayed explicit bias favoring own race. Furthermore, children's explicit bias was unrelated to racial categorization performance and implicit bias. The findings support a perceptual-social linkage in the emergence of implicit racial bias and have implications for designing programs to promote interracial harmony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined whether having a positive reputation to maintain makes young children less likely to cheat. Cheating was assessed through a temptation resistance paradigm in which participants were instructed not to cheat in a guessing game. Across three studies (total N = 361), preschool-aged participants were randomly assigned to either a reputation condition, in which an experimenter told them that she had learned of their positive reputation from classmates, or to a control condition in which they received no such information. By age 5, children in the reputation condition cheated less often than those in the control condition even though nobody was watching and choosing not to cheat conflicted with their personal interest. These findings are the first to show that informing children that they have a positive reputation to maintain can influence their moral behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research used an Implicit Racial Bias Test to investigate implicit racial biases among 3- to 5-year-olds and adult participants in China (N = 213) and Cameroon (N = 257). In both cultures, participants displayed high levels of racial biases that remained stable between 3 and 5 years of age. Unlike adults, young children's implicit racial biases were unaffected by the social status of the other-race groups. Also, unlike adults, young children displayed overt explicit racial biases, and these biases were dissociated from their implicit biases. The results provide strong evidence for the early emergence of implicit racial biases and point to the need to reduce them in early childhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Velocity uniformity in reaction channels has a significant effect on the performance of laminated microreactors with micro-pin-fin arrays (MPFAR) for hydrogen production. The hydrogen production efficiency can be improved by optimizing the structure of flow manifolds. The relationship between the flow manifold structure and the velocity distribution in the reaction channel with MPFAR is established by an equivalent electrical resistance network model validated via simulation. The effects of the flow manifold structure on the velocity distribution are investigated. The results show that the velocity distribution can be improved by increasing the y-direction coordinate Ypi of the flow manifold inlet tube. The flow manifold structure is optimized for better velocity distribution in reaction channels with different MPFAR widths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a new class of conjugated polycyclic molecules that contain seven-membered rings, detailing their synthesis, crystal structures and semiconductor properties. These molecules have a nearly flat C6-C7-C6-C7-C6 polycyclic framework with a p-quinodimethane core. With field-effect mobilities of up to 0.76 cm²V-1s-1 as measured from solution-processed thin-film transistors, these molecules are alternatives to the well-studied pentacene analogues for applications in organic electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the two related polymeric title compounds, {[La2(sip)2- (phen)2(H2O)3]·H2O}n [sip is the 5-sulfonatoisophthalate trianion (C8H3O7S3- ) and phen is 1,10-phenanthroline (C12H8N2)], (I), and {[La(sip)(H2O)3]-H2O]n, (II), the lanthanum(III) ions are nine-coordinate, with similar distorted monocapped square-antiprism coordination geometry. The two crystal structures are very different. In (I), the sip anion acts as a pentadentate ligand, one of the coordinated water molecules lies on a twofold axis and further inversion, n-glide and translation operations generate a two-dimensional framework. In (II), the sip anion functions as a hexadentate ligand and a three-dimensional network with trinuclear 24- membered rings is developed via inversion, n-glide, twofold- screw and translation operations. Both structures also have extensive O—H…O hydrogen-bonded networks and π-π interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the title complex, [Co2(C14H9O4)4(C12H8N2)2(H2O)], each Co2+ cation is surrounded by two N atoms from a 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) ligand and four O atoms [one from a water mol­ecule, one from a monodentate 2′-carboxybi­phenyl-2-carboxyl­ate (Hbpdc) ligand and two from two bridging Hbpdc ligands), thus forming a distorted CoO4N2 octahedron. The two Co2+ cations are bridged by two Hbpdc anions via their carboxyl­ate groups to produce an eight-membered dinuclear ring. The Co centres are also bridged by a water molecule, this latter species lying on a twofold axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, (C10H10N2)[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2, consists of 4,4′-bipyridinium dications, hexa­aqua­cobalt(II) cations and sulfate anions that are linked by hydrogen bonds into a network structure. Six water mol­ecules are coordinated to the Co atom and the geometry is octahedral. The bipyridinium cation has site symmetry 2 and the Co atom lies on a position of site symmetry 2/ m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the centrosymmetric title compound, [Cd(C6H5N2O4)2(H2O)4], the CdII cation is coordinated by two uracil-1-acetate anions via carboxyl­ate O atoms, and four water mol­ecules, forming a six-coordinate octa­hedral environment. O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter­actions link adjacent mol­ecules into a three-dimensional network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the title compound, [Cu(C2Cl3O2)2(C12H8N2)(H2O)], the copper(II) ion is five-coordinated by four basal atoms (two N atoms from a 1,10-phenanthroline mol­ecule and two O atoms from two trichloro­acetate anions) and one axial aqua mol­ecule, in a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry. Moreover, two adjacent mononuclear units are associated by intra- and inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form a grid dimer. The hydrogen-bonding pattern could be described in graph-set terminology as R11(6) R12(8). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]