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Collective cell migration is a model for nonequilibrium biological dynamics, which is important for morphogenesis, pattern formation, and cancer metastasis. The current understanding of cellular collective dynamics is based primarily on cells moving within a 2D epithelial monolayer. However, solid tumors often invade surrounding tissues in the form of a stream‐like 3D structure, and how biophysical cues are integrated at the cellular level to give rise to this collective streaming remains unclear. Here, it is shown that cell cycle‐mediated bioenergetics drive a forward advective flow of cells and energy to the front to support 3D collective invasion. The cell division cycle mediates a corresponding energy cycle such that cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) energy peaks just before division. A reaction–advection–diffusion (RAD) type model coupled with experimental measurements further indicates that most cells enter an active division cycle at rear positions during 3D streaming. Once the cells progress to a later stage toward division, the high intracellular energy allows them to preferentially stream toward the tip and become leader cells. This energy‐driven cellular flow may be a fundamental characteristic of 3D collective dynamics based on thermodynamic principles important for not only cancer invasion but also tissue morphogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nanostructured copper oxide (nCO) coating which can be electrochemically reduced to copper metal is demonstrated as an anti‐reflection coating, enabling interference lithography of three‐dimensionally structured templates on a surface compatible with subsequent electrodeposition steps. The nCO presents a black needle‐like structure which effectively absorbs the incident radiation during interference lithography. Specular and diffused reflectivity measurements confirm nCO has near‐zero reflectivity from at least UV (350 nm) to near IR (700 nm) wavelengths. A particularly important aspect of the nCO is its ability to be reduced to copper metal, enabling electrodeposition inside porous templates fabricated on the nCO. It is demonstrated electrodeposition of copper within 3D templates defined by interference lithography and proximity field nano‐patterning processes, forming mesostructured metals which enhance two‐phase cooling. The resultant 5 µm thick structures exhibited up to 3 times the critical heat flux and 2 times heat transfer coefficient of bare silicon. The structures are optimized via computational tools including Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and COMSOL Multiphysics. The use of the approach demonstrated here can potentially find application in many areas given the broad importance of mesostructured metals for energy, biomedical, and mechanical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess whether calcium silicate root fillings prevent bacterial penetration and to determine how bacteria penetrate roots. Extracted single‐rooted, single‐canal human teeth were decoronated, prepared and filled with ProRootMTA or Biodentine (n = 12 each). Positive and negative (n = 2 each) controls were not filled. A two‐chamber model was used with Streptococcus gordonii. The lower compartment was evaluated for turbidity over 150 days. Roots were split and examined for bacteria via SEM. The chi‐squared test was used for comparisons (α = 0.05). Experimental groups had bacteria in their coronal thirds. Tubules contained bacteria in 90.9% and 91.7% of areas examined in the Biodentine and ProRootMTA groups, respectively, with no significant difference (p = 0.914). Experimental and negative roots had no turbidity with no significant difference between Biodentine and ProRootMTA (p = 1.000). Positive controls had turbidity. Bacteria penetrate roots via dentine tubules of root‐filled teeth. Biodentine was comparable to ProRoot MTA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies investigating the accuracy of diagnostic tests should provide data on how effectively they identify or exclude disease in order to inform clinicians responsible for managing patients. This consensus‐based project was undertaken to develop reporting guidelines for authors submitting manuscripts, which describe studies that have evaluated the accuracy of diagnostic tests in endodontics. These guidelines are known as the Preferred Reporting Items for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies in Endodontics (PRIDASE) 2024 guidelines. A nine‐member steering committee created an initial checklist by integrating and modifying items from the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) 2015 checklist and the Clinical and Laboratory Images in Publications (CLIP) principles, as well as adding a number of new items specific to the specialty of endodontics. Thereafter, the steering committee formed the PRIDASE Delphi Group (PDG) and the PRIDASE Online Meeting Group (POMG) in order to collect expert feedback on the preliminary draft checklist. Members of the Delphi group engaged in an online Delphi process to reach consensus on the clarity and suitability of the items in the checklist. The online meeting group then held an in‐depth discussion on the online Delphi‐generated items via the Zoom platform on 20 October 2023. According to the feedback obtained, the steering committee revised the PRIDASE checklist, which was then piloted by several authors when preparing manuscripts describing diagnostic accuracy studies in endodontics. Feedback from this process resulted in the final version of the PRIDASE 2024 checklist, which has 11 sections and 66 items. Authors are encouraged to use the PRIDASE 2024 guidelines when developing manuscripts on diagnostic accuracy in endodontics in order to improve the quality of reporting in this area. Editors of relevant journals will be invited to include these guidelines in their instructions to authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal carbides find widespread use throughout industry due to their high strength and resilience under extreme conditions. However, they remain largely limited to compounds formed from the early d‐block elements, since the mid‐to‐late transition metals do not form thermodynamically stable carbides. We report here the high‐pressure bulk synthesis of large single crystals of a novel metastable manganese carbide compound, MnCx (P63/mmc), which adopts the anti‐NiAs‐type structure with significant substoichiometry at the carbon sites. We demonstrate how synthesis pressure modulates the carbon loading, with ~40 % occupancy being achieved at 9.9 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal carbides find widespread use throughout industry due to their high strength and resilience under extreme conditions. However, they remain largely limited to compounds formed from the early d‐block elements, since the mid‐to‐late transition metals do not form thermodynamically stable carbides. We report here the high‐pressure bulk synthesis of large single crystals of a novel metastable manganese carbide compound, MnCx (P63/mmc), which adopts the anti‐NiAs‐type structure with significant substoichiometry at the carbon sites. We demonstrate how synthesis pressure modulates the carbon loading, with ~40 % occupancy being achieved at 9.9 GPa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism destination development and visitor satisfaction are significantly enhanced by responsible tourism practices. Responsible tourism should be taken into consideration as a policy choice being a strategic marketing tool improving destination quality and tourist satisfaction. This study is an effort to comprehend how responsible tourism practices affect visitor satisfaction, re‐visit intention, and word‐of‐mouth. The study also took into account how visitors' awareness of responsible tourism mediated their satisfaction with their experiences while visiting the area. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed model from the data gathered from 548 tourists. Results revealed that responsible tourism practices significantly improved visitor satisfaction, followed by increased likelihood of returning and favorable word‐of‐mouth recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species exploiting seasonal environments must alter timings of key life‐history events in response to large‐scale climatic changes in order to maintain trophic synchrony with required resources. Yet, substantial among‐species variation in long‐term phenological changes has been observed. Advancing from simply describing such variation towards predicting future phenological responses requires studies that rigorously quantify and explain variation in the direction and magnitude of changing timings across diverse species in relation to key ecological and life‐history variables. Accordingly, we fitted multi‐quantile regressions to 59 years of multi‐species data on spring and autumn bird migration timings through northern Scotland. We demonstrate substantial variation in changes in timings among 72 species, and tested whether such variation can be explained by species ecology, life‐history and changes in local abundance. Consistent with predictions, species that advanced their migration timing in one or both seasons had more seasonally restricted diet types, fewer suitable breeding habitat types, shorter generation lengths and capability to produce multiple offspring broods per year. In contrast, species with less seasonally restricted diet types and that produce single annual offspring broods, showed no change. Meanwhile, contrary to prediction, long‐distance and short‐distance migrants advanced migration timings similarly. Changes in migration timing also varied with changes in local migratory abundance, such that species with increasing seasonal abundance apparently altered their migration timing, whilst species with decreasing abundance did not. Such patterns broadly concur with expectation given adaptive changes in migration timing. However, we demonstrate that similar patterns can be generated by numerical sampling given changing local abundances. Any apparent phenology‐abundance relationships should, therefore, be carefully validated and interpreted. Overall, our results show that migrant bird species with differing ecologies and life‐histories showed systematically differing phenological changes over six decades contextualised by large‐scale environmental changes, potentially facilitating future predictions and altering temporal dynamics of seasonal species co‐occurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solvent‐free elimination of sulfinic acid and aromatization of 1,6‐trans‐substituted bis(arylsulfone) trienes is reported. It is shown that sublimation can be used as a 'green' method to combine the thermal transformation of six trienes and the crystal growth of the resulting 4‐(phenylsulfonyl)biphenyls. When the sublimation conditions are carefully controlled, high quality single crystals of the 4‐(phenylsulfonyl)biphenyls are obtained. Theoretical modelling of the reaction using the simplified triene Ph‐(CH)6‐SO2H showed that the cyclization is energetically feasible and that the complete conversion is possible during the timescale of the sublimation. At temperatures slightly higher than the optimum sublimation temperature two of the trienes transformed into 1,4‐cyclohexadienes that did not eliminate phenylsulfinic acid. A reaction mechanism involving a 1,3‐hydrogen shift induced by free PhS• radicals is proposed for the formation of the 1,4‐cyclohexadienes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are considered the primary mechanism of vaccine‐mediated protection against human papillomaviruses (HPV), the causative agent of cervical cancer. However, the minimum level of NAb needed for protection is currently unknown. The HPV pseudovirion‐based neutralization assay (PBNA) is the gold standard method for assessing HPV antibody responses but is time‐consuming and labor‐intensive. With the development of higher valency HPV vaccines, alternative serological assays with the capacity for multiplexing would improve efficiency and output. Here we describe a multiplex bead‐based immunoassay to characterize the antibody responses to the seven oncogenic HPV types (HPV16/18/31/33/45/52/58) contained in the current licensed nonavalent HPV vaccine. This assay can measure antibody isotypes and subclasses (total IgG, IgM, IgA1–2, IgG1–4), and can be adapted to measure other antibody features (e.g., Fc receptors) that contribute to vaccine immunity. When tested with serum samples from unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals, we found high concordance between HPV‐specific IgG using this multiplex assay and NAbs measured with PBNA. Overall, this assay is high‐throughput, sample‐sparing, and time‐saving, providing an alternative to existing assays for the measurement and characterization of HPV antibody responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arynes are fleeting, high‐energy intermediates that undergo myriad trapping reactions by nucleophiles. Their unusual reactivity compared to other electrophiles can spur unexpected mechanistic pathways enroute to the formation of benzenoid products. Herein we explore a particularly unique case of thermally generated arynes reacting with phosphoranes to form helical dibenzothiophenes and ‐selenophenes. Multiple new helical polycyclic aromatic products are reported. DP4+ and X‐ray crystallographic analysis were used in tandem to confirm the structural topologies of selected products and to demonstrate the utility of DP4+ for distinguishing between isomeric polycyclic aromatic compounds. Lastly, we discuss a plausible mechanism consistent with DFT computations that accounts for the product formation; namely, ligand coupling (i.e. reductive elimination) within a hypervalent, pentacarbon‐ligated σ‐phosphorane furnishes the dibenzothio‐ or dibenzoselenophene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of long COVID among Western Australian adults, a highly vaccinated population whose first major exposure to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) was during the 2022 Omicron wave, and to assess its impact on health service use and return to work or study. Study design: Follow‐up survey (completed online or by telephone). Setting, participants: Adult Western Australians surveyed 90 days after positive SARS‐CoV‐2 test results (polymerase chain reaction or rapid antigen testing) during 16 July – 3 August 2022 who had consented to follow‐up contact for research purposes. Main outcome measures: Proportion of respondents with long COVID (ie, reporting new or ongoing symptoms or health problems, 90 days after positive SARS‐CoV‐2 test result); proportion with long COVID who sought health care for long COVID‐related symptoms two to three months after infection; proportion who reported not fully returning to previous work or study because of long COVID‐related symptoms. Results: Of the 70 876 adults with reported SARS‐CoV‐2 infections, 24 024 consented to contact (33.9%); after exclusions, 22 744 people were invited to complete the survey, of whom 11 697 (51.4%) provided complete responses. Our case definition for long COVID was satisfied by 2130 respondents (18.2%). The risk of long COVID was greater for women (v men: adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–1.6) and for people aged 50–69 years (v 18–29 years: aRR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4–1.9) or with pre‐existing health conditions (aRR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.4–1.7), as well as for people who had received two or fewer COVID–19 vaccine doses (v four or more: aRR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2–1.8) or three doses (aRR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1–1.5). The symptoms most frequently reported by people with long COVID were fatigue (1504, 70.6%) and concentration difficulties (1267, 59.5%). In the month preceding the survey, 814 people had consulted general practitioners (38.2%) and 34 reported being hospitalised (1.6%) with long COVID. Of 1779 respondents with long COVID who had worked or studied before the infection, 318 reported reducing or discontinuing this activity (17.8%). Conclusion: Ninety days after infection with the Omicron SARS‐CoV‐2 variant, 18.2% of survey respondents reported symptoms consistent with long COVID, of whom 38.7% (7.1% of all survey respondents) sought health care for related health concerns two to three months after the acute infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homocubane, a highly strained cage hydrocarbon, contains two very different positions for the introduction of a nitrogen atom into the skeleton, e. g. a position 1 exchange results in a tertiary amine whereas position 9 yields a secondary amine. Herein reported is the synthesis of 9‐azahomocubane along with associated structural characterization, physical property analysis and chemical reactivity. Not only is 9‐azahomocubane readily synthesized, and found to be stable as predicted, the basicity of the secondary amine was observed to be significantly lower than the structurally related azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, although similar to 1‐azahomocubane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dominance of neotropical tree communities by a few species is widely documented, but dominant trees show a variety of distributional patterns still poorly understood. Here, we used 503 forest inventory plots (93,719 individuals ≥2.5 cm diameter, 2609 species) to explore the relationships between local abundance, regional frequency and spatial aggregation of dominant species in four main habitat types in western Amazonia. Although the abundance‐occupancy relationship is positive for the full dataset, we found that among dominant Amazonian tree species, there is a strong negative relationship between local abundance and regional frequency and/or spatial aggregation across habitat types. Our findings suggest an ecological trade‐off whereby dominant species can be locally abundant (local dominants) or regionally widespread (widespread dominants), but rarely both (oligarchs). Given the importance of dominant species as drivers of diversity and ecosystem functioning, unravelling different dominance patterns is a research priority to direct conservation efforts in Amazonian forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: High methodological quality is required to interpret results of systematic reviews (SRs) in a reliable and accurate manner. The primary aim of this study was to appraise the methodologic quality of SRs with meta‐analysis within the field of traumatic dental injuries using the A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) 2 tool and assess overall confidence in their results. A secondary aim was to identify potential predictive factors associated with methodological quality. Materials and Methods: SRs with meta‐analyses published in English in the field of traumatic dental injuries from inception to March 2023 were identified. The methodological quality of the included reviews was assessed using the AMSTAR 2 checklist. Two independent evaluators scored each AMSTAR 2 item as "yes" if it was adequately addressed, "partial yes" if it was partially addressed, and "no" if it was not addressed. The overall confidence in the results of each review was classified as "High," "Moderate," "Low," or "Critically low." Using multiple regression, the relationship between five predictor variables (journal impact factor, year of publication, number of authors, journal adherence to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐analyses [PRISMA] guidelines and a priori protocol registration) and the total AMSTAR 2 scores was analyzed. The p‐value was 5%. Results: Forty‐one SRs were included. The overall confidence in the results of 13 reviews was categorized as "Critically low," 18 as "Low," 3 as "Moderate" and 7 as "High." Among the five predictor variables analyzed statistically, impact factor of the journal and year of publication significantly influenced the total AMSTAR 2 scores. The number of authors, adherence to PRISMA guidelines, and a priori protocol registration had no significant impact on AMSTAR 2 scores. Conclusion: The overall confidence in the results of SRs with meta‐analysis within the field of traumatic dental injuries was "Low" or "Critically Low" in the vast majority of studies (31 of 41). SRs with meta‐analyses published in journals with higher impact factors and more recent publications had significantly higher methodological quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary aim was to compare cases seen by public endodontic clinicians (endodontists and endodontic registrars) to that of private endodontists. This was done by comparing item numbers charged over a 3‐year period from 1 January 2016 to 1 January 2019 from both sectors. The secondary aim was to compare item numbers charged by endodontic registrars during their training as recorded by their submitted logbooks to that of private endodontists. In both comparisons, private endodontists recorded higher numbers of many item numbers including consultations, routine root canal treatment, removal of posts and broken instruments. Endodontic registrar logbooks also recorded fewer numbers compared to private endodontists, however, the frequency of more invasive procedures such as surgery and hemisection were similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guidelines for Prevention of Traumatic Dental Injuries were reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors of the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) and the Academy for Sports Dentistry (ASD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guidelines for Prevention of Traumatic Dental Injuries were reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors of the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) and the Academy for Sports Dentistry (ASD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guidelines for Prevention of Traumatic Dental Injuries were reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors of the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) and the Academy for Sports Dentistry (ASD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guidelines for Prevention of Traumatic Dental Injuries were reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors of the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) and the Academy for Sports Dentistry (ASD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: The Preferred Reporting Items for Case Reports in Endodontics (PRICE) 2020 guidelines were published to help authors produce high‐quality case reports. The aim of this study was to use the PRICE 2020 guidelines to appraise a sample of 50 case reports related to dental traumatology that were published before the guidelines were available in order to assess various parameters influencing the reporting quality. Methods: Fifty case reports published between 2015 and 2019 and related to dental traumatology were randomly selected from the PubMed database. Reports were assessed by two independent evaluators using the PRICE checklist. Each item received a score of "1" if the manuscript met all pertinent criteria, "0" if it was not reported, and "0.5" if it was reported insufficiently. "Not Applicable" (NA) was assigned to items that were irrelevant to a specific report. The estimated total PRICE score for each case report was computed by adding all the scores, with a maximum score of 47 minus any "NA" scores. Descriptive and Inferential statistics (Student's t‐test and ANOVA) were used for analysis. Results: The percentage of case reports that fully met each applicable criteria ranged from 0% to 100%. The percentage of case reports partially satisfying each applicable criterion varied from 0% to 88%. There was a significant difference in scores for case reports published in journals with an impact factor compared with those without (p =.042). No significant difference was observed between the mean scores that compared the period of publication. There was no significant difference between journals that followed the CARE guidelines and those that did not. Conclusion: Several items within the PRICE 2020 guidelines were either not reported or only partially reported in case reports related to dental traumatology prior to the checklist publication. It is recommended that authors follow the PRICE 2020 guidelines to improve the overall quality of their case reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: drought tolerance; flower; hydraulics; minimum conductance; physiological costs; water relations EN drought tolerance flower hydraulics minimum conductance physiological costs water relations 2076 2082 7 08/23/23 20230915 NES 230915 Data availability All data are available and provided in the Supplementary Information. In most cases, one flower and leaf per plant was sampled, and previous measurements suggest that intraspecific variation in flower I g i SB min sb is relatively small (Roddy I et al i ., [47]). Of the 101 species for which we measured I g i SB min sb data for both leaves and flowers, only 27 species had flowers with lower I g i SB min sb than leaves. That I g i SB min sb has been shown to scale with whole-flower hydraulic conductance reiterates the role of I g i SB min sb in regulating flower water balance (Roddy I et al i ., [47]). [Extracted from the article]

Polarimetric Airborne Scientific INstrument, mark 2 (PASIN2) is a 150 MHz coherent pulsed radar with the purpose of deep ice sounding for bedrock, subglacial channels and ice‐water interface detection in Antarctica. It is designed and operated by the British Antarctic Survey from 2014. With multiple antennas, oriented along and across‐track, for transmission and reception, it enables polarimetric 3D estimation of the ice base with a single pass, reducing the gridding density of the survey paths. The off‐line data processing stream consists of channel calibration; 2D synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging based on back‐projection, for along‐track and range dimensions; and finally, a direction of arrival estimation (DoA) of the remaining across‐track angle, by modifying the non‐linear MUSIC algorithm. Calibration flights, during the Antarctic Summer campaigns in 16/17 and 19/20 seasons, assessed and validated the instrument and processing performances. Imaging flights over ice streams and ice shelves close to grounding lines demonstrate the 3D sensing capabilities. By resolving directional ambiguities and accounting for reflector across‐track location, the true ice thickness and bed elevation are obtained, thereby removing the error of the usual assumption of vertical DoA, that greatly influence the output of flow models of ice dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to compare referral patterns and treatment provided by specialist Endodontists and Endodontic Registrars. A retrospective review was conducted of the clinical records of the first 25 patients seen by seven private endodontic clinicians and the equivalent number (175) of patients seen by five public sector endodontic clinicians from 1 January 2017. The average age and range of medical co‐morbidities of patients in the public sector were statistically greater. Referred patients and referrers mainly worked in metropolitan Perth. The most frequent reasons for referral in both public and private sectors were to assess and manage non‐painful endodontic pathosis, to manage pain, and to manage calcified canals. There was a wide range of cases referred to both sectors but with similar patterns suggesting that the training of specialists adequately prepares them for private practice. The results also indicate that Endodontists must be proficient in all aspects of the speciality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: The extent of education regarding dental trauma within dental schools around the world is believed to be very diverse, but also largely unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze and depict the current curriculum regarding dental trauma education among all Canadian dental schools, in an effort to refine and consolidate the education system. Methods: A survey was conducted over a scheduled meeting with dental trauma Instructors from all 10 dental schools in Canada. Questions were categorized into three sections investigating the dental trauma curriculum, the examinations/assessments of students, and the clinical exposure provided to students during the course of their dental studies. Data were first analyzed individually, and then common findings were grouped together. Results: A total of 17 instructors were interviewed. In 9 out of the 10 universities, dental trauma education remains fragmented with an overall mean of only 4 ± 5.2 h allocated to teaching dental trauma throughout the dental courses. Only one single university reported testing students following the completion of their dental trauma course, and only one university conducted a final examination dedicated separately to dental trauma only. All instructors reported a lack of ample exposure to trauma cases during clinical rotations. Conclusions: Many deficiencies exist in teaching dental trauma among Canadian universities. Due to low clinical exposure, students might be under‐prepared to clinically manage trauma cases. Also, the lack of unification in the curriculum creates confusion among students. Additional clinical exposure along with unification within, and between, dental schools could result in a more coherent and a better presented dental trauma curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental patient‐reported outcomes (dPROs) are self‐reported descriptions of a patient's oral health status that are not modified or interpreted by a healthcare professional. Dental patient‐reported outcome measures (dPROMs) are objective or subjective measurements used to assess dPROs. In oral healthcare settings, the emphasis on assessing treatment outcomes from the patient's perspective has increased and this is particularly important after traumatic dental injuries (TDIs), as this group of injuries represent the fifth most prevalent disease or condition worldwide. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current use of dPROs and dPROMs in the field of dental traumatology. Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life, pain, swelling, aesthetics, function, adverse effects, patient satisfaction, number of clinical visits and trauma‐related dental anxiety are the key dPROs following TDIs. Clinicians and researchers should consider the well‐being of patients as their top priority and conduct routine evaluations of dPROs using measures that are appropriate, accurate and reflect what is important to the patient. After a TDI, dPROs can assist clinicians and patients to choose the best management option(s) for each individual patient and potentially improve the methodology, design and relevance of clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how biotic interactions and environmental filtering mediated by soil properties shape plant community assembly is a major challenge in ecology, especially when studying complex and hyperdiverse ecosystems like tropical forests. To shed light on the influence of both factors, we examined how the edaphic optimum of species (their niche position) related to their edaphic range (their niche breadth) along different environmental gradients and how this translates into functional strategies. Here we tested four scenarios describing the shape of the niche breadth—niche position relationship, including one neutral scenario and three scenarios proposing different relative influences of abiotic and biotic factors on community assembly along a soil resource gradient. To do so, we used soil concentration data for five key nutrients (N, P, Ca, Mg, and K), along with accurate measurements of 14 leaf, stem, and root traits for 246 tree species inventoried in 101 plots located across Eastern (French Guiana) and Western (Peru) Amazonia. We found that species niche breadth increased linearly with species niche position along each soil nutrient gradient. This increase was associated with more resource acquisitive traits in the leaves and the roots for soil N, Ca, Mg, and K concentration, while it was negatively associated with wood density for soil P concentration. These observations agreed with one of our hypothetical scenarios in which species with resource conservation traits are confined to the most nutrient‐depleted soils (abiotic filter), but they are outperformed by faster‐growing species in more fertile conditions (biotic filter). Our results refine and strengthen support for niche theories of species assembly while providing an integrated approach to improving forest management policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This 27‐color panel was developed to simultaneously measure different T‐cell populations (CD4, CD8, γδ T‐cells, and MAIT cells) and their subsets (Memory, Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh, and Treg) along with functional markers associated with their activation status, cytokine production and cytotoxicity. This panel will be useful for both in vivo and in vitro studies evaluating T‐cells in the context of human health and disease. This panel is valuable in settings where samples are limited as a large amount of data will be generated using small volumes of blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Conventional pull‐through percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) risks infection and tumour implantation in head and neck cancers. Endoscopically inserted direct gastrostomy has lower rates of complications but is underutilised. Aims: To describe the endoscopic steps for direct gastrostomy insertion and review our single‐centre experience to assess the technical feasibility and safety. Methods: Patients who underwent endoscopic direct gastrostomy insertion between December 2016 and June 2021 were included. A 24Fr introducer kit for gastrostomy feeding tube (Avanos Healthcare, Australia) was used. Patient and tumour characteristics, procedural data and 30‐day outcomes were recorded. Results: Thirty patients underwent direct PEG insertion (mean age 64 years and 24 male). All were planned for or currently undergoing radiotherapy. Twenty‐six (87%) of 30 cases were performed under conscious sedation over a median procedure time of 21 min (interquartile range 11 min). No tumour seeding was seen, and one case of PEG‐site infection was observed. Conclusions: Direct PEG is safe and effective and should be considered for patients with aerodigestive tract cancer in need of nutritional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discharge and channel geometry control velocity and bed shear stress within a reach. Channel roughness (e.g., riffles, pools) and ice cover in winter moderates velocity and shear stress at the bed. This study evaluated velocity profiles across a channel segment with variable bed roughness (e.g., riffles, pools) to determine changes in the position of maximum velocity, maximum velocity magnitude, and resulting bed shear stress estimates when ice cover was present. Using acoustic doppler velocimeter (ADV) and acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) high resolution velocity profiles were collected during ice cover, open water, and open water with significant increases in vegetation cover through a riffle‐pool sequence in a low‐order channel in southern Ontario Canada in the first half of 2021. Key findings were that in five of the seven cross‐sections, flow direction was significantly different when ice was present. Additionally, maximum velocities were closer to the bed during ice cover, a common finding in modelling and experimental work, and is confirmed in this field setting. Although maximum velocity magnitudes were not significantly different, derived bed shear stress values under ice were larger. Specifically, under ice conditions, riffle bed shear stress ranged 0–16 N/m2 compared to 0–9 N/m2 in ice free conditions. In the pool, bed shear stress ranged 0–6 N/m2 under ice cover, and 0–5 N/m2 in ice free conditions. Further, as flow levels increased through the spring and summer, this coincided with increased in‐stream vegetation cover, which decreased flow velocities near the bed, and thus decreased bed shear stresses to less than 1 N/m2 in both the riffle and pool sections. The findings indicate that channel evolution processes may be more intense during lower‐stage winter flows when ice is present and has significant implications for channel design, restoration and management strategies used in small channels impacted by ice cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reporting guidelines assist basic scientists, translational healthcare researchers and clinicians to publish manuscripts of the highest standard by improving the accuracy, transparency and completeness of the publications they submit to journals. This paper provides an overview of reporting guidelines relevant for the specialty of dental traumatology and discusses their application, significance and potential impact. The Preferred Reporting Items for study Designs in Endodontology (PRIDE) suite of reporting guidelines includes a range of study designs that can be used within the broad field of Endodontics but they are also applicable to dental traumatology and other dental disciplines (Preferred Reporting Items for Case reports in Endodontics [PRICE] 2020, Preferred Reporting Items for RAndomized Trials in Endodontics [PRIRATE] 2020; Preferred Reporting Items for Animal Studies in Endodontology [PRIASE] 2021; Preferred Reporting Items for Laboratory studies in Endodontology [PRILE] 2021 and Preferred Reporting items for OBservational studies in Endodontics [PROBE] 2023). The PRIDE guidelines were developed by an extensive network of globally renowned academics, researchers and expert clinicians working within dentistry using an accepted and validated consensus methodology. The aim of the PRIDE guidelines is to improve the overall quality of manuscripts describing case reports, randomized trials, animal research, laboratory studies and observational studies. Although attention to reporting guidelines adds a degree of complexity when writing reports, such guidelines provide a template for authors to develop standardized manuscripts of the highest quality, which will allow colleagues, readers and the wider public to have confidence that their findings are valid and robust. They also provide evidence to editors that manuscripts submitted to journals comply with the highest global standards of reporting within their respective discipline. Endorsement of the PRIDE guidelines by editors will lead to improvements in the reporting quality of manuscripts submitted to their journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dentists can prescribe medications for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. In Australia, dental graduates can autonomously practise within the scope of their qualifications without needing to undertake an internship post‐graduation. Although previous research has identified knowledge gaps amongst dental students in Australia on pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutic knowledge, there has been no published research that qualitatively highlights dental students' knowledge of medication prescribing in Australia. This study aimed to undertake a qualitative analysis of Western Australian dental students' attitudes towards and knowledge of medication prescribing. Methods: This qualitative case study design employed semi‐structured interviews as means of collecting data. It utilised a purposive sampling in penultimate and final year dental students at the University of Western Australia. Results: Twenty dental students participated in the study. Five key themes were identified in the data: current and previous education, application when delivering pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics, teaching to ensure patient‐centred care, supervision and referral to relevant resources. Participants agreed that having previous knowledge in the area provides students with confidence regarding medication prescribing. Furthermore, students in this study valued having guidance when prescribing medications. Conclusions: This study highlights the complexity of medication prescribing for dental students. It also highlights their experience with the current pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics curriculum. All students interviewed valued application‐based teaching, making it specific to dentistry. If curriculum were to be redeveloped, considering their perceptions may be a valuable tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environment experienced by a female influences reproductive traits in many species of fish. Environmental factors such as temperature and diet are not only important mediators of female maturation and reproduction but also of egg traits and offspring fitness through maternal provisioning. In this study, we use 3‐year‐old tank‐reared Atlantic salmon from two Finnish populations to investigate the effect of temperature and diet on maturation and egg traits. We show that a temperature difference of 2°C is sufficient to delay maturation in female Atlantic salmon whereas a 22% reduction in dietary energy content had no effect on maturation. Diet did not influence the body size, condition or fecundity of the mature females or the size or protein content of the eggs. However, a higher energy diet increased egg lipid content. Neither female body size nor condition were associated with egg size or fat/protein composition. Our results indicate that female salmon that have a poorer diet in terms of energy content may have a reproductive disadvantage due to the lower energy provisioning of eggs. This disadvantage has the potential to translate into fitness consequences for their offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lowland Amazon rainforest houses some of the greatest tree diversity on Earth. While the vast majority of these species are rare, a small number are common and widespread and thus considered to play a disproportionate role in many of the global ecosystem services provided by the Amazon. However, the extent to which dominant Amazonian tree species actually include multiple clades, each on their own unique evolutionary trajectory, is unknown. Here we investigate the extent to which lineage divergence may be occurring within Protium subserratum (Burseraceae), a common and widespread tree species that is monophyletic with populations exhibiting genotypic and phenotypic differences associated with soil and geography. Utilizing a combination of phylogenomic and population genomic methods with sampling from across the range, we found that P. subserratum contains at least eight distinct clades. Specialization onto white‐sand soils has evolved independently at least twice within the species; however, phenotype is not correlated with soil type. Finally, cryptic diversity at the base of the Andes is associated with elevational shifts. Together these results lend support to the hypothesis that common and widespread Amazon tree species may not represent evolutionary cohesive units. Instead, these dominant species may more commonly represent species complexes, undergoing evolutionary transitions on a trajectory to become multiple range‐restricted, specialist species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to their molybdenum dependent relatives, tungsten enzymes operate at significantly lower redox potentials, and in some cases they can carry out reversible redox transformations of their substrates and products. Still, the electrochemical properties of W enzymes have received much less attention than their Mo relatives. Herein we analyse the tungsten enzyme aldehyde oxidoreductase (AOR) from the mesophilic bacterium Aromatoleum aromaticum which has been immobilised on a glassy carbon working electrode. This generates a functional system that electrochemically oxidises a wide variety of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes in the presence of the electron transfer mediators benzyl viologen, methylene blue or dichlorophenol indophenol. Simulation of the cyclic voltammetry has enabled a thorough kinetic analysis of the system, which reveals that methylene blue acts as a two‐electron acceptor. In contrast, the other two mediators act as single electron oxidants. The different electrochemical driving forces imparted by these mediators also lead to significantly different outer sphere electron transfer rates with AOR. This work shows that electrocatalytic aldehyde oxidation can be achieved at a low applied electrochemical potential leading to an extremely energy efficient catalytic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preterm birth is associated with aberrant pulmonary development and increased susceptibility to a range of chronic lung diseases. Even in healthy preterms, the prevalence of physician‐diagnosed asthma is far higher than in infants born at term. While physiological, environmental, and genetic factors have been studied extensively, few studies have investigated the immunological factors underpinning this increased susceptibility. Lower rates of atopy and allergic sensitization in preterm compared to term infants suggests non‐allergic mechanisms may be driving asthma development in preterms. Preterm infants are more likely to develop severe RSV and HRV disease and have altered microbiomes compared to term infants. Therefore, investigating the differences in immunological interactions (e.g., response to viral infections, microbiome) between children born preterm and term will aid in understanding the immunological basis for their increased susceptibility to asthma development. This is critical to inform the development of interventions to reduce the burden of asthma in this highly vulnerable demographic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate measurement of redox potentials of small molecules is a relatively straightforward task using electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry. However, proteins, in most cases, are not amenable to the same approach due to slow heterogeneous electron transfer and the possibility of denaturing at the electrode surface. This necessitates the use of small molecular weight redox mediators to facilitate electron transfer. This leads to spectroelectrochemical techniques where the applied electrochemical potential is coupled to a spectroscopic signal of the protein. Traditionally this is done at different applied (fixed) potentials akin to an electrochemical titration, but the time required for electrochemical equilibrium to be established, and its consistent application, are major sources of experimental error. Here we have utilised a continuously scanning potential synchronised with time‐resolved UV‐vis spectroscopy to provide an automated approach that can be used to measure protein redox potentials accurately in an expedient manner. The test cases are the heme proteins cytochrome c and myoglobin. The scope and limitations of the method are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzyme‐catalyzed reaction cascades play an increasingly important role for the sustainable manufacture of diverse chemicals from renewable feedstocks. For instance, dehydratases from the ilvD/EDD superfamily have been embedded into a cascade to convert glucose via pyruvate to isobutanol, a platform chemical for the production of aviation fuels and other valuable materials. These dehydratases depend on the presence of both a Fe−S cluster and a divalent metal ion for their function. However, they also represent the rate‐limiting step in the cascade. Here, catalytic parameters and the crystal structure of the dehydratase from Paralcaligenes ureilyticus (PuDHT, both in presence of Mg2+ and Mn2+) were investigated. Rate measurements demonstrate that the presence of stoichiometric concentrations Mn2+ promotes higher activity than Mg2+, but at high concentrations the former inhibits the activity of PuDHT. Molecular dynamics simulations identify the position of a second binding site for the divalent metal ion. Only binding of Mn2+ (not Mg2+) to this site affects the ligand environment of the catalytically essential divalent metal binding site, thus providing insight into an inhibitory mechanism of Mn2+ at higher concentrations. Furthermore, in silico docking identified residues that play a role in determining substrate binding and selectivity. The combined data inform engineering approaches to design an optimal dehydratase for the cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing effects of climate change create a dual challenge of shifting distributions of organisms and concerns about the fate of organic carbon in nature. Marine sediments store vast amounts of organic carbon, but the fate of that material hinges on the biology of organisms associated with the seafloor and how they influence rates of carbon decomposition and burial. Shifts in large megafauna that disturb and thus help to oxygenate sediments could have important ramifications regarding whether sediments release or store carbon for long periods of time. We consider snow crab and lobster, two commercially important seafloor species in the Northeastern Atlantic, and the potential effects of ongoing changes in their distributions and that of their fisheries for future climate scenarios. These ongoing biogeographic shifts, considered in tandem with areas of seabed legislatively protected from fishing impacts and thus not confounded by cumulative effects of fishing gear disturbance, offer an opportunity to study how newly arrived species that disturb large areas of the seafloor might influence the global carbon cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies of land use effects on solute concentrations in streams have focused on smaller streams with watersheds dominated by a single land‐use type. Using land cover as a proxy for land use, the objective of this study was to determine whether the hydrologically‐driven response of solutes to land use in small streams could be scaled up to predict concentrations in larger receiving streams and rivers in the rural area of the Little Tennessee River basin. We measured concentrations of typically limiting nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus), abundant anions (chloride, sulfate), and base cations in 17 small streams and four larger river sites. In the small streams, total solute concentration was strongly related to land cover ‐‐ highest in streams with developed watersheds, lowest in streams with forested watersheds, and streams with agricultural watersheds were in between. In general, the best predictor of solute concentrations in the small streams was forest land cover. We then predicted solute concentrations for the river sites based on the solute‐‐land cover relationships of the small streams using multiple linear regressions. Results were mixed ‐‐ some of the predicted river concentrations were close to measured values, others were greater or less than measured concentrations. In general, river concentrations did not scale with land cover‐solute relationships found in small tributaries. Measured values of nitrogen solutes in the river sites were greater than predicted, perhaps due to the presence of waste water treatment plants. We attributed other differences between measured and predicted river concentrations to the heterogeneous geochemistry of this mountainous region. The combined complexity of hydrology, geochemistry, and human land‐use of this mountainous region make it difficult to scale up from small streams to larger river basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this short overview we discuss the manifestation of the chirality‐induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in photoelectron spectroscopy experiments with direct spin analysis. Various systems, from the initially investigated monolayers of molecular biosystems and organic hepta‐helicene to recent chirally grown solid oxide films, are evaluated. High spin polarization values of up to P=60 % have been observed for samples at room temperature. For all classes it was shown that the longitudinal spin orientation changes sign with a change of the enantiomeric form. Recent advances allow to distinguish the contributions of electrons with different kinetic energies to the electron spin polarization, and thus to distinguish the CISS effect from bulk contributions to the spin originating from different mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our current understanding of the spectrum of TB and COVID‐19 lesions in the human lung is limited by a reliance on low‐resolution imaging platforms that cannot provide accurate 3D representations of lesion types within the context of the whole lung. To characterize TB and COVID‐19 lesions in 3D, we applied micro/nanocomputed tomography to surgically resected, postmortem, and paraffin‐embedded human lung tissue. We define a spectrum of TB pathologies, including cavitary lesions, calcium deposits outside and inside necrotic granulomas and mycetomas, and vascular rearrangement. We identified an unusual spatial arrangement of vasculature within an entire COVID‐19 lobe, and 3D segmentation of blood vessels revealed microangiopathy associated with hemorrhage. Notably, segmentation of pathological anomalies reveals hidden pathological structures that might otherwise be disregarded, demonstrating a powerful method to visualize pathologies in 3D in TB lung tissue and whole COVID‐19 lobes. These findings provide unexpected new insight into the spatial organization of the spectrum of TB and COVID‐19 lesions within the framework of the entire lung. Synopsis: 3D X‐ray microscopy (micro‐Computed Tomography) was used to establish an initial atlas of TB and COVID‐19 lung lesion types in the human lung. Previously hidden features within polymorphic TB lesions were reconstructed in 3D, which revealed a complex branched morphology reminiscent of airways.Varying degrees of calcification could be readily observed within necrotic TB lesions and mycetomas.Loss of central vasculature and abnormalities in peripheral vasculature were observed in COVID‐19 lungs.3D μCT imaging was successfully applied to formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue. Thus, this technique could be applied to established libraries of human tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age can profoundly affect susceptibility to a broad range of human diseases. Children are more susceptible to some infectious diseases such as diphtheria and pertussis, while in others, such as coronavirus disease 2019 and hepatitis A, they are more protected compared with adults. One explanation is that the composition of the immune system is a major contributing factor to disease susceptibility and severity. While most studies of the human immune system have focused on adults, how the immune system changes after birth remains poorly understood. Here, using high‐dimensional spectral flow cytometry and computational methods for data integration, we analyzed more than 50 populations of immune cells in the peripheral blood, generating an immune cell atlas that defines the healthy human immune system from birth up to 75 years of age. We focused our efforts on children under 18 years old, revealing major changes in immune cell populations after birth and in children of schooling age. Specifically, CD4+ T effector memory cells, Vδ2+ gamma delta (γδ)T cells, memory B cells, plasmablasts, CD11c+ B cells and CD16+CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells peaked in children aged 5–9 years old, whereas frequencies of T helper 1, T helper 17, dendritic cells and CD16+CD57+CD56dim NK cells were highest in older children (10–18 years old). The frequency of mucosal‐associated invariant T cells was low in the first several years of life and highest in adults between 19 and 30 years old. Late adulthood was associated with fewer mucosal‐associated invariant T cells and Vδ2+ γδ T cells but with increased frequencies of memory subsets of B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD57+ NK cells. This human immune cell atlas provides a critical resource to understand changes to the immune system during life and provides a reference for investigating the immune system in the context of human disease. This work may also help guide future therapies that target specific populations of immune cells to protect at‐risk populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials which selectively transport molecules offer powerful opportunities for concentrating and separating chemical agents. Here, utilizing static and dynamic chemical gradients, transport of molecules within swollen crosslinked polymers is demonstrated. Using an ≈200 μm static hydroxyl to hexyl gradient, the neutral ambipolar nerve agent surrogate diethyl (cyanomethyl)phosphonate (DECP) is directionally transported and concentrated 60‐fold within 4 hours. To accelerate transport kinetics, a dynamic gradient (a "travelling wave") is utilized. Here, the non‐polar dye pyrene was transported. The dynamic gradient is generated by an ion exchange process triggered by the localized introduction of an aqueous NaCl solution, which converts the gel from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. As the hydrophilic region expands, associated water enters the gel, and pyrene is pushed ahead of the expansion front. The dynamic gradient provides about 10‐fold faster transport kinetics than the static gradient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To review variables and management techniques that may affect anaesthesia failure during root canal treatment and methods of overcoming anaesthesia failure. Methodology: The PubMed and Cochran databases were searched for evidence‐based investigations regarding pain during needle insertion, pain on injection, efficacy of the anaesthetic solutions and anaesthesia techniques, and premedication. Results: Variables such as pain on injection, premedication with various types of drugs, volume of anaesthetic solutions, supplemental anaesthetic techniques, and additives to the anaesthetic solutions may influence pain perception during root canal treatment. Differences between teeth with healthy pulps versus those with irreversible pulpitis should be considered when the effects of variables are interpreted. However, there are several concerns regarding the methodology of investigations that have evaluated anaesthesia success rates. Conclusion: Several variables may influence anaesthesia success rates. There are conditions that may help to predict a patient's pain during endodontic procedures. These conditions could be overcome either by employing methods such as premedication with a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug prior to the treatment visit or by using supplementary techniques before or during the treatment. However, investigators need to be more careful when reporting details of their studies to reduce concerns regarding their study bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Traumatic dental injuries are the result of impact injuries to the teeth and/or soft and hard tissues within and around the vicinity of the oral cavity and pose a very serious public health dilemma. The aim of this study was to appraise the level of knowledge of dentists in Australia regarding the management of traumatic dental injuries based on the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) guidelines. Methodology: A link to an electronic questionnaire investigating personal and professional information and twelve questions about dental trauma was distributed by email using the Qualtrics Survey Software to ensure anonymity of the respondents, to members of the Australian Dental Association. The respondents were grouped according to demographic characteristics and practice profiles. Data were evaluated by the Student's T test or one‐way ANOVA with post hoc testing using Fisher's least significant difference, with the α level set at 5%. Results: A total of 180 complete responses were obtained. The overall mean number of correct answers was 7.55 ± 1.91 from a maximum possible score of twelve. Gender, year of primary dental qualification, dentist identity (general dentist or specialist), area of main practice or region worked by the practitioner did not significantly affect the mean scores. However, increased knowledge of the IADT guidelines was significantly associated with the number of trauma cases treated and the dentists' self‐reported knowledge. Conclusions: The overall knowledge of Australian dentists regarding the management of traumatic dental injuries based on the IADT guidelines was generally good but it was also deficient in some areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children, and the association between severe RSV disease and later recurrent wheeze and asthma is well established. Whilst a causal link between RSV and wheeze/asthma is not yet proven, immunological evidence suggests skewing towards a Th2-type response, and dampening of IFN-γ antiviral immunity during RSV infection underpins airway hyper-reactivity in a subset of susceptible children after RSV infection. Age at primary RSV infection, viral co-infection and genetic influences may act as effect-modifiers. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality burden of RSV disease in children, there is currently no licensed vaccine. Recent advancements in RSV preventatives, including long-acting monoclonal antibodies and maternal vaccinations, show significant promise and we are on the cusp of a new era in RSV prevention. However, the potential impact of RSV preventatives on subsequent wheeze and asthma remains unclear. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and associated public health measures have disrupted the usual seasonality of RSV. Whilst this has posed challenges for health-care services it has also enhanced our understanding of RSV transmission. The near absence of RSV cases during the first year of the pandemic in the context of strict public health measures has provided a rare opportunity to study the impact of delayed age of primary RSV infection on asthma prevalence. In this review, we summarise current understanding of the association between RSV, recurrent wheeze and asthma with a focus on pathophysiology, preventative strategies and future research priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]