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The geometric characteristics of Bloch wavefunctions play crucial roles in the properties of electronic transport. Within the Boltzmann equation framework, we demonstrate that the thermoelectric performance of materials is significantly influenced by the Hilbert–Schmidt distance of Bloch wavefunctions. The connection between the distribution of quantum distance on the Fermi surface and the electronic transport scattering rate is established in the presence of magnetic and nonmagnetic impurities. The general formulation is applied to isotropic quadratic band‐touching semimetals, where one can concentrate on the role of quantum geometric effects other than the Berry curvature. It is verified that the thermoelectric power factor can be succinctly expressed in terms of the maximum quantum distance, dmax. Specifically, when dmax reaches one, the power factor doubles compared to the case with trivial geometry (dmax = 0). These findings highlight the significance of quantum geometry in understanding and improving the performance of thermoelectric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionizing radiation (IR) has garnered growing attention because of its biological effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Here, we identify the most impacted organs and uncover the molecular mechanisms causing the changes in the context of vertebrate development using single‐cell RNA sequencing. Alterations in cellular composition and biological functions were explored using transcriptomic profiling of zebrafish embryos exposed to 5 Gy. Single‐cell RNA sequencing analyses unveiled notable shifts in the proportions of brain/central nervous system and hatching gland clusters. Although IR exposure led to increased expression of hatching enzymes, a significant but mild delay in hatching was observed following 5 Gy IR exposure. Gene Ontology analysis showed an increased expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), known as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, which was confirmed via whole‐mount in situ hybridization. Correlation analysis linked TIMPs to transcription factors cebpb and cebpd, which were significantly correlated post‐IR exposure. Although no morphological changes were observed in some organs, including the brain, the study reveals substantial alterations in developing vertebrates. Notably, despite increased hatching enzymes, elevated TIMPs in the hatching gland suggest a regulatory mechanism impacting hatching activity. This research contributes to comprehending the ecological repercussions of IR exposure, emphasizing the importance of safety measures for aquatic ecosystems and overall environmental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The age‐standardised incidence ratio of gastrointestinal cancers in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients has been reported to be higher than that in the general population. After adjusting for shared risk factors, we aimed to explore the association between T1D and gastrointestinal cancer and examine how this relationship varies by age and sex. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 268,179 participants from the Korean National Health Insurance Service‐National Sample Cohort. The primary outcome is the incident of gastrointestinal cancers, based on diagnostic codes. Multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the association between T1D and gastrointestinal cancers. Results: Of the 268,179 participants, 2681 had T1D at baseline and were followed for 12.98 (± 2.92) years. Compared with non‐T1D, T1D patients had a significantly increased risk of all gastrointestinal cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.403, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.253–1.573). T1D patients increased risks of oesophageal cancer (aHR: 1.864, 95% CI: 1.038–3.349), gastric cancer (aHR: 1.313, 95% CI: 1.066–1.616), colon cancer (aHR: 1.365, 95% CI: 1.110–1.678), liver cancer (aHR: 1.388, 95% CI: 1.115–1.727), and pancreatic cancer (aHR: 1.716, 95% CI: 1.182–2.492). The consistency of this association persisted among both male and female, with its strength increasing with older age. Conclusions: The risk of gastrointestinal cancer was significantly increased in T1D patients. Older male T1D patients exhibit a higher risk, suggesting the need for targeted attention in their care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pyrazole ring structure is extensively spotted as a pharmacophore and fortify‐cation of the modern organic synthesis toolbox, which demands synthetic tactics to generate its derivatives. Especially, pyrazolo‐pyrimidinones are crucial part to synthesize phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) such as sildenafil and lodenafil. Herein, we report a simple and efficient route for Sildenafil and derivatives from easily available materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasi‐2D perovskites have attracted significant attention because of their environmental robustness and superior long‐term stability compared with their 3D counterparts. However, they typically consist of a mixture of multiple quantum wells with different optoelectrical properties, which degrades the electronic properties and hinders further electronic applications. Here, to challenge this issue, a surface p‐doping strategy involving the introduction of a thiophene‐containing polymer onto the surface of quasi‐2D tin perovskites is reported. The tin ions in the perovskites effectively interact with the sulfur atoms in the thiophene moieties, thereby generating hole carriers and inducing p‐doping. The resulting doped quasi‐2D perovskites exhibit excellent surface crystallinity, lower trap density, and enhanced charge carrier transport capability along the perovskite semiconductor channels. Consequently, the doped quasi‐2D tin perovskite‐based transistors exhibit a high field‐effect mobility of 53 cm2V−1s−1 (7 cm2V−1s−1 for the control device) and an outstanding on/off ratio (>107), together with superior operational stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of wide bandgap (WBG) tin halide perovskites (Sn‐HPs) offers an environmentally friendly alternative for multi‐junction Sn‐HP photovoltaics. Nonetheless, rapid crystallization leads to suboptimal film morphology and substantial creation of defect states, which undermine device efficiency. This study introduces 4‐Phenylthiosemicarbazide (4PTSC) as an additive to achieve a densely packed Sn‐HP film with fewer imperfections. The strong chemical coordination between SnI2 and the functional groups S═C─N (Sn···S═C─N), NH2, and phenyl conjugation enhances solution stability and supports the delay of perovskite crystallization through adduct formation. This process yields pinhole‐free films with preferred grain growth. 4PTSC acts as a strong coordination complex and a reducing agent to passivate uncoordinated Sn2+ and halide ions and reduce the formation of SnI4, thereby reducing defect formation. The π‐conjugated phenyl ring in the 4PTSC facilitates the preferred crystal growth orientation of perovskite grains. Furthermore, the hydrophobic nature of 4PTSC mitigates Sn2+ oxidation by repelling moisture, enhancing stability. The open circuit voltage significantly increased from 0.78 to 0.94 V, resulting in achieving the champion efficiency of 12.22% (certified 11.70%), surpassing all previously reported efficiencies for WBG Sn halide perovskite solar cells. Additionally, the unencapsulated 4PTSC‐1.0 device maintained outstanding stability over 1200 h under ambient atmospheric conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoinduced intermolecular charge transfer (PICT) determines the voltage loss in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and this voltage loss can be minimized by inducing efficient PICT, which requires energy‐state matching between the donor and acceptor at the BHJ interfaces. Thus, both geometrically and energetically accessible delocalized state matching at the hot energy level is crucial for achieving efficient PICT. In this study, an effective method for quantifying the hot state matching of OPVs was developed. The degree of energy‐state matching between the electron donor and acceptor at BHJ interfaces was quantified using a mismatching factor (MF) calculated from the modified optical density of the BHJ. Furthermore, the correlation between the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of the OPV device and energy‐state matching at the BHJ interface was investigated using the calculated MF. The OPVs with small absolute MF values exhibited high Voc values. This result clearly indicates that the energy‐state matching between the donor and acceptor is crucial for achieving a high Voc in OPVs. Because the MF indicates the degree of energy‐state matching, which is a critical factor for suppressing energy loss, it can be used to estimate the Voc loss in OPVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of its high conductivity, wide bandgap, and excellent photostability, tin oxide (SnO2) has long been recognized as an electron‐transport layer (ETL) in organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the energy‐level mismatch between the work function (WF) of SnO2 and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of Y‐series nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs), along with the abundance of surface defects on SnO2, have limited its widespread application as ETLs in OSCs. Herein, a novel approach utilizing urea‐functionalized polyethyleneimine (PEI) materials called u‐PEIs for modifying SnO2 is introduced. This modification, which serves dual purposes of WF modulation and surface‐defect passivation, can mitigate the energy barriers of SnO2/Y‐series NFA and increase the conductivity of the SnO2 film. PM6:Y6‐based OSCs with u‐PEI‐modified SnO2 (SnO2:u‐PEI) ETLs exhibit a remarkable efficiency of 16%, which significantly exceeds that (13.5%) achieved with bare SnO2‐based OSCs, along with outstanding photo‐ and thermal stability. This study confirms the efficacy of urea‐functionalized PEI for efficient and stable OCSs, paving the way for SnO2 applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We herein report an efficient synthetic method for preparing [6‐7‐6]‐icetexane derivatives. This approach employs our previously designed copper‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclization of enyne‐aryl carbonyl substrates to generate a [6‐6‐6]‐tricyclic abietane framework and a subsequent ring expansion protocol for the [6‐7‐6] scaffold. By synergizing these protocols, we established a highly efficient pathway for synthesizing icetexane compounds from readily available enyne‐aryl starting materials, exhibiting remarkable versatility in accommodating various functional groups while delivering consistently high yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yeongnam Massif is located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and holds key elements in understanding the Palaeoproterozoic tectonic evolution of north‐east Asia during the amalgamation of the Columbia supercontinent. In this study, we have conducted geochronological and geochemical studies on the mafic intrusive along the northern margin of the Yeongnam Massif. Sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U–Pb zircon dating on two amphibolite and one gabbro samples in the Damyang area show that the amphibolites crystallized at ~1.87 Ga and the gabbro crystallized at ~87.6 Ma. The 1.87 Ga Damyang amphibolites are simultaneous with the Muju and Okbang amphibolites along the northern margin of the Yeongnam Massif. They also show similar geochemical characteristics, including tholeiitic basalt composition, enriched Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) and large ion lithosphile elements (LILEs), depleted high field strength elements (HFSEs), and slightly enriched but various Hf isotopes, indicating that they originated from an enriched but heterogeneous mantle source with fluid addition. Thus, the 1.87 Ga amphibolites along the northern margin of the Yeongnam Massif were probably emplaced in an arc‐related setting. Combined with the 2.02–1.96 Ga magmatism, it is proposed that the subduction might have lasted during the 2.02–1.85 Ga interval and mantle‐derived magma rose up due to the roll‐back process between 1.88–1.85 Ga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking is a definite risk factor for macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the effect of smoking on microvascular complications is inconclusive. Method: Study participants were 26,673 diabetic men who received health check‐up both in 2003–2004 and 2009, excluding women. Assessing smoking status (never, quitting and current) at 2003–2004 and 2009, changes in smoking status were categorised into 7 groups (never ‐ never, never ‐ quitting, never ‐ current, quitting—quitting, quitting—current, current—quitting and current—current). Smoking amount was categorised into never, light (0–10 pack years), moderate (10–20 pack years), and heavy smoking (>20 pack years) based on 2009 data. They were followed‐up until 2013 to identify incident microvascular complications. We calculated the adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) (adjusted HR [95% CI]) for incident microvascular complications according to changes in smoking status and smoking amount. Results: Current‐quitting (1.271 [1.050–1.538]), current‐current (1.243 [1.070–1.444]) and heavy smoking (1.238 [1.078–1.422]) were associated with an increased risk of overall microvascular complications. The risk of nephropathy increased in current‐current smoking (1.429 [1.098–1.860]) and heavy smoking (1.357 [1.061–1.734]). An increased risk of neuropathy was observed in current‐quitting smoking (1.360 [1.076–1.719]), current‐current smoking (1.237 [1.025–1.492]) and heavy smoking (1.246 [1.048–1.481]). However, we couldn't see the interpretable findings for the association between smoking and retinopathy. Conclusions: Lasting and heavy smoking increases the risk of microvascular complications, including nephropathy and neuropathy. Quitting smoking and reducing smoking amount are imperative in preventing microvascular complications in DM patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global COVID‐19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus has resulted in a significant number of patients experiencing persistent symptoms, including post‐COVID pulmonary fibrosis (PCPF). This study aimed to identify novel therapeutic targets for PCPF using single‐cell RNA‐sequencing data from lung tissues of COVID‐19 patients, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients, and a rat transforming growth factor beta‐1‐induced fibrosis model treated with antifibrotic drugs. Patients with COVID‐19 had lower alveolar macrophage counts than healthy controls, whereas patients with COVID‐19 and IPF presented with elevated monocyte‐derived macrophage counts. A comparative transcriptome analysis showed that macrophages play a crucial role in IPF and COVID‐19 development and progression, and fibrosis‐ and inflammation‐associated genes were upregulated in both conditions. Functional enrichment analysis revealed the upregulation of inflammation and proteolysis and the downregulation of ribosome biogenesis. Cholesterol efflux and glycolysis were augmented in both macrophage types. The study suggests that antifibrotic drugs may reverse critical lung fibrosis mediators in COVID‐19. The results help clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying pulmonary fibrosis in patients with severe COVID‐19 and IPF and highlight the potential efficacy of antifibrotic drugs in COVID‐19 therapy. Collectively, all these findings may have significant implications for the development of new treatment strategies for PCPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both sodium intake and sleep have an important effect on cardiovascular health. However, few studies have looked at the association between sodium intake and sleep. Therefore, we analysed the association of sodium intake with sleep quality, sleep duration and nocturnal urination. The data for the present study were obtained from the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study. Study participants were 156 696 working‐aged Korean adults (average age 38.0 years ±8.0 in men and 36.0 years ±8.1 in women). They were categorised into five groups by quintile of sodium intake, measured by food frequency questionnaire. Poor sleep quality and short sleep duration were determined by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index >5, and sleep duration <7 h, respectively. Nocturnal urination was defined as awakening to urinate more than three times a week. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression analysis was used in calculating the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for poor sleep quality, short sleep duration and nocturnal urination (adjusted OR [95% CI]) across five study groups. In all study participants, increased sodium intake was significantly associated with poor sleep quality (quintile 1: reference, quintile 2: 1.07 [1.04–1.11], quintile 3: 1.12 [1.08–1.16], quintile 4: 1.15 [1.11–1.19] and quintile 5: 1.13 [1.09–1.18]). This pattern of relationship was similarly observed in association of sodium intake with short sleep duration (p for trend <0.001) and nocturnal urination (p for trend <0.001). In gender subgroup analysis, increased sodium intake had a significant association with poor sleep quality and short sleep duration in men and with poor sleep quality and nocturnal urination in women. In conclusion, high sodium intake is associated with an increased likelihood of poor sleep quality, short sleep duration and nocturnal urination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have been studied widely as renewable energy resources for a few decades owing to their technological advantages, including low cost, light weight, flexibility, and the potential of large area printing. To upgrade the active layers of OSCs into an optimized form, a simple and straightforward strategy is demonstrated by introducing two types of size‐controlled chevron (V)‐shaped blades to delicately control PM6:Y6‐based bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films under ambient conditions. A power conversion efficiency of 15.97% is achieved from the blade‐coating methods using a small‐sized V‐shaped blade (V1), compared with 14.31% using a conventional flat blade (F). Using blade coating based on V1 improves the phase separation and molecular crystallinity in the active layer, which lead to decreased trap‐assisted recombination and leakage current, finally increasing the short circuit current and fill factor. In addition, following these morphological changes in the optimal BHJ structure, the devices printed with V1 exhibit higher stability in the long‐term shelf‐life test (320 h storage in ambient conditions). Notably, strategy is a facile layer fabrication method that adopts V‐shaped blades to achieve high device performance and stability for the practical use of large‐area OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of molecular doping process is necessary to enhance the optic and electronic properties of organic semiconductors for facilitating charge transport. In particular, since the doping process has a positive influence on the charge transfer interaction between host semiconductor and dopant, improved mobility has been efficiently achieved. Despite its advantages, doping technologies in organic solar cells (OSCs) are emphasized to the development of n‐type dopants used for balancing the electron and hole. In addition, since the bulk‐heterojunction microstructure in OSCs has randomly blended phases of the donor and acceptor, it is important to optimize charge extraction without loss by controlling the morphology. Herein, OSCs by p‐type doping with formic acid (FA) into a photoactive layer is reported. The champion device yields a significantly improved power conversion efficiency from 14.3% to 15.3% with a high fill factor of 71.7%. It is found that the p‐doped photoactive layer exhibits enhanced conductivity, improved carrier mobilities, suppressed charge recombination, and lowered leakage current. The FA simultaneously acts as a film morphology controller of the photoactive layer with enhanced phase separation to transport the charge efficiently. Thus, the doping process with FA can maintain the device performance in stability tests (95.6% remaining). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) composites show improved power conversion efficiencies when optimized in terms of morphology using various film processing methods. A reduced carrier recombination loss in an optimized BHJ was characterized previously. However, the driving force that leads to this reduction was not clearly understood. In this study, we focus on the decreased carrier recombination loss and its driving force in optimized nonfullerene acceptor‐based PTB7‐Th:IEICO‐4F BHJ composites. We demonstrate that the optimized BHJ shows deactivation in the sub‐nanosecond nongeminate carrier recombination process. The driving force for this deactivation was determined to be the improved interchain hole delocalization between the polymers. An enhanced interchain hole delocalization was observed using steady‐state photoinduced absorption (PIA) spectroscopy. In particular, increased splitting between the polaron PIA bands was noted. Moreover, improved interchain hole delocalization was observed for other state‐of‐the‐art BHJ materials, including D18:Y6 with optimized morphologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the novel ultra large size OLED display with high image quality for premium TV using an advanced coplanar Oxide TFT backplane, MLA based OLED, small area gate driver in panel for narrow bezel, and pixel charging enhancement method with external compensation. Using these technologies, we improved the luminance efficiency about 20 %, and reduced the gate driver design area to 40%. The pixel charging ratio is more than 80% in all gray levels. Using the developed OLED display, we have successfully developed up to ultra large size 88‐inch 8K, 97‐inch 4K OLED TVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A practical and efficient approach leading to [6,6,6,5] tetracyclic fused ring steroid skeletons (8 a–i) has been designed through copper catalyzed intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of enyne‐carbonyl substrates (7 a–i). The compound 8 a having OMe group at aromatic ring was further utilized to synthesize estradiol and Estrone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although companies recognize the importance of social responsibility and community engagement, conflicts between companies and communities have been noticeably increasing. To better understand the role of institutional environments in company–community conflicts, we analyze two mining conflicts—Minera Yanacocha's Minas Conga extension project in Peru and Minera Los Pelambres' El Mauro Tailings Dam in Chile. Our findings imply that, to prevent negative consequences and alleviate company–community conflicts, mining companies should address underlying structural causes and pursue informal approaches in order to obtain and maintain their social license. We find that better formal institutional environments not only alleviate conflict intensity but also facilitate informal approaches through which companies and communities can cooperate to resolve conflicts. The best practice would be to start and continue dialogs between communities and companies, mediated by impartial governments, to understand the concerns of the counterparty and find means by which to address the causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxide semiconductor transistors control the brightness and color of organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) displays in large‐screen televisions to portable telecommunications devices. Oxide semiconductor thin‐film transistors under driving conditions are required to maintain a steady current through the OLED for constant illuminance. Interestingly, for driving conditions under strong saturation where both gate and drain bias are high, a boosting phenomenon of the drain current is discovered, even with compensation of the threshold voltage. In this paper, the current boosting effect of self‐aligned InGaZnO transistors under driving conditions is comprehensively investigated. Based on experimental extraction methods, two distinct regions within the device are identified: an electron‐capture‐dominant region including electron trapping in the gate insulator and O–O dimer bond‐breaking, and an electron‐emission‐dominant region caused by peroxide formation. A dual‐transistor‐in‐series model is proposed, where each region is modeled as a local transistor. The current boosting phenomena as a function of time are well‐reproduced for various channel length devices, which validate the accuracy of the model. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms enables increased effectiveness of compensation schemes for transistors under long‐term current‐driving conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis of [6,7,5]‐tricyclic compounds containing an oxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane system from 1,6‐enyne carbonyl. We also synthesized [6,7,6]‐tricyclic compound from 1,7‐enyne carbonyl through Au‐catalyzed cyclization. The synthesis of oxacyclic compounds using iodine or oxygen is environmentally friendly cyclization methods. Oxacyclic compounds are useful for synthesizing various diterpene alkaloids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Smoking is associated with the increased risk of gastroduodenal ulcer. However, although smoking status can vary over time, most of studies have analyzed this association with smoking status at a single point of time. We analyzed the risk of gastroduodenal ulcer according to change in smoking status for more than 5 years. Methods: Study participants were 43 380 Korean adults free of gastroduodenal ulcer who received health check‐up between 2002 and 2013. Through evaluating their smoking status (never, quitter, and current) at 2003–2004 and 2009, they were categorized them into seven groups (never‐never, never‐quitter, never‐current, quitter‐quitter, quitter‐current, current‐quitter, and current‐current) and monitored until 2013 to identify incident gastroduodenal ulcer. Cox‐proportional hazard model was used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for incident gastroduodenal ulcer according to changes in smoking status and smoking amount. Results: Compared with never‐never group (reference), other groups had the significantly increased adjusted HRs and 95% CI for gastroduodenal ulcer. In particular, participants with current smoking (never‐current, quitter‐current, and current‐current) had the relatively higher HRs than other groups (never‐quitter: 1.200 [1.070–1.346], never‐current: 1.375 [1.156–1.636], quitter‐quitter: 1.149 [1.010–1.306], quitter‐current: 1.325 [1.058–1.660], current‐quitter: 1.344 [1.188–1.519], and current‐current: 1.379 [1.256–1.513]). Heavy smoker had the highest risk for gastroduodenal ulcer, followed by moderate and light smoker. Conclusion: People who ever experienced smoking had increased risk of gastroduodenal ulcer. Out of smoking status, current smoking is more associated with the increased risk of gastroduodenal ulcer than past smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobll1 affects blast crisis (BC) progression and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). PACSIN2, a novel Cobll1 binding protein, activates TKI‐induced apoptosis in K562 cells, and this activation is suppressed by Cobll1 through the interaction between PACSIN2 and Cobll1. PACSIN2 also binds and inhibits SH3BP1 which activates the downstream Rac1 pathway and induces TKI resistance. PACSIN2 competitively interacts with Cobll1 or SH3BP1 with a higher affinity for Cobll1. Cobll1 preferentially binds to PACSIN2, releasing SH3BP1 to promote the SH3BP1/Rac1 pathway and suppress TKI‐mediated apoptosis and eventually leading to TKI resistance. Similar interactions among Cobll1, PACSIN2, and SH3BP1 control hematopoiesis during vertebrate embryogenesis. Clinical analysis showed that most patients with CML have Cobll1 and SH3BP1 expression at the BC phase and BC patients with Cobll1 and SH3BP1 expression showed severe progression with a higher blast percentage than those without any Cobll1, PACSIN2, or SH3BP1 expression. Our study details the molecular mechanism of the Cobll1/PACSIN2/SH3BP1 pathway in regulating drug resistance and BC progression in CML. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serotonin is a well‐known neurotransmitter that is synthesized from the amino acid, tryptophan. To date, more than 14 different serotonin receptors have been discovered; they exist universally in our body and enable diverse biological functions in different organs. Central serotonin regulates mood and behavior, and impacts the systemic energy balance by decreasing appetite. A number of drugs that modulate central serotonin function (e.g., fenfluramine, sibutramine and lorcaserin) were approved and used as anti‐obesity drugs, but then later withdrawn due to adverse cardiovascular and carcinogenic effects. Over the past decade, the role of peripheral serotonin in regulating systemic energy metabolism has been extensively explored using tissue‐specific knockout animal models. By inhibiting the action of serotonin in liver and adipose tissues, hepatic steatosis was improved and lipid accumulation was mitigated, respectively. Recent findings show that modulation of the serotonergic system is a promising therapeutic target for metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the role of serotonin in regulating energy metabolism in different organs, and discusses the potential of serotonin modulation for treating metabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solution‐processed transition metal oxides (TMOs) prepared from complex ion precursors are developed as promising scalable interfacial layers for non‐fullerene organic photovoltaics (OPVs); however, challenges remain in achieving defect‐free and highly oriented metal‐oxygen networks without post‐deposition treatments due to the presence of residual organic metal‐binding ligands in films. Herein, the novel strategy that the problematic organic metal‐binding ligands in TMO precursors can be successfully eliminated by an anion‐induced catalytic reaction (ACR) at room temperature is demonstrated, in which the low‐level anions induce electron redistribution and instability of TMO precursors, expediting binding ligand removal during the hydrolysis reaction. The subsequent condensation process facilitates a dimensionally confined and continuous metal‐oxygen network with a 20‐fold increase in electrical conductivity (from 8.4 × 10−4 to 1.8 × 10−2 S m−1) and superior work function tunability (from 5.1 to 5.3 eV) compared to the pristine film. The ACR‐derived TMO thin film on top of a ternary PBDB‐TF:Y6:PC71BM photoactive layer enables an inverted device configuration with improved efficiency of 17.6%, as well as enhanced stability over 70% of the initial efficiency for up to 100 h AM 1.5G illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic routes leading to [6,6,6]‐tricyclic compounds were reported using metal catalysts from ene‐yne‐aldehydes in our group. Based on this result, the synthesis of various [6,6,6]‐tricyclic compounds is reported using transition metal‐catalyzed cyclization from enyne‐carbonyl substrates containing H, Me, Ph, OMe, CO2Me, and CO2i‐Pr groups. Tricyclic compounds containing the CO2Me group would be the prospective precursors of the natural product Lepenine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are reports that nut consumption provides potential benefit for gastric pathologies including stomach cancer and Helicobacter pylori infection. However, there are no studies investigating the effect of nut consumption on gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM). In a Korean cohort of 53 424 men (average age 38.7 ± 7.0 years) and 33 024 women (average age 38.0 ± 7.0 years), we analysed the risk of GIM according to the frequency of nut consumption (peanuts, pine nuts and almonds only) as the following: rare (<1 serving/month), ≤1 serving/month and <1 serving/week, ≤1 serving/week and <3 serving/week, ≤3 serving/week and <5 serving/week and ≥5 serving/week where one serving is 15 g. Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate the multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for GIM and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) in each group (adjusted HR [95% CI]). Subgroup analysis was conducted by body mass index (BMI, non‐obesity <25 and obesity ≥25). The models were adjusted for age, regular exercise, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake (g/day), diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dietary fibre intake, sodium intake and total calorie intake. After 5.3 years (median 5.9 years) of follow‐up, GIM was observed in 5073 subjects. In men, compared with rare nuts consumption, greater nuts consumption was associated with a lower risk of GIM (rare consumption: reference, 1/month–1/week: 0.85 [0.79–0.91], 1–3/week: 0.81 [0.72–0.91], 3–5/week: 0.70 [0.57–0.86] and ≥5/week: 0.59 [0.48–0.73]). Subgroup analysis indicated that the inverse relationship between nuts consumption and the risk of GIM is more distinct in men without obesity (rare consumption: reference, 1/month–1/week: 0.83 [0.76–0.91], 1–3/week: 0.78 [0.67–0.91], 3–5/week: 0.68 [0.51–0.89] and ≥5/week: 0.51 [0.37–0.69]). However, this association was not observed in women. In conclusion, increased nuts consumption was associated with a decreased risk of GIM in working aged Korean men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current large OLED have the best reflection characteristics by minimizing the internal reflection characteristics of products compared to LCD products, but we propose a white OLED premium black that surpasses existing OLED. In this study, reflectance performance and visual assessment were carried out to evaluate and this is the best performance in terms of reflectance characteristics among conventional large products. Glossy VANTA has a near‐zero total reflectance ratio characteristic and Matt VANTA reduces total reflectance ratio by 50% compared to the existing AGAR. Also, they are effective in reducing strong mirror‐like reflection images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present novel OLED display technologies with distinctive image quality and design for premium TV using an advanced coplanar IGZO TFT backplane, meta‐lit lens array (MLA) based OLED which increase out‐coupling efficiency, N‐line shared gate driver in panel (GIP), and one scan compensation technology. Using these technologies, we improved the luminance efficiency about 20 %, reduced the size of the panel bezel by 34 %, and have successfully developed world's largest 8K OLED TVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate prediction of malignancies is important in choosing therapeutic strategies. Although there are many genetic and cytogenetic prognostic factors for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), prognosis is difficult to predict because of the heterogeneity of AML. Prognostic factors, including messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, have been determined for other malignancies, but not for AML. A total of 402 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas, GSE12417 (GPL96, 97), and GSE12417 (GPL570) were included in this study. In Kaplan-Meier curve analyses, high expression of family with sequence similarity 213 member A (FAM213A), which activates antioxidant proteins, was associated with worse prognosis of AML. Similar to the results of the survival curve, C-indices and area under the curve values were high. Current prognostic factors of AML, unlike those of other cancers, do not take mRNA expression into consideration. Thus, the development of mRNA-based prognostic factors would be beneficial for accurate prediction of the survival of AML patients. Additionally, in vivo validation using zebrafish revealed that fam213a is important for myelopoiesis at the developmental stage and is a negative regulator of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The findings implicate fam213a as a novel prognostic factor for AML patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This prospective multicenter study aimed at investigating the safety and metabolic advantages of steroid withdrawal (SW) therapy in kidney transplant recipients with tacrolimus–mycophenolate mofetil‐based immunosuppression. Methods: We analyzed 179 recipients who received kidney transplantation from March 2016 and September 2018. In 179 recipients, 114 patients maintained an immunosuppressive regimen including steroids (steroid continuation [SC] group). The remaining 65 patients were determined to withdraw steroid therapy after 6 months posttransplant (SW group). Metabolic parameters and graft functions of the two groups were evaluated. Results: The estimated glomerular filtration rates at 12 months posttransplant were 67.29 ± 20.29 ml/min/1.73 m2 in SC group and 73.72 ± 17.57 ml/min/1.73 m2 in SW group (p <.001). The acute rejection occurred to four recipients in the SC group (3.5%) and no acute rejection occurred to SW group recipients during the 6–2 months posttransplant period. Oral glucose tolerance tests revealed that recipients in the SW group were more improved in glucose metabolism than the SC group during 6–12 months posttransplant. In addition, cholesterol levels and blood pressure decreased after the withdrawal of steroids in the SW group. Conclusion: In conclusion, a 6‐month withdrawal of steroids in recipients with low immunological risk and stable graft function can be safely conducted and result in improvement of metabolic profiles. Stable recipients without biopsy‐proven acute rejection and proteinuria can safely withdraw from steroids out of a maintenance immunosuppressive regimen 6‐months posttransplant. A long‐term follow‐up study is needed to verify our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The complete and safe removal of large (≥ 20 mm) colorectal lesions is an area of concern. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) effectively removes these lesions compared with endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). However, ESD requires advanced techniques, longer procedure time, and high cost. Precutting EMR (EMR‐P) is a modified EMR method that overcomes the limitations of EMR. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of EMR‐P and ESD in large (20–30 mm) flat colorectal lesions. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of cases in which 20‐ to 30‐mm flat colorectal lesions were resected at Seoul St. Mary's Hospital from January 2014 to December 2019. Propensity score matching was performed to control for possible confounders. Results: Two hundred and ninety‐nine patients were included in this study. After matching, 90 patients were assigned to each group. There were no significant difference in complete resection rates (92.2% vs 92.2%, P = 1.000), en bloc resection rates (95.6% vs 97.8%, P = 0.682), and mean size of lesions (22.9 ± 3.1 mm vs 23.0 ± 3.1 mm, P = 0.867) between EMR‐P and ESD. Procedure time was significantly shorter with EMR‐P (11.0 ± 6.5 min vs 37.0 ± 19.3 min, P < 0.001). The adverse events rate was not significantly different between both groups. No local recurrence occurred in both groups. Conclusions: Precutting EMR was not significantly different to ESD in terms of complete resection rate and en bloc resection rate for 20‐ to 30‐mm flat colorectal lesions without fibrosis. Furthermore, EMR‐P has shorter procedure time than ESD. EMR‐P could be considered one of standard treatments for large flat colorectal lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metamorphic P–T conditions, monazite chemical ages and zircon U–Pb ages from the gneisses exposed in the Oki belt, Japan, were integrated to unravel the multi‐stage metamorphic history of the belt. Microstructural observations combined with obtained P–T conditions and metamorphic ages reveal three distinct stages of metamorphism: M1, M2 and M3. The M1 stage occurred c. 1.85 Ga with high‐T granulite‐facies metamorphism (793–803°C and 9.8–12.3 kbar and 738–755°C and 9.1–12.0 kbar in the southwestern and southeastern Oki gneisses, respectively). The age of the M1 stage is well recorded in monazites included in large garnet porphyroblasts and low Th/U metamorphic rims in zircons from the Oki gneisses. The M1 metamorphism was overprinted by c. 230 Ma metamorphism (M2), which occurred at granulite‐facies conditions (817–829°C and 9.0–10.3 kbar) in the southwestern Oki gneisses and at upper amphibolite‐facies conditions (693°C and 5.3 kbar) in the southeastern Oki gneisses. Monazites in small garnets, euhedral zircons and outermost rims of zircons crystallized during this stage. The final metamorphism occurred as retrograde amphibolite‐facies recrystallization (M3) at conditions of 558–638°C and 3.7–4.8 kbar. The inherited cores in zircons yield ages from Paleoarchean to Paleoproterozoic but lack Palaeozoic ages. The detrital zircon distribution and the Paleoproterozoic metamorphic event in the Oki belt support the idea that the Oki gneisses are fragments of a Precambrian terrane rather than Palaeozoic sediments derived from the terrane. Combined with previous studies, we concluded that the c. 1.85 Ga M1 high‐T granulite‐facies metamorphism in the Oki belt could be related to that of the Jiao‐Liao‐Ji belt in the eastern North China block via the northern Gyeonggi and Nangrim Massifs on the Korean Peninsula, whereas the c. 250–230 Ma M2 stage could be associated with collision between the North and South China blocks. The Oki belt geologically corresponds to the northern Gyeonggi Massif in South Korea due to their similar Paleoproterozoic and Triassic tectonothermal events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: We aimed to develop a convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based object detection model for the discrimination of gastric subepithelial tumors, such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), and leiomyomas, in endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) images. Methods: We used 376 images from 114 patients with histologically confirmed gastric GIST or leiomyoma to train the EUS‐CNN. We constructed the EUS‐CNN using an EfficientNet CNN model for feature extraction and a weighted bi‐directional feature pyramid network for object detection. We assessed the performance of our EUS‐CNN by calculating its accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) using a validation set of 170 images from 54 patients. Four EUS experts and 15 EUS trainees were asked to judge the same validation dataset, and the diagnostic yields were compared between the EUS‐CNN and human assessments. Results: In the per‐image analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and AUC of our EUS‐CNN were 95.6%, 82.1%, 91.2%, and 0.9234, respectively. In the per‐patient analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and AUC for our object detection model were 100.0%, 85.7%, 96.3%, and 0.9929, respectively. The EUS‐CNN outperformed human assessment in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and negative predictive value. Conclusions: We developed the EUS‐CNN system, which demonstrated high diagnostic ability for gastric GIST prediction. This EUS‐CNN system can be helpful not only for less‐experienced endoscopists but also for experienced ones. Additional EUS image accumulation and prospective studies are required alongside validation in a large multicenter trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Cholelithiasis is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. The metabolic syndrome (MetS), a combination of various metabolic abnormalities, is also common with a continually increasing prevalence. These diseases are associated with several risk factors. However, data on the association between MetS components and cholelithiasis are insufficient. This study aimed to analyze the association of MetS and its components with the incidence of cholelithiasis using national data from the Korean population. Methods: Data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Corporation of Korea, and 207 850 individuals without cholelithiasis in 2009 were enrolled and followed up until 2013. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the incidence of cholelithiasis according to the presence of MetS and the number of MetS components. Furthermore, the risk of cholelithiasis was evaluated in individuals with a single metabolic component. Results: The multivariate adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for incident cholelithiasis according to 1, 2, 3, and 4–5 MetS components were 1.08 (0.93–1.24), 1.22 (1.06–1.41), 1.35 (1.17–1.57), and 1.35 (1.15–1.57), respectively (P < 0.001). This increasing trend was observed in both sexes. Compared with participants with no metabolic components, those with low high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol had a significantly increased risk for cholelithiasis (adjusted HR, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.05–1.85]). Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome is a potential risk factor for cholelithiasis. Low HDL cholesterol level is the most relevant factor among MetS components for incident cholelithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although autogenous bone grafts are an optimal filling material for the induced membrane technique, limited availability and complications at the harvest site have created a need for alternative graft materials. We aimed to investigate the effect of an rhBMP‐2‐coated, 3D‐printed, macro/microporous CaO–SiO2–P2O5–B2O3 bioactive ceramic scaffold in the treatment of critical femoral bone defects in rabbits using the induced membrane technique. A 15‐mm segmental bone defect was made in the metadiaphyseal area of the distal femur of 14 rabbits. The defect was filled with polymethylmethacrylate cement and stabilized with a 2.0 mm locking plate. After the membrane matured for 4 weeks, the scaffold was implanted in two randomized groups: Group A (3D‐printed bioceramic scaffold) and Group B (3D‐printed, bioceramic scaffold with rhBMP‐2). Eight weeks after implantation, the radiographic assessment showed that the healing rate of the defect was significantly higher in Group B (7/7, 100%) than in Group A (2/7, 29%). The mean volume of new bone formation around and inside the scaffold doubled in Group B compared to that in Group A. The mean static and dynamic stiffness were significantly higher in Group B. Histological examination revealed newly formed bone in both groups. Extensive cortical bone formation along the scaffold was found in Group B. Successful bone reconstruction in critical‐sized bone defects could be obtained using rhBMP‐2‐coated, 3D‐printed, macro/microporous bioactive ceramic scaffolds. This grafting material demonstrated potential as an alternative graft material in the induced membrane technique for reconstructing critical‐sized bone defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have indicated that increased body fat is associated with cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension. However, there is only limited information about the influence of body fat percentage (BF%) on incident hypertension. In a cohort of Korean genome epidemiology study (KoGES), 4864 non-hypertensive participants were divided into 5 quintile groups, and followed-up for 10 years to monitor incident hypertension. Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the hazard ratio (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for hypertension (adjusted HRs [95% CI]) according to BF% quintile groups. Subgroup analysis was conducted by low or high level of BF% (cutoff: 22.5% in men and 32.5% in women) and low or high level of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). In adjusted model, compared with BF% quintile 1, the risk of incident hypertension significantly increased over BF% quintile 3 (BF% ≥19.9%) in men (quintile 3:1.42 [1.10-1.85], quintile 4:1.58 [1.22-2.05], quintile 5:1.82 [1.40-2.36]), and quintile 4 (BF% ≥32.5%) in women (quintile 4:1.48 [1.12-1.94], quintile 5:1.56 [1.20-2.04]). Subgroup analysis showed that individuals with high BF% were significantly associated with the increased risk of hypertension even in individuals with low BMI, WC, and WHR. The risk of hypertension increased proportionally to BF% over the specific level of BF% in Koreans. Even in non-obese individuals, increase in BF% was significantly associated with the increased risk of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In multiple sclerosis (MS), not only lesions but also normal MRI-appearing white matter (NAWM) may undergo demyelination.Purpose: To demonstrate the detection of NAWM demyelination using direct visualization of short transverse relaxation time component myelin water imaging (ViSTa-MWI) and to compare the results with those of conventional gradient echo and spin echo (GRASE)-MWI.Study Type: Control/cohort.Population: Twenty-five MS patients and 18 healthy controls (HC).Field Strength/sequence: 3T/ViSTa and GRASE-MWI.Assessment: Using ViSTa and GRASE-MWI, myelin water fraction (MWF) of NAWM or normal WM was compared between MS (all patients or early-stage MS patients) and HC. The comparison was performed for a global WM mask and five regional WM masks.Statistical Tests: A general linear model was applied for the comparison. A statistical power and a minimum sample size for the significant difference were obtained. Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated between MWF and clinical measures and between ViSTa-MWF and GRASE-MWF for the global WM mask.Results: MWFs of ViSTa were significantly lower in the MS patients than those in the HC in all masks (P < 0.001). GRASE-MWI results revealed reduced MWFs only in global WM, genu, and optic radiation. ViSTa-MWI had higher statistical powers than that of GRASE-MWI (power: ViSTa = 99.2 ± 1.6% and GRASE = 75.5 ± 31.0%; sample size: ViSTa = 18 ± 9 and GRASE = 78 ± 75). In early-stage MS, MWFs of ViSTa were significantly lower than those of the HC in all masks except for centrum semiovale; however, MWFs of GRASE MWI were significantly lower only in optic radiation. Disease duration was correlated with both MWIs (ViSTa; r = -0.437 and GRASE; r = -0.445). ViSTa and GRASE MWFs were significantly correlated in the HC (r = 0.664) and MS (r = 0.768).Data Conclusion: ViSTa-MWI may detect a reduction of MWF in NAWM of MS.Level Of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;49:1091-1098. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea has the highest incidence of thyroid cancer in the world. Our study examined the trends in thyroid cancer incidence by the histologic type, cancer stage, and age group and explored possible factors that affected thyroid cancer trends.We conducted a descriptive epidemiological study using the national cancer registry data and cause of death data from 1999 to 2016 in South Korea. Age‐standardized rates were calculated using Segi's world standard population. Joinpoint regression analysis was applied to determine the changing point of thyroid cancer trends according to histologic type; Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) summary stage; and age groups by sex.The age‐standardized incidence of thyroid cancer in both men and women increased from 6.3 per 100,000 people in 1999 to 63.4 per 100,000 in 2012 but declined from 2012 to 2016, before the debates for over diagnosis of thyroid cancer began in 2014. The age‐standardized mortality rate of thyroid cancer, incidence of distant thyroid cancer, and incidence of regional and localized thyroid cancer started to decline since early 2000, 2010, and 2012, respectively. In addition, thyroid cancer prevalence in thyroid nodules showed decreasing trends from 1999–2000 to 2013–2014.The incidence of thyroid cancer began declining from 2012, before the debates for over diagnosis of thyroid cancer began in 2014. Changes in guidelines for thyroid nodule examinations may have affected this inflection point. Moreover, the debates for over diagnosis of thyroid cancer may have accelerated the decline in thyroid cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present the novel 88‐inch 8K OLED display for premium large size TVs. New key technologies are applied to 8K OLED display, including a coplanar type IGZO TFT backplane, simple pixel structure with white OLED, current compensation method, large area high speed GIP, pixel charging rate improvement, and driving system with two chip timing controllers. Those technologies enable high image quality characteristic and high reliability of OLED panel. Using the developed 8K OLED displays, we have successfully launched 88‐, and 77‐inch 8K OLED TVs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Introduction: It is not clear whether survival in kidney transplant recipients with pre‐transplant diabetes has improved over the past decades. We compared the rates of mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after renal transplantation in patients with and without pre‐transplant diabetes. Furthermore, we investigated whether transplant era and recipient age affected the association between diabetes status and adverse events. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 691 patients who underwent renal transplantation between 1994 and 2016 at a single tertiary center. We compared the incidences of post‐transplant mortality and four‐point MACE in patients with and without pre‐transplant diabetes using Kaplan–Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazard model, and assessed the interactions between diabetes status and transplant era and recipient age. Results: Of 691 kidney recipients, 143 (20.7%) had pre‐transplant diabetes. The mean follow‐up duration was 94.5 months. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that patients with pre‐transplant diabetes had higher incidences of post‐transplant mortality and four‐point MACE compared with those without pre‐transplant diabetes (log–rank test, P < 0.001 for both). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, pre‐transplant diabetes was associated with an increased risk of post‐transplant mortality and four‐point MACE (hazard ratio 1.90, 95% confidence interval 1.05–3.44, P = 0.034; and hazard ratio 1.75; 95% confidence interval 1.02–3.00, P = 0.043, respectively). The associations between pre‐transplant diabetes status and all‐cause mortality and four‐point MACE were not affected by transplant era or recipient age. Conclusions: Pre‐transplant diabetes remains a significant risk factor for mortality and four‐point MACE in kidney transplant recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]