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This paper provides a comprehensive overview of image‐based techniques, particularly focusing on their applications and advancements in the context of nail disorders. Nowadays, high‐resolution digital cameras and dermoscopes enable dermatologists to capture detailed images of nail abnormalities, facilitating early diagnosis and meticulous tracking of disease progression. Onychoscopy is now a routine technique with well‐known criteria for the diagnosis, but recent developments allow us to visualize certain diseases better. Imaging modalities like high‐frequency ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, optical coherence tomography and confocal microscopy are being increasingly adopted for their superior diagnostic capabilities. These techniques are described in their technology, scanning protocols, normal findings, advantages and limitations. Moreover, the integration of technology in patient education has fostered a more informed patient population, capable of actively participating in their disease monitoring and treatment regimens. Proper training, validation, regulation and ethical considerations are, however, essential when integrating technology into healthcare practices. Imaging technologies that present the potential to add critical anatomical information to clinical diagnoses within reasonable costs and are available worldwide are the ones that will probably be used the most. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This review aims to summarize the latest application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in oral mucosal diseases, promoting an accurate and earlier diagnosis of such disorders, which are difficult to be differentiated. Subjective and Methods: References on the application of OCT in oral mucosal diseases were mainly obtained from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus databases, using the keywords: "optical coherence tomography and 'oral mucosa/oral cancers/oral potentially malignant diseases/oral lichen planus/oral leukoplakia/oral erythroplakia/discoid lupus erythematosus/oral autoimmune bullous diseases/oral ulcers/erythema multiforme/oral mucositis'". Results: It is found that OCT is showing a promising application potential in the early detection, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, monitoring of oral cancer and oral dysplastic lesions, as well as the delineation of tumor margins. OCT is also playing an increasingly important role in the diagnosis of oral potentially malignant disorders, oral mucosal bullous diseases, oral ulcerative diseases, erythema multiforme, and the early detection of oral mucositis. Conclusion: Optical coherence tomography, as a novel optical technique featured by real‐time, noninvasive, dynamic and high‐resolution imaging, is of great use to serve as an adjunct tool for the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, monitoring and therapy evaluation of oral mucosal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: To utilize ultra‐widefield multimodal imaging (Optos PLC) to describe novel findings in degenerative retinoschisis. Methods: This retrospective, non‐comparative case series of degenerative retinoschisis received a waiver of consent from Advarra IRB, Protocol 00066379. Initial ultra‐widefield pseudocolour, colour‐separated, autofluorescence, and peripheral OCT imaging were analysed for characterizing features. Results: In total, 139 eyes were included. A hyporeflective reticular pattern associated with retinoschisis was seen on pseudocolour images in 39% of cases, but visible in 53% on green‐separated images. Fine hyper‐reflective foci were observed in 49%. In 27%, retinoschisis was confirmed with OCT. Conclusions: Ultra‐widefield pseudocolour and green‐separated images are valuable for the diagnosis and characterization of degenerative retinoschisis. The findings described may prompt the evaluation of subtle retinoschisis with peripheral OCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)–Bruch's membrane (BrM) complex volume associations in monozygotic twin pairs. Methods: In this study, 106 elderly twins (53 twin pairs) from the Finnish Twin Cohort study were recruited. Each participant underwent dilated 35‐degree digital colour fundus photography (CFP), and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and replied to a structured study questionnaire. The CFPs were graded according to the Age‐Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) classification. The OCT images were segmented and volumetric data of the RPE‐BrM complex volume was calculated with the Orion™ software. The worse eye according to AREDS classification was used for the analysis. Results: Twenty‐nine (55%) of the twin pairs were discordant with regard to AREDS classification. Fourteen (26%) pairs were discordant with one twin participant having AMD (AREDS 2–4) and the other being unaffected (AREDS 1). Four (8%) pairs had one twin participant with intermediate or late AMD (AREDS 3–4) versus the other being unaffected (AREDS 1). The within‐pair polychoric correlation for AREDS was 0.605 (95% confidence interval 0.418–0.792). In multivariate analysis intermediate and late AMD as well as age associated with RPE‐BrM complex volume. RPE‐BrM complex volume showed a within twin pair correlation, r = 0.430 (95% confidence interval 0.172–0.688, p < 0.01). Conclusion: A substantial proportion of monozygotic twin pairs are discordant with regard to age‐related macular degeneration phenotype. RPE‐BrM complex volume associated with age and intermediate and late AMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe the phenotype of Danish patients with genetically verified achromatopsia (ACHM) with special focus on signs of progression on structural or functional parameters, and possible genotype–phenotype correlations. Methods: Forty‐eight patients were identified, with disease‐causing variants in five different genes: CNGA3, CNGB3, GNAT2, PDE6C and PDE6H. Longitudinal evaluation was possible for 11 patients and 27 patients participated in a renewed in‐depth phenotyping consisting of visual acuity assessment, optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundus autofluorescence, colour vision evaluation, contrast sensitivity, mesopic microperimetry and full‐field electroretinography. Foveal morphology was evaluated based on OCT images for all 48 patients using a grading system based on the integrity of the hyperreflective photoreceptor band, the inner segment ellipsoid zone (ISe). Signs of progression were evaluated based on longitudinal data and correlation with age. Results: We found a statistically significant positive correlation between OCT grade and age (Spearman ρ = 0.62, p < 0.0001) and we observed changes in the foveal morphology in 2 of 11 patients with ≥5 years of follow‐up. We did not find any convincing correlation between age and functional parameters (visual acuity, retinal sensitivity and contrast sensitivity) nor did we find correlation between structural and functional parameters, or any clear genotype–phenotype correlation. Conclusions: Some patients with ACHM demonstrate signs of progressive foveal changes in OCT characteristics with increasing age. This is relevant in terms of possible new treatments. However, functional characteristics, such as visual acuity, remained stable despite changing foveal structure. Thus, seen from a patient perspective, ACHM can still be considered a non‐progressive condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are at increased risk of developing premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). The mechanisms behind this are not fully understood, but microvascular alterations have been documented in retinal arterioles and venules. The aim of this study was to use non‐invasive retinal imaging to investigate the structural and functional properties of arterioles, venules and capillaries in this patient group. Methods: We examined 27 women with previous HDP and 23 controls at 3 years postpartum. The retinal microvasculature was assessed by vessel calibre measurements, retinal oximetry and optical coherence tomography angiography. Differences were analysed using non‐parametric tests and multiple regression analyses, adjusted for age and body mass index. Results: Median arteriolar oxygen saturation (SaO2; 94.2% vs. 93.0%), venular oxygen saturation (SvO2; 60.1% vs. 62.4%) and arteriovenous saturation difference (AV‐difference; 32.8% vs. 32.3%) were similar across groups. Capillary vessel density (VD; 46.2% vs. 46.3%), skeletonised VD (VSD; 21.3 vs. 21.1 mm/mm2) and vessel diameter index (21.65 vs. 21.86) were also comparable. In the HDP group, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was positively correlated with AV‐difference (R2 = 0.209) and negatively correlated with arteriolar diameter (CRAE; r2 = 0.382). Conclusions: Structural microvascular alterations appear not to be key biomarkers for CVD risk after HDP as early as 3 years postpartum in otherwise healthy women. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether such changes occur later in life. MAP was associated with AV‐difference only in the HDP group, suggesting specific mechanisms affecting functional microvascular properties in these women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the associations between physiology and demographics, non‐ocular pathology and pharmaceutical drug use against peri‐papillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (pRNFL T) and other optical coherence tomography (OCT) inner retinal measures in normal, healthy eyes. Methods: A retrospective, cross‐sectional study of 705 consecutive participants with bilateral normal, healthy optic nerves and maculae. PRNFL Ts, vertical cup/disc ratio (CDR), cup volume and macular ganglion cell layer‐inner plexiform layer (GCL‐IPL) Ts were extracted from Cirrus OCT scans, then regressed against predictor variables of participants' physiology and demographics (eye laterality, refraction, intraocular pressure [IOP], age, sex, race/ethnicity, etc.) and non‐ocular pathology and pharmaceutical drug use according to the World Health Organisation classifications. Associations were assessed for statistical significance (p < 0.05) and clinical significance (|β| > 95% limits of agreement for repeated measures). Results: A multitude of non‐ocular pathology and pharmaceutical drug use were statistically and clinically significantly associated with deviations in standard OCT inner retinal measures, exceeding the magnitude of other factors such as age, IOP and race/ethnicity. Thinner inner retina and larger optic nerve cup measures were linked to use of systemic corticosteroids, sex hormones/modulators, presence of vasomotor/allergic rhinitis and other diseases and drugs (up to −29.3 [−49.88, −8.72] μm pRNFL T, 0.31 [0.07, 0.54] vertical CDR, 0.29 [0.03, 0.54] mm3 cup volume and −10.18 [−16.62, −3.74] μm macular GCL‐IPL T; all p < 0.05). Thicker inner retina and smaller optic nerve cup measures were diffusely associated with use of antineoplastic agents, presence of liver or urinary diseases and other diseases and drugs (up to 67.12 [64.92, 69.31] μm pRNFL T, −0.31 [−0.53, −0.09] vertical CDR, −0.06 [−0.11, 0] mm3 cup volume and 28.84 [14.51, 43.17] μm macular GCL‐IPL T; all p < 0.05). Conclusion: There are a multitude of systemic diseases and drugs associated with altered OCT inner retinal measures, with magnitudes far exceeding those of other factors such as age, IOP and race/ethnicity. These systemic factors should at least be considered during OCT assessments to ensure precise interpretation of normal versus pathological inner retinal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Autostereoscopic displays have become increasingly common, but their impact on ocular dimensions remains unknown. We sought to identify changes in the crystalline lens dimensions induced by autostereoscopic three‐dimensional (3D) viewing. Methods: Forty young adults (age: 22.6 ± 2.0 years, male/female: 15/25) were consecutively enrolled and randomly divided into two groups (3D and two‐dimensional [2D] viewing groups) to watch a 30‐min movie clip displayed in 3D or 2D mode on a tablet computer. The lens thickness (LT), diameter, curvature, decentration and tilt were measured with anterior segment optical coherence tomography under both non‐accommodating (static) and accommodating conditions. Results: In the static condition, the LT decreased by 0.03 ± 0.03 mm (p < 0.001) and the anterior radius of curvature (ARC) increased by 0.49 ± 0.59 mm (p = 0.001) post‐3D viewing. In contrast, following 2D viewing, the ARC decreased by 0.23 ± 0.25 mm (p = 0.001). Additionally, the increase in the steep ARC post‐3D viewing was greater in high‐myopic eyes than low to moderate myopic eyes (p = 0.04). When comparing the accommodative with the static (non‐accommodative) condition, for 3D viewing the lens decentration decreased (−0.03 ± 0.05 mm, p = 0.02); while for 2D viewing, the posterior curvature radius (−0.14 ± 0.20 mm, p = 0.006) and diameter (−0.13 ± 0.20 mm, p = 0.01) decreased. Conclusions: Viewing with the autostereoscopic 3D tablet could temporally decrease the thickness and curvature of the lens under non‐accommodating conditions. However, its long‐term effect requires further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish a methodology for objectively estimating the Lens Equatorial Plane (LEP) from clinical images, comparing LEP with dilated versus non‐dilated pupils. Methods: A cohort of 91 eyes from 60 patients undergoing preoperative assessments for cataract surgery was evaluated. Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography (AS‐OCT) images were analysed under conditions of pharmacologically induced pupil dilation versus a non‐dilated pupil. Geometrical parameters, including LEP, intersection diameter (ID), lens thickness (LT), anterior and posterior lens thickness were automatically calculated by applying standard image processing techniques to clinical AS‐OCT images. Results: Significant differences in lens parameters, including LEP, were observed between dilated and non‐dilated conditions (all p < 0.001). A strong linear correlation was found across all geometrical variables under both conditions (r[LEP] = 0.64, r[ID] = 0.78, r[LT] = 0.99, all p < 0.001); enabling reliable correction of these differences. Conclusion: The study introduces an objective methodology for LEP calculation, emphasising the need to consider the eye's physiological state during preoperative measurements. Incorporating LEP into future intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas and replacing the habitual effective lens position may potentially improve the accuracy of IOL power estimation and thus postoperative visual outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the repeatability of retinal and choroidal optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT‐A) indices among healthy children and compare it to healthy young adults. Methods: This prospective study captured 3 mm × 3 mm and 6 mm × 6 mm macular OCT‐A scans including superficial and deep retinal layers, choriocapillaris and deep choroid over two visits, 1 week apart at approximately the same time of day, for 22 healthy adults (18–30 years) and 21 children (6–15 years). Magnification and projection‐artefact corrected indices extracted using a custom image analysis program and individual biometry were compared between visits using Bland–Altman analysis and intraclass correlation (ICC). Retinal indices included foveal avascular zone metrics, perfusion and vessel density and choroidal indices included choriocapillaris flow deficit metrics and deep choroid perfusion density, in the foveal, parafoveal and perifoveal regions. Repeatability between adults and children was compared with F‐test. Results: Bland–Altman analysis showed that the mean differences between repeated OCT‐A indices were not significantly different from zero for either of the zones, layers and scan sizes in the two age groups (p > 0.05) except for foveal vessel density and foveal avascular zone perimeter (p = 0.04 for both) of 6‐mm‐deep retinal layer scans. The ICC ranged between 0.67 and 0.99. Significantly higher variability between visits (p < 0.05) in the indices was noted among adults than children, especially for choroidal indices of larger scan size. Conclusion: The retinal and choroidal OCT‐A indices in the foveal, parafoveal and perifoveal zones were repeatable in healthy children except for the foveal vessel density and foveal avascular zone perimeter of the 6‐mm‐deep retinal layer, which exhibited statistically borderline differences between visits. The adult group showed more variability between visits compared to children, especially in the larger scan size for choroidal OCT‐A indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Somatic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation accumulation has been observed in individuals with retinal degenerative disorders. To study the effects of aging and mtDNA mutation accumulation in the retina, a polymerase gamma (POLG) exonuclease‐deficient model, the PolgD257A mutator mice (D257A), was used. POLG is an enzyme responsible for regulating mtDNA replication and repair. Retinas of young and older mice with this mutation were analyzed in vivo and ex vivo to provide new insights into the contribution of age‐related mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction due to mtDNA damage. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) image analysis revealed a decrease in retinal and photoreceptor thickness starting at 6 months of age in mice with the D257A mutation compared to wild‐type (WT) mice. Electroretinography (ERG) testing showed a significant decrease in all recorded responses at 6 months of age. Sections labeled with markers of different types of retinal cells, including cones, rods, and bipolar cells, exhibited decreased labeling starting at 6 months. However, electron microscopy analysis revealed differences in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) mt morphology beginning at 3 months. Interestingly, there was no increase in oxidative stress and parkin‐mediated mitophagy in the ages analyzed in the retina or RPE of D257A mice. Additionally, D257A RPE exhibited an accelerated rate of autofluorescence cytoplasmic granule formation and accumulation. Mt markers displayed different abundance in protein lysates obtained from retina and RPE samples. These findings suggest that the accumulation of mtDNA mutations leads to impaired mt function and accelerated aging, resulting in retinal degeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusion The aim of this study was to investigate the association between macula thickness and vessel density in African myopic and emmetropic eyes through the use of Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).The study population comprised African adults aged 18–35 years old. The study was conducted at a University eye clinic located in Durban, South Africa. Purposive sampling was utilised to obtain 59 participants of whom 24 were myopes and 35 were emmetropes. Vessel density (VD), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and retinal thickness (RT) were obtained using the Heidelberg Spectralis OCT with angiography. Thereafter, a multivariate linear regression was used to investigate associations between the spherical equivalent myopic refractive error and VD, FAZ and RT for the myopic group only.Myopic participants had a mean spherical equivalent (MSE) and standard deviation (SD) of −4.79 D (1.27) while the emmetropic group had an MSE (SD) of −0.32 D (0.46). Both superficial and deep VD were significantly decreased at the central fovea (radius (r) = 0.4 mm), peri‐foveal (r = 1.10–1.45 mm) and para‐foveal (r = 0.75–1.10 mm) sectors in myopes when compared with emmetropes. Myopes showed a significant reduction in RT in the inner retinal layer across the inferior and temporal zones of the peri‐foveal region as well as the inferior and temporal zones of the para‐foveal region when compared with emmetropes. A significantly smaller FAZ was found at both the superficial and deep vascular plexuses (p < 0.001). In African myopes, significant associations were not found between MSE and VD or FAZ and macula retinal thickness.Retinal vascular and thickness reduction may occur in young African adults with moderate myopia. A broad‐based study targeting VD and IRT in African myopes is proposed to confirm preclinical myopic macula disruptions in adults of African ethnicity. OCT angiography should be considered when monitoring progressive myopia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusions To determine if supplementing standard clinical assessments with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) imaging of the crystalline lens improves the accuracy and precision of lens opacity assessment and associated clinical management decisions by optometrists.Fifty optometrists registered in the UK or Éire undertook a clinical vignette study where participants graded lens opacities and made associated clinical management decisions based on the image(s)/information displayed. Three forms of vignettes were presented: (1) Slit‐lamp (SL) images of the lens, (2) SL and OCT images and (3) SL, OCT and visual function measures. Vignettes were constructed using anonymised data from 50 patients with varying cataract severity, each vignette being presented twice in a randomised order (total vignette presentations = 300). The accuracy of opacity and management decisions were evaluated using descriptive statistics and non‐parametric Bland–Altman analysis where assessments from experienced clinicians were the reference. The precision of assessments was examined for each vignette form using non‐parametric Bland–Altman analysis.All (n = 50) participants completed the study, with 36 working in primary eyecare (primary eyecare) settings and 14 in hospital eyecare services (HES). Agreement was highest where vignettes contained all clinical data (i.e., SL, OCT and visual function data—grading: 51.0%, management: 50.5%), and systematically reduced with decreasing vignette content (p < 0.001). A larger number of vignettes containing imaging and visual function measures exhibited below reference (i.e., less conservative) grading compared with vignettes containing imaging data alone (all p < 0.05). HES‐based optometrists were more likely to grade lens opacities lower than clinicians working in primary eyecare (p < 0.001). Good measurement precision was evident for all vignettes, with a mean bias close to zero and limits of agreement below one grading step for all conditions.The addition of anterior segment OCT to SL images improved the accuracy of lens opacity grading. Structural assessment alone yielded more conservative decision making, which reversed once visual functional data was available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusions To quantify the magnitude and recovery of central and limbal corneal oedema induced by short‐term unilateral eyelid closure without contact lens wear.The left eye of 10 adults with healthy corneas was patched using a folded eye pad for 30 min. High‐resolution optical coherence tomography images (which captured the limbal and central corneal regions simultaneously) were obtained before patching, immediately after eye opening and again at 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14 and 15 mins after eyelid opening. Oedema was measured from the limbus (scleral spur) to the central cornea (thinnest corneal location) along the horizontal meridian.A greater amount of limbal oedema was noted (mean [SD] 3.84 [1.79] %) compared to the central cornea (2.48 [0.61] %; p = 0.04) after 30 mins of unilateral eyelid closure. Both central and limbal corneal oedema recovered rapidly following eyelid opening, with no significant differences in the rate of corneal recovery between corneal locations (p = 0.90).Short‐term unilateral eyelid closure resulted in ~55% more relative oedema in the limbal region compared to the central cornea. Rapid recovery of oedema and corneal overshoot (thinning beyond the baseline corneal thickness) was observed within 1–2 min of eyelid opening for both central and peripheral regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Patients Results Conclusions The management of visual field damage in patients with macroprolactinomas is a major therapeutic challenge. We aimed to study the visual morbidity associated with macroprolactinoma and its outcomes following medical and surgical treatment. We aimed to identify predictors of visual recovery.We retrospectively reviewed patient's data including clinical presentation, serial pituitary magnetic resonance imaging, laboratory tests, visual symptoms and neuro‐ophthalmologic examination, visual field tests and optical coherence tomography tests. The main outcome was complete visual field recovery. Descriptive analyses were conducted. Predictors of visual recovery were investigated.The study cohort included 150 patients with macroprolactinoma [median follow‐up, 6.0 years (interquartile range (IQR) 2.9–10.6)].At diagnosis, visual field defects were evident in 40 patients (26.7%). At the end of follow‐up, 24 out of 39 available visual field tests (61.5%) exhibited complete recovery. Patients that achieved complete visual recovery had smaller macroadenomas at diagnosis [30.5 mm (15.0–80.0) vs. 42.0 mm (30.0–85.0), p < .01], lower baseline serum prolactin levels [1414 mcg/L (489–3586) vs. 4119 mcg/L (2715–6315), p < .01], lower rates of central hypogonadism (78.3% vs. 93.3%, p = .05) and central hypothyroidism (20.8% vs. 53.3%, p = .04), lower rates of compressive optic neuropathy (35.3% vs. 87.5%, p = .02) and a better visual acuity (better than 6/8 in both eyes, 93.7% vs. 28.6%, p < .01).In our cohort of 150 patients with macroprolactinoma, 40 patients (26.7%) presented with visual field defects, of which 61.5% achieved complete visual recovery with treatment. Patients that achieved complete visual recovery presented with smaller macroadenomas, lower serum prolactin levels, lower rates of central hypogonadism and central hypothyroidism, lower rates of compressive optic neuropathy and better visual acuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microneedles offer a promising avenue for painless drug delivery through micro‐perforation, and additive manufacturing, particularly stereolithography, has proven effective for their fabrication. This study focuses on developing a novel biocompatible resin for 3D printing microneedles. Spectroscopic methods are employed to confirm the structures of all intended resin monomers, with a specific analysis of the crystallographic structure of cyclohexanedimethanol methacrylate (CDMM) using x‐ray diffraction. The results indicate that CDMM crystallizes in the monoclinic system, aligning with the P21/c space group. The fabricated conical microneedles, standing at approximately 655 μm in height, underwent thorough mechanical and thermal characterization. Depth analyses of micro‐perforations in Parafilm M and pig skin were performed using optical coherence tomography and histological sections, demonstrating successful penetration through the stratum corneum and epidermal layers into the superficial dermal layer (1.5–4 mm thickness) without affecting nerve endings. Cytocompatibility tests affirm the biocompatibility of the microneedles. This work highlights the potential of the newly developed biocompatible material for printable drug delivery systems, emphasizing microneedles and other implant forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Interpretation To characterize the retinal microvasculature and structure in subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and identify the potential biomarker for the early stage of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) spectrum.In this study, 35 patients with SCD, 36 with cognitive impairment, and 29 with normal cognition (NC) were enrolled. Optical coherence tomography angiography was employed to assess retinal vascular density, fovea avascular zone area, and retinal thickness. The parameters reflecting retinal perfusion and structure were compared among the three groups. In addition, the association between retinal parameters, cerebral blood flow (CBF), and peripheral blood biomarkers in the SCD stage was analyzed.The superficial vascular complex (SVC) vascular density in the macula and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the peripapillary were significantly reduced in individuals with SCD compared to NC. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between macular ganglion cell complex thickness and CBF in SCD.The retinal microvasculature and structure exhibit alterations in individuals with SCD. Macular ganglion cell complex thickness demonstrates correlations with cerebral perfusion. The retina holds potential as a novel biomarker for early detection of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Interpretation The first international consensus criteria for optic neuritis (ICON) were published in 2022. We applied these criteria to a prospective, global observational study of acute optic neuritis (ON).We included 160 patients with a first‐ever acute ON suggestive of a demyelinating CNS disease from the Acute Optic Neuritis Network (ACON). We applied the 2022 ICON to all participants and subsequently adjusted the ICON by replacing a missing relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) or dyschromatopsia if magnetic resonance imaging pathology of the optical nerve plus optical coherence tomography abnormalities or certain biomarkers are present.According to the 2022 ICON, 80 (50%) patients were classified as definite ON, 12 (7%) patients were classified as possible ON, and 68 (43%) as not ON (NON). The main reasons for classification as NON were absent RAPD (52 patients, 76%) or dyschromatopsia (49 patients, 72%). Distribution of underlying ON etiologies was as follows: 78 (49%) patients had a single isolated ON, 41 (26%) patients were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, 25 (16%) patients with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody‐associated disease, and 15 (9%) with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. The application of the adjusted ON criteria yielded a higher proportion of patients classified as ON (126 patients, 79%).According to the 2022 ICON, almost half of the included patients in ACON did not fulfill the requirements for classification of definite or possible ON, particularly due to missing RAPD and dyschromatopsia. Thorough RAPD examination and formal color vision testing are critical to the application of the 2022 ICON. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To determine the thickness of the conjunctiva, episclera and sclera in healthy individuals using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT). Methods: We prospectively included 107 healthy individuals of different age groups (18–39 years, 40–54 years, 55–69 years and ≥70 years). For each eye, AS‐OCT scans of four quadrants (temporal, nasal, superior and inferior) were acquired. The thickness of the conjunctiva, episclera and sclera was measured for each scan. In addition, the axial length of both eyes was measured, and general characteristics, including smoking, allergies and contact lens use, were collected. Results: The mean conjunctival thickness was significantly different between the nasal and superior quadrants (87 ± 30 μm vs. 77 ± 16 μm; p < 0.001), as well as the superior and inferior quadrants (77 ± 16 μm vs. 86 ± 19 μm; p = 0.001). The mean episcleral thickness was larger in the superior (174 ± 54 μm) and inferior (141 ± 43 μm) quadrants, compared to the nasal (83 ± 38 μm) and temporal quadrants (90 ± 44 μm). The mean scleral thickness of the inferior quadrant was the largest (596 ± 64 μm), followed by the nasal (567 ± 76 μm), temporal (516 ± 67 μm) and superior (467 ± 52 μm) quadrants (all p < 0.001). The averaged scleral thickness increased 0.96 μm per age year (0.41–1.47 μm, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study provides an assessment of the thickness of scleral and adjacent superficial layers in healthy individuals determined on AS‐OCT, which could enable future research into the use of AS‐OCT in diseases affecting the anterior eye wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the structural, microvascular, and functional progression of normal tension glaucoma (NTG) with or without high myopia by examining longitudinal changes in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and visual field (VF) parameters. Methods: We evaluated 61 NTG eyes and classified 25 of the eyes with axial lengths (ALs) of ≥26 mm as highly myopic. We assessed the rate of change in OCTA parameters, namely radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) vessel density (VD), parafovea VD, deep parafovea VD, retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness, and ganglion cell complex thickness. We evaluated the correlation of the rate of change in OCTA parameters with VF loss and AL. Results: Among the 61 NTG eyes, rates of loss of RPC VD, parafovea VD, deep parafovea VD, and RNFL thickness were significantly different from zero despite the nonsignificant rate of change in VF mean deviation (MD). Changes in these OCTA parameters did not differ significantly in highly myopic NTG eyes. The rate of change in VF MD was significantly correlated with the rate of change in parafovea VD in highly myopic and non‐highly myopic NTG eyes. In highly myopic NTG eyes, AL was negatively correlated with the rates of loss of RNFL thickness, VF MD, and VF PSD. Conclusion: NTG eyes with a relatively stable VF exhibited loss of VD and RNFL thickness. VF progression in NTG was correlated with decreasing parafovea VD, indicating a structure–function correlation. Greater AL may indicate faster VF loss and RNFL thinning in highly myopic NTG eyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To explore the association between progressive peripapillary capillary vessel density (pcVD) reduction and the progression of visual field (VF) impairment in individuals with normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: The study enrolled 110 participants with one eye each, totalling 110 NTG eyes. VF defects were evaluated using standard automated perimetry mean deviation (MD), while pcVD measurements were obtained using optical coherence tomography angiography throughout the follow‐up period. Estimates of VF progression were determined by event‐based and trend‐based analyses. Fast VF progression was defined as an MD slope steeper than −0.5 dB/year, while the slow progression or stable VF was defined as an MD slope better or equal to −0.25 dB/year. Linear mixed‐effects models were employed to analyse the rates of change in pcVD reduction and VF MD decline over time. Additionally, univariable and multivariable linear models were used to examine the relationship between pcVD changes and VF loss rates in NTG. Results: Slow VF progression or stable VF was observed in 45% of subjects, while 25% had moderate progression and 30% showed fast progression. Patients with VF progression exhibited faster rate of pcVD reduction in peripapillary global region (−0.73 ± 0.40%/year vs. −0.56 ± 0.35%/year, p = 0.022). Moreover, this rate positively correlated with VF MD decline in NTG (estimate 0.278, 95% CI 0.122–0.433, p = 0.001). Conclusion: In individuals with NTG, faster VF progression was linked to a quicker reduction in pcVD, suggesting a positive correlation between pcVD decline and VF deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare detection rates of microaneurysms (MAs) on high‐speed megahertz optical coherence tomography angiography (MHz‐OCTA), fluorescein angiography (FA) and colour fundus photography (CF) in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods: For this exploratory cross‐sectional study, MHz‐OCTA data were acquired with a swept‐source OCT prototype (A‐scan rate: 1.7 MHz), and FA and CF imaging was performed using Optos® California. MA count was manually evaluated on en face MHz‐OCTA/FA/CF images within an extended ETDRS grid. Detectability of MAs visible on FA images was evaluated on corresponding MHz‐OCTA and CF images. MA distribution and leakage were correlated with detectability on OCTA and CF imaging. Results: 47 eyes with severe DR (n = 12) and proliferative DR (n = 35) were included. MHz‐OCTA and CF imaging detected on average 56% and 36% of MAs, respectively. MHz‐OCTA detection rate was significantly higher than CF (p < 0.01). The combination of MHz‐OCTA and CF leads to an increased detection rate of 70%. There was no statistically significant association between leakage and MA detectability on OCTA (p = 0.13). For CF, the odds of detecting leaking MAs were significantly lower than non‐leaking MAs (p = 0.012). Using MHz‐OCTA, detection of MAs outside the ETDRS grid was less likely than MAs located within the ETDRS grid (outer ring, p < 0.01; inner ring, p = 0.028). No statistically significant difference between rings was observed for CF measurements. Conclusions: More MAs were detected on MHz‐OCTA than on CF imaging. Detection rate was lower for MAs located outside the macular region with MHz‐OCTA and for leaking MAs with CF imaging. Combining both non‐invasive modalities can improve MA detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the possible effects of migraine on retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer (GC‐IPL), macular thickness and retinal arteriolar and venular diameters (CRAE, CRVE) in a population‐based birth cohort. Methods: 375 migraineurs and 1489 healthy controls were included in this cross‐sectional cohort study. RNFL, GC‐IPL and macular thickness parameters were measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), and vascular parameters were measured from fundus photographs. Migraine was determined by a questionnaire and specific features were selected as covariates (gender, smoking status, systolic blood pressure, refraction and diabetes). Results: There were no statistically significant differences between healthy controls and migraineurs in average RNFL (p = 0.123), macular (p = 0.488) or GC‐IPL (p = 0.437) thickness. Migraine did not have a significant effect on any of the macular or GC‐IPL subfields. For RNFL subfields, only temporal inferior was borderline significantly increased in migraineurs (p = 0.039) in adjusted results. No statistically significant differences were found between study groups on retinal vascular calibres CRAE (p = 0.879), CRVE (p = 0.145) or AVR (p = 0.259). GC‐IPL thickness was found to be positively correlated with CRAE and CRVE in both study groups as GC‐IPL thickness increased together with the increase in CRAE and CRVE (p‐trend < 0.001 in both), and a similar trend was detected with central macular subfield thickness and systolic (p‐trend < 0.001) and diastolic (p‐trend = 0.010) blood pressure, but only in the control group. Conclusion: There were no remarkable differences between migraineurs and healthy controls in retinal vascular or structural parameters in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Deep learning based optical coherence tomography (OCT) segmentation methods have achieved excellent results, allowing quantitative analysis of large‐scale data. However, OCT images are often acquired by different devices or under different imaging protocols, which leads to serious domain shift problem. This in turn results in performance degradation of segmentation models. Purpose: Aiming at the domain shift problem, we propose a two‐stage adversarial learning based network (TSANet) that accomplishes unsupervised cross‐domain OCT segmentation. Methods: In the first stage, a Fourier transform based approach is adopted to reduce image style differences from the image level. Then, adversarial learning networks, including a segmenter and a discriminator, are designed to achieve inter‐domain consistency in the segmentation output. In the second stage, pseudo labels of selected unlabeled target domain training data are used to fine‐tune the segmenter, which further improves its generalization capability. The proposed method was tested on cross‐domain datasets for choroid or retinoschisis segmentation tasks. For choroid segmentation, the model was trained on 400 images and validated on 100 images from the source domain, and then trained on 1320 unlabeled images and tested on 330 images from target domain I, and also trained on 400 unlabeled images and tested on 200 images from target domain II. For retinoschisis segmentation, the model was trained on 1284 images and validated on 312 images from the source domain, and then trained on 1024 unlabeled images and tested on 200 images from the target domain. Results: The proposed method achieved significantly improved results over that without domain adaptation, with improvement of 8.34%, 55.82% and 3.53% in intersection over union (IoU) respectively for the three test sets. The performance is better than some state‐of‐the‐art domain adaptation methods. Conclusions: The proposed TSANet, with image level adaptation, feature level adaptation and pseudo‐label based fine‐tuning, achieved excellent cross‐domain generalization. This alleviates the burden of obtaining additional manual labels when adapting the deep learning model to new OCT data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To evaluate the frequency and anterior segment optical coherence tomography parameters of patients with scleral fixated intraocular lenses (IOL) and reverse pupillary block (RPB). Methods: Retrospective analysis at a tertiary care centre (Department for Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Austria). We researched our records for patients who underwent scleral fixated IOL implantation from January 2018 till February 2023. Patients were included only if there was at least one adequate post‐operative scan of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) available. Initially, AS‐OCT scans were assessed for IOL tilt and decentration employing a 3D scan and then later for anterior chamber angle (ACA), aqueous anterior chamber depth (AQD), pupil diameter and iris‐IOL distance using the 2D scan at a 0° angle. Both an iris‐IOL distance of 0 or less and an ACA of more than 70° were required to define an RPB. Results: A total of 110 patients met the inclusion criteria, 41 were treated using the Carlevale, 33 the four flanged, 24 the Yamane and 12 the Scharioth technique, respectively. RPB was found in 32 patients (29%). Twenty patients with RPB were treated using YAG peripheral iridotomy, mean ACA decreased from 91.91° ± 13.77 to 61.02° ± 8.52, (p < 0.001), mean AQD decreased from 4.67 mm ± 0.47 to 4.31 ± 0.36 mm (p < 0.001) and mean iris‐IOL distance increased from −0.09 ± 0.04 to 0.33 ± 0.30 (p < 0.001). Conclusions: RPB is found in a third of eyes who have undergone scleral fixated IOL implantation without iridectomy. YAG peripheral iridotomy is a potent option to treat RPB, and subsequently reduce the risk of iris chafing and secondary inflammation or glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The iris is a unique structure, with exquisite variations in colour and form. Pathological changes, specifically including iris cysts and tumours are relatively uncommon, difficult to diagnose, and yet potentially blinding or life‐threatening. Based on a comprehensive literature review, with highly illustrated key case examples, this report aims to guide the clinician in filtering the differential diagnoses of iris cysts and tumours. Evaluation is in the context of key diagnostic clinical tools and management considerations. Diagnostic imaging techniques include serial anterior segment photography, ultrasound, anterior segment optical coherence tomography, and iris fluorescein angiography, however, the roles of computerised topography and magnetic resonance imaging are also considered in this review. Management includes categorisation in terms of solid iris tumours (melanocytic vs. non‐melanocytic), or iris cysts (primary vs. secondary) that may be usefully differentiated by clinical assessment, avoiding more invasive interventions. Cystic lesions are generally benign, although implantation cysts in particular cause significant complications and surgical challenges. Most solid tumours are melanocytic and also typically benign. However, in larger lesions, rapid growth, symptoms and complications more likely indicate malignancy, requiring further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinic keratosis (AK) classification relies on clinical characteristics limited to the skin's surface. Incorporating sub‐surface evaluation may improve the link between clinical classification and the underlying pathology. We aimed to apply dynamic optical coherence tomography (D‐OCT) to characterize microvessels in AK I‐III and photodamaged (PD) skin, thereby exploring its utility in enhancing clinical and dermatoscopic AK evaluation. This explorative study assessed AK I‐III and PD on face or scalp. AK were graded according to the Olsen scheme before assessment with dermatoscopy and D‐OCT. On D‐OCT, vessel shapes, −pattern and ‐direction were qualitatively evaluated at predefined depths, while density and diameter were quantified. D‐OCT's ability to differentiate between AK grades was compared with dermatoscopy. Forty‐seven patients with AK I‐III (n = 207) and PD (n = 87) were included. Qualitative D‐OCT evaluation revealed vascular differences between AK grades and PD, particularly at a depth of 300 μm. The arrangement of vessel shapes around follicles differentiated AK II from PD (OR = 4.75, p < 0.001). Vessel patterns varied among AK grades and PD, showing structured patterns in AK I and PD, non‐specific in AK II (OR = 2.16,p = 0.03) and mottled in AK III (OR = 29.94, p < 0.001). Vessel direction changed in AK II‐III, with central vessel accentuation and radiating vessels appearing most frequently in AK III. Quantified vessel density was higher in AK I‐II than PD (p ≤ 0.025), whereas diameter remained constant. D‐OCT combined with dermatoscopy enabled precise differentiation of AK III versus AK I (AUC = 0.908) and II (AUC = 0.833). The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of vessels on D‐OCT consistently showed increased vascularization and vessel disorganization in AK lesions of higher grades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dermal fillers have emerged as a popular non‐surgical solution for facial rejuvenation and enhancement. Apart from botulinum toxin injections, they are the most common non‐surgical procedure performed in the US. Line‐field optical coherence tomography (LC‐OCT; deepLive system Damae Medical, France) represents one of the most recent developments in non‐invasive skin imaging technologies. Materials and methods: We performed LC‐OCT image acquisition on six patients that were treated with hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal fillers in various locations on the face. The images were acquired before the application of the fillers (T0), immediately after (T1), and at a 6‐ to 8‐week (T2) follow‐up visit. Results: At T0, we were able to appreciate a normal‐appearing epidermis, dermoepithelial junction, and dermis. At T1, the intradermal filler deposits appeared as homogeneously hyporeflective areas, clearly discernible from surrounding vessels and other structures. At T2, the deposits were distinguishable as hyporeflective areas, although they were diminished in size compared to T1. On enface view, collagen fibers had increased thickness and were more homogeneously organized and hyperreflective. Conclusions: We established the usefulness of LC‐OCT in the non‐invasive evaluation of dermal HA fillers to visualize both short‐term and medium‐term effects. LC‐OCT may be a valuable tool in evaluating the precise location of filler placement and follow‐up of resulting in vivo changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research letter discusses the development of a noninvasive and label-free imaging system for analyzing human interfollicular epidermal stem cells (IFE-SCs) based on cell morphology. The study focuses on identifying distinctive cellular morphological characteristics of IFE-SCs without using labeling agents. The researchers conducted immunohistochemical analysis on skin tissue sections and used machine learning and image processing to predict cell shape based on nuclear shape. The study demonstrates the feasibility of detecting IFE-SCs through the identification of their morphology using line-field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC-OCT) images. The technology has the potential to be efficient for IFE-SCs analysis and evaluating an individual's skin aging status. However, further improvements are needed to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the analysis. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Skin neoplasms, particularly basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), are prevalent forms of skin malignancies. To enhance accurate diagnosis, non‐invasive techniques including high‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS) are crucial. HFUS offers deeper penetration compared to reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), and optical coherence tomography (OCT), making it valuable for examining skin structures. The aim of this study was to investigate and diagnose localized manifestation of BCC and SCC with HFUS and compare it with pathology results in patients referred to Razi Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Method and materials: This study included patients diagnosed with BCC and SCC, with clinical and pathological confirmation, attending the oncology clinic of Razi Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from 2022 to 2023. Exclusion criteria comprised metastatic and recurrent cases, patients who underwent treatment or surgery, and tumors located in anatomically challenging areas. HFUS with a 20 MHz probe and Doppler ultrasound were employed to examine the skin. Tumors were subsequently excised, fixed in formalin, and sent for pathological assessment. Ultrasound findings were compared with pathology results. Results: The study assessed 40 patients, with half diagnosed with SCC and the other half with BCC. The majority of SCC patients were male (80%), while BCC patients were relatively evenly divided between males (65%) and females (35%). The mean age was 59.15 ± 11.9 years for SCC and 63.4 ± 8.9 years for BCC. Cheeks (20%) and lips (35%) were the most common sampling sites for BCC and SCC, respectively. The correlation coefficients for tumor size and depth between ultrasound and pathology were 0.981 and 0.912, respectively, indicating a high level of agreement between the two methods. Conclusion: In BCC patients, there was complete agreement between sonographic loco‐regional extension and pathology findings. However, some discordance (30%) was observed in SCC cases. The study demonstrated a strong correlation between ultrasound and pathology in accurately detecting the depth and extent of the tumor. However, due to the inclusion of only patients with positive pathology, it is not appropriate to evaluate the diagnostic test values and compare them with pathology results. Therefore, it is highly recommended to carry out additional studies with larger sample sizes to further validate these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lupus erythematosus (LE) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease, that can affect the skin to varying degree. In particular, discoid LE (DLE) and the rare form of lupus panniculitis/profundus are associated with scarring alopecia. The heterogeneity of the clinical, dermatoscopic, and histologic presentation poses a major challenge to the clinician in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of other forms of scarring alopecia. Objective: While noninvasive imaging techniques using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) have proven to be helpful in the diagnosis of scarring alopecia in the context of LE, this study aimed to investigate line‐field confocal OCT (LC‐OCT) to identify characteristic features of cicatricial alopecia in LE. Methods: Fifteen patients with cicatricial alopecia in LE were included and the most affected/inflamed areas of the scalp were prospectively examined. In analogy to histopathology and previously reported criteria in RCM, all images were evaluated according to seven established criteria and underwent descriptive analyses. Results: LC‐OCT revealed characteristic features of cicatricial alopecia, such as lymphocytic interface dermatitis (14/15; 93.3%) and basal cell vacuolization (13/15; 86.7%). The most impressive feature was the occurrence of prominent hyperreflective fibers in 14/15 patients (93.3%). Conclusion: LC‐OCT imaging can noninvasively detect morphologic criteria such as lymphocytic and vacuolar interface dermatitis of cicatricial alopecia due to LE. In particular, the presence of hyperreflective collagen fibers appears to be a characteristic easily recognizable feature that may facilitate differential diagnosis with other forms of cicatricial alopecia. Further studies are mandatory to differentiate other forms of scarring alopecia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A better understanding of unique anatomical and functional features of the visual systems of teleost fish could provide key knowledge on how these systems influence the health and survival of these animals in both wild and culture environments. We took a systematic approach to assess some of the visual systems of spotted wolffish (Anarhichas minor), a species of increasing importance in North Atlantic aquaculture initiatives. The lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) was included in these studies in a comparative manner to provide reference. Histology, light and electron microscopy were used to study the spatial distribution and occurrence of cone photoreceptor cells and the nature of the retinal tissues, while immunohistochemistry was used to explore the expression patterns of two photoreceptor markers, XAP‐1 and XAP‐2, in both species. A marine bacterial infection paradigm in lumpfish was used to assess how host–pathogen responses might impact the expression of these photoreceptor markers in these animals. We define a basic photoreceptor mosaic and present an ultrastructural to macroscopic geographical configuration of the retinal pigment tissues in both animals. Photoreceptor markers XAP‐1 and XAP‐2 have novel distribution patterns in spotted wolffish and lumpfish retinas, and exogenous pathogenic influences can affect the normal expression pattern of XAP‐1 in lumpfish. Live tank‐side ophthalmoscopy and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) revealed that normal cultured spotted wolffish display novel variations in the shape of the retinal tissue. These two complementary imaging findings suggest that spotted wolffish harbour unique ocular features not yet described in marine teleosts and that visual function might involve specific retinal tissue shape dynamics in these animals. Finally, extensive endogenous biofluorescence is present in the retinal tissues of both animals, which raises questions about how these animals might use retinal tissue in novel ways for visual perception and/or communication. This work advances fundamental knowledge on the visual systems of two economically important but now threatened North Atlantic teleosts and provides a basic foundation for further research on the visual systems of these animals in health versus disease settings. This work could also be useful for understanding and optimizing the health and welfare of lumpfish and spotted wolffish in aquaculture towards a one health or integrative perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: New antithrombotic medications and improved stent designs have reduced branch occlusion, although the sino‐atrial nodal artery (SANA) may still be occluded after a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), causing sinus node dysfunction (SND). Ischemic sinus nodes are usually asymptomatic but can cause sinus arrest sometimes requiring pacemaker placement. In rare cases, junctional escape rhythms, a manifestation of sinus exit blocks after PCI, can predict cardiogenic shock. Methods: We present a case study of a patient who underwent bifurcation PCI to the LMCA to the LCX but subsequently developed cardiogenic shock as a result of SND, a junctional escape rhythm required substantial inotropic support. This case offers an exemplification of a sparsely documented, yet infrequent manifestation of iatrogenic ischemic SND at an unorthodox site, the confluence of the LMCA‐LCX. In addition, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 22 scholarly works pertaining to the subject of sinus node dysfunction (SND) subsequent to PCI resulting from ischemia caused by stenosis or occlusion of the SANA. Results: RCA was responsible for 96.1% of SND cases, whereas LCX was responsible for 3.9%. SND was asymptomatic in 49.3% of cases and junctional escape rhythm in 37.6% of symptomatic cases. 28% needed a temporary transvenous pacemaker, while 7.8% needed a permanent one. Interventional management recanalized the SANA in 5.2% of patients, restoring flow. Conclusion: Transient sino‐atrial node ischemia after PCI can cause acute SND. Before stent implantation, doctors should consider SND. Complete plaque evaluation around the SANA is needed before choosing the best PCI procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microdermabrasion is a cosmetic procedure that has gained popularity for skin rejuvenation by causing repetitive intraepidermal injury to stimulate the proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen production. Various clinical studies have demonstrated microdermabrasion's effectiveness in skin rejuvenation; however, most of these studies rely on clinical observation and scoring by observers rather than histologic or microscopic analysis. In our single‐center prospective study, we used line‐field confocal optical coherence tomography (LC‐OCT), to non‐invasively visualize the early effects of one microdermabrasion treatment on the facial epidermal and dermal structure. Aim: Using LC‐OCT, this study aims to elucidate the microscopic and histological effects of microdermabrasion on epidermal and dermal structures, including epidermal thickness, as well as collagen and vascular patterns. Patients/Methods: Eight volunteers (Fitzpatrick skin types II–V) underwent one treatment of microdermabrasion. LC‐OCT and VISIA imaging were performed before and 10 min after microdermabrasion, and at 48‐h follow‐up. Subjective evaluations of skin texture and adverse reactions were assessed 1 week posttreatment via a telephone call. Results: Compared to LC‐OCT images before treatment, images captured after one treatment of microdermabrasion showed a decrease in thickness and number of undulations in the stratum corneum. In the superficial dermis, enhancement in fibrillar collagen, as demonstrated by an increased prominence of crisscrossing hyper‐refractile strands, was visualized. This was consistent with subjective and objective improvement in facial rhytids calculated by VISIA skin analysis. Conclusions: Treatment monitoring with LC‐OCT demonstrated consistent histopathological changes with clinical visual improvement. Therefore, LC‐OCT, has the potential to enable long‐term histopathological monitoring of microdermabrasion and other cosmetic procedures without biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a widely recognized neurodevelopmental disorder, yet the identification of reliable imaging biomarkers for its early diagnosis remains a challenge. Considering the specific manifestations of ASD in the eyes and the interconnectivity between the brain and the eyes, this study investigates ASD through the lens of retinal analysis. We specifically examined differences in the macular region of the retina using optical coherence tomography (OCT)/optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images between children diagnosed with ASD and those with typical development (TD). Our findings present potential novel characteristics of ASD: the thickness of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) with cone photoreceptors was significantly increased in ASD; the large‐caliber arteriovenous of the inner retina was significantly reduced in ASD; these changes in the EZ and arteriovenous were more significant in the left eye than in the right eye. These observations of photoreceptor alterations, vascular function changes, and lateralization phenomena in ASD warrant further investigation, and we hope that this work can advance interdisciplinary understanding of ASD. Lay Summary: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) present abnormal visual perception. Our study examines differences in retinal structure and blood flow between children with ASD and typically developing (TD) children using advanced imaging techniques. We found that ASD children have increased photoreceptor thickness, reduced retinal arteriovenous, and a significant left‐eye lateralization. These findings may advance interdisciplinary understanding of ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate acute wound healing with dynamic optical coherence tomography (D‐OCT). From 22 patients with 23 split skin graft donor sites, vessels at four wound edges, the wound bed, and adjacent and unaffected skin of the contralateral leg were measured by D‐OCT at six time points from surgery to 4 weeks of healing. Changes in vessel orientation, density, diameter, morphology and pattern in horizontal, vertical and 3D images were analysed for wound healing and re‐epithelialization. At 300 μm depth, there were significant differences of blobs and serpiginous vessels between normal and wounded skin. The wound had significantly more vertically oriented vessels, a higher degree of branching, vessel density and diameter compared with healthy skin. 3D images showed increased angiogenesis from healthy skin towards the wound centre, significantly higher vessel density at the wound than at normal skin and the highest at the interface. During wound healing blobs, coils and serpiginous vessels occurred significantly more frequently in lesional than healthy skin. Vessel density was greatest at the beginning, decreased and then increased by 4 weeks post‐surgery. D‐OCT helps to evaluate acute wound healing by visualizing and quantifying blood vessel growth in addition to re‐epithelialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we employed a method integrating optical coherence tomography (OCT) with the U‐Net and Visual Geometry Group (VGG)‐Net frameworks within a convolutional neural network for quantitative characterization of the three dimensional whole blood during the dynamic coagulation process. VGG‐Net architecture for the identification of blood droplets across three distinct coagulation stages including drop, gelation, and coagulation achieves an accuracy of up to 99%. In addition, the U‐Net architecture demonstrated proficiency in effectively segmenting uncoagulated and coagulated portions of whole blood, as well as the background. Notably, parameters such as volume of uncoagulated and coagulated segments of the whole blood were successfully employed for the precise quantification of the coagulation process, which indicates well for the potential of future clinical diagnostics and analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stent malapposition (SM) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for myocardial infarction continues to present significant clinical challenges. In recent years, machine learning (ML) models have demonstrated potential in disease risk stratification and predictive modeling. Hypothesis: ML models based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging, laboratory tests, and clinical characteristics can predict the occurrence of SM. Methods: We studied 337 patients from the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, China, who had PCI and coronary OCT from May to October 2023. We employed nested cross‐validation to partition patients into training and test sets. We developed five ML models: XGBoost, LR, RF, SVM, and NB based on calcification features. Performance was assessed using ROC curves. Lasso regression selected features from 46 clinical and 21 OCT imaging features, which were optimized with the five ML algorithms. Results: In the prediction model based on calcification features, the XGBoost model and SVM model exhibited higher AUC values. Lasso regression identified five key features from clinical and imaging data. After incorporating selected features into the model for optimization, the AUC values of all algorithmic models showed significant improvements. The XGBoost model demonstrated the highest calibration accuracy. SHAP values revealed that the top five ranked features influencing the XGBoost model were calcification length, age, coronary dissection, lipid angle, and troponin. Conclusion: ML models developed using plaque imaging features and clinical characteristics can predict the occurrence of SM. ML models based on clinical and imaging features exhibited better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spectral domain‐optical coherence tomography plays a crucial role in the early detection and monitoring of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathophysiology. We aimed to quantify differences in retinal layer measures among different groups of MS and explored different variables that correlate with retinal measures. This study was reported according PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive search was done across PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar. The mean difference in thickness of retinal layers and macular volume was assessed. Meta‐regression was done to assess the sources of heterogeneity. A total of 100 articles were included in the meta‐analyses. The peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness significantly decreased in the MSON (MD: −16.44, P < 0.001), MSNON (MD: −6.97, P < 0.001), and PMS (MD: −11.35, P < 0.001) versus HC. The macular RNFL was lower among the MSON (MD: −6.24, P = 0.013) and MSNON (MD: −3.84, P <0.001) versus HC. Macular ganglion cell layer and inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) was thinner among MSON (MD: −14.83, P <0.001), MSNON (MD: −6.38, P < 0.001), and PMS (MD: −11.52, P < 0.001) compared with control eyes. Inner nuclear layer (INL) was higher in the MSON (MD: 0.49, P < 0.001) versus HC. Outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness significantly lower in the MSNON (MD: −1.15, P = 0.019) versus HC. Meta‐regression showed that disease duration, age, EDSS score, and percentage of patients taking DMT are all negatively correlated with pRNFL and GCIPL thickness; however, female gender was correlated with less atrophy. As conclusion, the study highlights substantial thinning in the pRNFL and macular GCIPL between MS versus controls. INL as valuable parameter for capturing inflammatory disease activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusions To utilise ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) measurements acquired using widefield optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans spanning 55° × 45° to explore the link between co‐localised structural parameters and clinical visual field (VF) data.Widefield OCT scans acquired from 311 healthy, 268 glaucoma suspect and 269 glaucoma eyes were segmented to generate GCIPL thickness measurements. Estimated ganglion cell (GC) counts, calculated from GCIPL measurements, were plotted against 24‐2 SITA Faster visual field (VF) thresholds, and regression models were computed with data categorised by diagnosis and VF status. Classification of locations as VF defective or non‐defective using GCIPL parameters computed across eccentricity‐ and hemifield‐dependent clusters was assessed by analysing areas under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCCs). Sensitivities and specificities were calculated per diagnostic category.Segmented linear regression models between GC counts and VF thresholds demonstrated higher variability in VF defective locations relative to non‐defective locations (mean absolute error 6.10–9.93 dB and 1.43–1.91 dB, respectively). AUROCCs from cluster‐wide GCIPL parameters were similar across methods centrally (p = 0.06–0.84) but significantly greater peripherally, especially when considering classification of more central locations (p < 0.0001). Across diagnoses, cluster‐wide GCIPL parameters demonstrated variable sensitivities and specificities (0.36–0.93 and 0.65–0.98, respectively), with the highest specificities observed across healthy eyes (0.73–0.98).Quantitative prediction of VF thresholds from widefield OCT is affected by high variability at VF defective locations. Prediction of VF status based on cluster‐wide GCIPL parameters from widefield OCT could become useful to aid clinical decision‐making in appropriately targeting VF assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions To evaluate repeatability and agreement in measurements of total corneal astigmatism (TCA) in keratoconic eyes, using four optical coherence tomography (OCT)‐based devices: Anterion, Casia SS‐1000, IOLMaster 700, and MS‐39.Three consecutive measurements were taken with each device in 136 eyes. TCA values were converted into components J0 and J45. The Anterion and the IOLMaster 700 also provided axial length (AL) measurements. The repeatability was calculated using pooled within‐subject standard deviation (Sw). The agreement among the four devices was assessed by pairwise comparisons and Bland–Altman plots.For all devices, the repeatability of TCA measurements showed Sw ≤0.23 D for TCA magnitude, ≤0.14 D for J0, and ≤0.12 D for J45. There were statistically significant differences in TCA magnitude for each pair, except for IOLMaster 700 with MS‐39, and Anterion with MS‐39. The repeatability (Sw) of axis measurements had a statistically significant negative correlation with the TCA magnitude (p < 0.001 for all devices). Both Anterion and IOLMaster 700 had high repeatability in AL measurements (Sw: 0.007 mm for Anterion and 0.009 mm for IOLMaster 700). The difference in AL between the two was 0.015 ± 0.033 mm (p < 0.001).All four devices showed good repeatability in TCA measurements in keratoconic eyes, the agreement for TCA measurements between the tested devices was generally low. Anterion and IOLMaster 700 showed good repeatability and agreement in AL measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Methods Results Conclusions To systematically assess the current available literature concerning advanced optical imaging methods for the detection and diagnosis of bladder cancer (BCa), focusing particularly on the sensitivity and specificity of these techniques.First a scoping search was performed to identify all available optical techniques for BCa detection and diagnosis. The optical imaging techniques used for detecting BCa are: the Storz professional image enhancement system (IMAGE1 S), narrow‐band imaging (NBI), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), autofluorescence imaging (AFI), photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), and scanning fibre endoscopy (SFE). The staging and grading techniques for BCa are: optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), Raman spectroscopy, endocytoscopy, and non‐linear optical microscopy (NLO). Then a systematic literature search was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science from inception to 21 November 2023. Articles were screened and selected by two independent reviewers. Inclusion criteria were: reporting on both the sensitivity and specificity of a particular technique and comparison to histopathology, and in the case of a detection technique comparison to white light cystoscopy (WLC).Out of 6707 articles, 189 underwent full‐text review, resulting in 52 inclusions. No articles met criteria for IMAGE1 S, PAI, SFE, Raman spectroscopy, and endocytoscopy. All detection techniques showed higher sensitivity than WLC, with NBI leading (87.8–100%). Overall, detection technique specificity was comparable to WLC, with PDD being most specific (23.3–100%). CLE and OCT varied in sensitivity and specificity, with OCT showing higher specificity for BCa diagnosis, notably for carcinoma in situ (97–99%) compared to CLE (62.5–81.3%). NLO demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity (90–97% and 77–100%, respectively) based on limited data from two small ex vivo studies.Optical techniques with the most potential are PDD for detecting and OCT for staging and grading BCa. Further research is crucial to validate their integration into routine practice and explore the value of other imaging techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying macular neovascularization (MNV) in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) has important implications for its management. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is increasingly used for this purpose. Here, we systematically reviewed the literature and conducted meta‐analysis to determine the diagnostic accuracy of OCTA for detecting MNV in eyes with CSC. We systematically searched the literature in 12 databases for relevant studies from database inception until 18 November 2023. Eligible studies had eyes with CSC with MNV and CSC without MNV. Index test was OCTA. Reference test was retinal dye angiography. Study selection and data extraction were performed in duplicate, and study was evaluated using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2. Our main outcome of interest was the sensitivity and specificity of OCTA for detecting MNV in CSC. Pooled diagnostic test accuracy estimates were computed using MetaDTA. Of 177 records screened, seven fulfilled the eligibility criteria for our study. These studies summarized data from a total of 1061 eyes. Summary estimate sensitivity and specificity to diagnose MNV in eyes with CSC using OCTA was 92.9% (95% CI: 81.7%–97.5%) and 99.4% (95% CI: 84.1%–100.0%), respectively. The main source of bias across studies was the reference standard, as four studies used multimodal imaging including OCTA for the reference standard. OCTA alone is excellent for detecting MNV in CSC compared to retinal dye angiography or multimodal imaging. Using OCTA first before considering retinal dye angiography could potentially save an important number of retinal dye angiographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wavenumber nonlinearity leads to blurred reconstructed images in spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). In this work, a wavenumber‐linearisation method without calibration devices is presented, based on the fact that the difference between the phases of adjacent peak and valley points is equal to π$\pi $. The theoretical model is derived, and the efficacy of the method was proven by acquiring SDOCT data from TiO2 phantom and zebrafish. The results exhibit the superior performance of our method. Compared with the linear phase‐based method, the resolution could be improved at least a factor of 2. Compared with the polynomial fitting method, the resolution could also be improved by nearly half. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papilledema is a prevalent neuro‐ophthalmic condition characterized by optic disk swelling. It is known to pose a significant risk of vision loss in its advanced stages. To address the pressing need for accurate detection and grading of papilledema, this study introduces a novel approach utilizing optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans. A cascaded model that combines four transfer learning models—SqueezeNet, AlexNet, GoogleNet, and ResNet‐50—for both the detection and grading phases was proposed. Additionally, a specialized convolutional neural network (CNN) model is meticulously designed to cater specifically to the complexities of papilledema analysis. Unlike the fundus camera‐based models, this study integrates deep learning models for the diagnosis of papilledema from OCT scans. A new dataset of OCT scans was collected to ensure a comprehensive evaluation of the models. It encompasses a wide range of papilledema, pseudopapilledema, and normal cases. This dataset serves as a valuable resource for training and testing of the proposed models. In addition, two validation strategies have been adopted to ensure the model's generalizability and robustness. Furthermore, it enhances the model's accuracy and reliability. The results are highly promising; remarkable accuracy rates have been achieved. Specifically, the SqueezeNet, AlexNet, GoogleNet, ResNet‐50, and customized CNN models achieved accuracy levels of 98.44%, 98.50%, 98.28%, 98.30%, and 96.26%, respectively, for the handout validation strategy. These findings not only demonstrate the efficacy of using deep learning in papilledema detection and grading but also establish the superiority of the proposed models when compared with other relevant studies. By addressing the challenges associated with papilledema, the study significantly contributes to the advancement of neuro‐ophthalmic diagnostics. The accurate and efficient detection of papilledema from OCT scans holds immense potential for guiding timely interventions and preserving patients' visual health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the microcirculatory characteristics of the dome‐shaped macula (DSM), its complications in highly myopic eyes and to explore the factors associated with a DSM. Methods: This cross‐sectional case–control study included a total of 98 subjects (98 eyes): 49 eyes with DSM and 49 eyes without DSM. The axial length (AL) of the myopic eyes was matched 1:1 to eliminate the effect of AL differences on the results. Choroidal (CT) and scleral thickness (ST) and other structural parameters were assessed by swept‐source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT). OCT angiography was used to measure microcirculatory parameters in highly myopic eyes. Results: Subjects with DSM had thinner subfoveal choroidal thickness (46.01 ± 13.25 vs. 81.62 ± 48.26 μm; p < 0.001), thicker subfoveal scleral thickness (SFST; 331.93 ± 79.87 vs. 238.74 ± 70.96 μm; p < 0.001) and thinner foveal CT (66.86 ± 24.65 vs. 107.85 ± 52.65 μm; p < 0.001) compared to subjects without DSM. The foveal choroidal perfusion area (0.72 ± 0.04 vs. 0.76 ± 0.04 mm2; p < 0.001) and foveal choroidal vascularity index (0.15 ± 0.04 vs. 0.33 ± 0.14; p < 0.001) were significantly lower in eyes with DSM. Retinoschisis (81.6% vs. 38.8%; p < 0.001) was more common in eyes with DSM. Eyes with horizontal DSM had worse best‐corrected logMAR visual acuity than eyes with round DSM (0.34 ± 0.22 vs. 0.23 ± 0.22; p = 0.03). DSM height (98.95 ± 65.17 vs. 104.63 ± 44.62 μm; p = 0.05) was lower in the horizontal DSM. SFST (OR = 1.06, p = 0.04) and foveal choroidal vascularity index (OR = 0.711, p = 0.02) were significantly associated with DSM. DSM width (p < 0.001), foveal choroidal perfusion area (p = 0.01), foveal choriocapillaris perfusion area (p = 0.02) and parafoveal choroidal vascularity index (p = 0.03) were the most significantly associated factors with DSM height. Conclusions: The microcirculatory characteristics of eyes with DSM differed from those without DSM. Microcirculatory abnormalities were significantly associated with a DSM. The height of the DSM was associated with decreased blood perfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: KCNV2‐associated retinopathy is an autosomal recessive inherited retinal disease classically named cone dystrophy with supernormal rod response (CDSRR). This study aims to identify the best biomarker for evaluating the condition. Methods: A retrospective review of eight patients from seven families with genetically confirmed KCNV2‐associated retinopathy was performed. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), full‐field electroretinogram (ffERG), pattern ERG (pERG), fundus imaging: retinal photograph and fundus autofluorescence (FAF), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were analysed. Results: There was a disproportionate increase in b‐wave amplitude with a relatively small light intensity increase, especially between the two dimmest stimuli of DA 0.002 and 0.01 (−2.7 and −2.0 log cd.s/m2). The a‐wave amplitude was normal. The a‐wave peak time was delayed in all stimuli. The b‐wave peak time was delayed compared to normal, but the gap tightened as intensity increased. The b:a wave ratio was above or at the upper limit for the reference values. FAF bull's eye maculopathy pattern was prominent and variable foveal disruption on OCT was apparent in all patients. Legal blindness was reached before the age of 25. Conclusions: We identified three potential electrophysiology biomarkers to assist in evaluating future therapies: the disproportionate b‐wave amplitude jump, delayed a‐wave and b‐wave peak time, and the higher than normal b:a wave ratio. Any of these biomarkers found with photoreceptor ellipsoid zone foveal‐perifoveal disruption should prompt consideration for KCNV2 retinopathy. The BCVA natural history data suggests the probable optimum therapeutic window in the first three decades of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome is a rare autoinflammatory disease caused by gain‐of‐function mutations or variants in the NLRP3 gene. Clinically, patients suffer from a broad spectrum of both systemic and neurological symptoms. The aim of this study was to determine whether systemic inflammation demonstrated by serum amyloid A (SAA) elevation is associated with neuroinflammation assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: Thirty eyes of 15 patients with NLRP3 low penetrance mutations (PwNLRP3) and 20 eyes of 10 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were examined by spectral‐domain OCT as part of routine clinical care. All retinal layers and clinical features were evaluated. Results: At baseline no significant retinal neuroaxonal inflammation or degeneration was observed in all measured retinal layers amongst PwNLRP3 compared with healthy controls. In a pooled analysis of all individual OCT time points a significant difference regarding the macular retinal nerve fibre layer was detected. Increased levels of SAA showed a positive association with averaged combined outer plexiform layer and outer nuclear layer volumes (ρ < 0.0001, r2 = 0.35). Conclusion: In cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome increased combined outer plexiform layer and outer nuclear layer volumes are mirrored by SAA increase, an acute phase reactant indicating systemic inflammation. Our findings identify OCT as a candidate biomarker to monitor subclinical neuroinflammation and to assess disease activity in PwNLRP3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: The eye is a well‐established model of brain structure and function, yet region‐specific structural correlations between the retina and the brain remain underexplored. Therefore, we aim to explore and describe the relationships between the retinal layer thicknesses and brain magnetic resonance image (MRI)‐derived phenotypes in UK Biobank. Methods: Participants with both quality‐controlled optical coherence tomography (OCT) and brain MRI were included in this study. Retinal sublayer thicknesses and total macular thickness were derived from OCT scans. Brain image‐derived phenotypes (IDPs) of 153 cortical and subcortical regions were processed from MRI scans. We utilized multivariable linear regression models to examine the association between retinal thickness and brain regional volumes. All analyses were corrected for multiple testing and adjusted for confounders. Results: Data from 6446 participants were included in this study. We identified significant associations between volumetric brain MRI measures of subregions in the occipital lobe (intracalcarine cortex), parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus), cerebellum (lobules VI, VIIb, VIIIa, VIIIb, and IX), and deep brain structures (thalamus, hippocampus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, and accumbens) and the thickness of the innermost retinal sublayers and total macular thickness (all p < 3.3 × 10−5). We did not observe statistically significant associations between brain IDPs and the thickness of the outer retinal sublayers. Conclusions: Thinner inner and total retinal thicknesses are associated with smaller volumes of specific brain regions. Notably, these relationships extend beyond anatomically established retina–brain connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis, atopic eczema, and contact dermatitis pose diagnostic challenges due to their diverse clinical presentations and the need for rapid and precise diagnostic assessment. Objective: While recent studies described non‐invasive imaging devices such as Optical coherence tomography and Line‐field confocal OCT (LC‐OCT) as possible techniques to enable real‐time visualization of pathological features, a standardized analysis and validation has not yet been performed. Methods: One hundred forty lesions from patients diagnosed with atopic eczema (57), psoriasis (50), and contact dermatitis (33) were imaged using OCT and LC‐OCT. Statistical analysis was employed to assess the significance of their characteristic morphologic features. Additionally, a decision tree algorithm based on Gini's coefficient calculations was developed to identify key attributes and criteria for accurately classifying the disease groups. Results: Descriptive statistics revealed distinct morphologic features in eczema, psoriasis, and contact dermatitis lesions. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated the significance of these features, providing a robust differentiation between the three inflammatory conditions. The decision tree algorithm further enhanced classification accuracy by identifying optimal attributes for disease discrimination, highlighting specific morphologic criteria as crucial for rapid diagnosis in the clinical setting. Conclusion: The combined approach of descriptive statistics, multivariate logistic regression, and a decision tree algorithm provides a thorough understanding of the unique aspects associated with each inflammatory skin disease. This research offers a practical framework for lesion classification, enhancing the interpretability of imaging results for clinicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]