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Simpson‐Golabi‐Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is a rare congenital overgrowth condition characterized by macrosomia, macroglossia, coarse facial features, and development delays. It is caused by pathogenic variants in the GPC3 gene on chromosome Xq26.2. Here, we performed a comprehensive literature review and phenotyping of known patients with molecularly confirmed SGBS and reviewed a novel cohort of 22 patients. Using these data, we characterized the tumor risk for Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma to suggest appropriate screening for this patient population. In addition, we discuss the phenotypic overlap between SGBS and Beckwith‐Wiedemann Spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this document is to provide guidance for the management of women and birthing people with a permanent pacemaker (PPM) or implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Cardiac devices are becoming more common in obstetric practice and a reference document for contemporary evidence‐based practice is required. Where evidence is limited, expert consensus has established recommendations. The purpose is to improve safety and reduce the risk of adverse events relating to implanted cardiac devices during pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kava induced dermatitis has been reported in previous case series, however the histology has rarely been described. This case report details an erythematous eruption associated with Kava ingestion and the associated folliculocentric sebaceous inflammation found on histological analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of new synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) onto the illicit drugs market continues to cause harm, and the overall availability of physicochemical and pharmacokinetic data for new psychoactive substances is lacking. The lipophilicity of 23 SCRAs and the plasma protein binding (PPB) of 11 SCRAs was determined. Lipophilicity was determined using a validated chromatographic hydrophobicity index (CHI) log D method; tested SCRAs showed moderate to high lipophilicity, with experimental log D7.4 ranging from 2.48 (AB‐FUBINACA) to 4.95 (4F‐ABUTINACA). These results were also compared to in silico predictions generated using seven commercially available software packages and online tools (Canvas; ChemDraw; Gastroplus; MoKa; PreADMET; SwissADME; and XlogP). Licenced, dedicated software packages provided more accurate lipophilicity predictions than those which were free or had prediction as a secondary function; however, the latter still provided competitive estimates in most cases. PPB of tested SCRAs, as determined by equilibrium dialysis, was in the upper range of the lipophilicity scale, ranging from 90.8% (ADB‐BUTINACA) to 99.9% (BZO‐HEXOXIZID). The high PPB of these drugs may contribute to reduced rate of clearance and extended durations of pharmacological effects compared to lesser‐bound SCRAs. The presented data improve understanding of the behaviour of these drugs in the body. Ultimately, similar data and predictions may be used in the prediction of the structure and properties of drugs yet to emerge on the illicit market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recently, radio‐frequency ablation has been used to modulate slow‐wave activity in the porcine stomach. Gastric ablation is, however, still in its infancy compared to its history in the cardiac field, and electrophysiological studies have been restricted to temperature‐controlled, non‐irrigated ablation. Power‐controlled, irrigated ablation may improve lesion formation at lower catheter‐tip temperatures that produce the desired localized conduction block. Methods and Results: Power‐controlled, irrigated radio‐frequency ablation was performed on the gastric serosal surface of female weaner pigs (n = 5) in vivo. Three combinations of power (10–15 W) and irrigation settings (2–5 mL min−1) were investigated. A total of 12 linear lesions were created (n = 4 for each combination). Slow waves were recorded before and after ablation using high‐resolution electrical mapping. Key Results: Irrigation maintained catheter‐tip temperature below 50°C. Ablation induced a complete conduction block in 8/12 cases (4/4 for 10 W at 2 mL min−1, 1/4 for 10 W at 5 mL min−1, 3/4 for 15 W at 5 mL min−1). Blocks were characterized by a decrease in signal amplitude at the lesion site, along with changes in slow‐wave propagation patterns, where slow waves terminated at and/or rotated around the edge of the lesion. Conclusions and Inferences: Power‐controlled, irrigated ablation can successfully modulate gastric slow‐wave activity at a reduced catheter‐tip temperature compared to temperature‐controlled, non‐irrigated ablation. Reducing the irrigation rate is more effective than increasing power for blocking slow‐wave activity. These benefits suggest that irrigated ablation is a suitable option for further translation into a clinical intervention for gastric electrophysiology disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in the production and distribution of illicit drugs has led to vast amounts of data being generated through research and other publications, making it difficult to effectively distill and analyze current and emerging trends. The present study used a scientometric approach to identify trends and challenges in the use of drugs as an evidence type in forensic science by examining reference lists available in the INTERPOL IFSMS reports and the citation database Scopus. It has been identified that "new psychoactive substances" is one of the most frequently used keywords by authors, highlighting the swift response by communities to characterize these emerging compounds. However, it was also noted that despite drugs being a global threat, only limited international collaboration was observed between research groups and the majority of the studies are from authors affiliated within the same country. Finally, an argument is made to encourage a more comprehensive approach in aggregating results on drugs for greater transparency and broader distribution of findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We sought to identify seasonal, spatial, and water level predictors of black bass angler catch rates and effort densities (i.e., angler‐hours/ha) within Texas reservoirs. Methods: We tested for predictors of effort density and catch rate while building generalized additive models with responses derived from a long‐term creel data set and explanatory variables derived from the season of the creel survey, geoposition of the reservoir, and water level data obtained from the Texas Water Development Board. Result: Season significantly affected models, with strong positive effects on catch rates during the spring and fall and strong positive effects on effort densities during the spring. Spatially, the strongest positive effects were observed for catch rates in the southern and eastern portions of the state and for effort densities in the northern and western portions of the state. Quarterly (i.e., 3 months) fluctuations in water level were identified as environmental drivers of catch rates and effort density during the springtime. Percent full (i.e., surface area relative to full pool) was also identified as a significant predictor, with increasing effort densities and catch rates at higher levels of percent full. Conclusion: Our study provides a comparative baseline for future evaluations of black bass fisheries in Texas and a depiction of key factors influencing black bass angler catch rates and effort densities using a modeling approach that may be applied within a variety of fisheries research applications. Impact statementTexas black bass reservoir fisheries are incredibly important both economically and culturally. Identifying drivers of catch and effort within these fisheries allows managers to better understand mechanisms influencing fishery performance and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current therapies for the devastating damage caused by traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are limited. This is in part due to poor drug efficacy to modulate neuroinflammation, angiogenesis and/or promoting neuroprotection and is the combined result of challenges in getting drugs across the blood brain barrier, in a targeted approach. The negative impact of the injured extracellular matrix (ECM) has been identified as a factor in restricting post‐injury plasticity of residual neurons and is shown to reduce the functional integration of grafted cells. Therefore, new strategies are needed to manipulate the extracellular environment at the subacute phase to enhance brain regeneration. In this review, potential strategies are to be discussed for the treatment of TBI by using self‐assembling peptide (SAP) hydrogels, fabricated via the rational design of supramolecular peptide scaffolds, as an artificial ECM which under the appropriate conditions yields a supramolecular hydrogel. Sequence selection of the peptides allows the tuning of these hydrogels' physical and biochemical properties such as charge, hydrophobicity, cell adhesiveness, stiffness, factor presentation, degradation profile and responsiveness to (external) stimuli. This review aims to facilitate the development of more intelligent biomaterials in the future to satisfy the parameters, requirements, and opportunities for the effective treatment of TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Screening mammography and digital breast tomosynthesis consist of high‐resolution x‐ray images to identify findings that are potentially indicative of breast cancer, enabling early detection and reduction of breast cancer mortality. Imaging artifacts can occasionally occur, sometimes due to patient‐related medical devices. Because of continuous evolution of new technologies, there is potential for novel artifacts to be encountered. In this technical note, we report an unusual artifact in the screening mammogram of a patient with an Abbott HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Methods: A 72‐year‐old patient with a HeartMate 3 LVAD presented to our breast imaging facility for a standard screening exam with digital breast tomosynthesis (Selenia Dimensions, Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA) and synthetic 2D images (C‐view, Hologic Inc., Bedford, MA). Results: Linear artifacts oriented in the anteroposterior dimension demonstrating a spatial periodicity of ∼1.4 mm were seen on all left breast images, whereas concurrent right breast images did not demonstrate any artifacts. Repeat attempts using two identical digital breast tomosynthesis units demonstrated the same artifacts. No other exam at our imaging center that day demonstrated any such artifacts. Mammogram exams performed on this patient prior to her LVAD placement did not exhibit any similar artifacts. Conclusion: Findings support the patient's LVAD as the underlying source of linear artifacts observed on left breast images, particularly given the proximity of the LVAD to the left breast. With the number of patients receiving LVAD placement on the rise, as well as increasing median survival rates status post LVAD implantation, recognition of this LVAD related artifact on mammography may be important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nondestructive localization and traceability of polymers by fluorescent tagging has become a valuable tool for biomedical applications. Integration of fluorescent molecule to the pristine polymers could modify polymers' degradation rate which is still unpredictable from a scaffold application standpoint. The current study focused to understand the material perspective of fluorescently tagged biodegradable polymers such as polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly (d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) with fluorescein amine isomer I (FITC). PCL‐FITC and PLGA‐FITC were characterized using FTIR for surface chemistry analysis and rheology for their mechanical properties. The grafted materials were utilized to form 3‐dimentional scaffolds, and their degradation was monitored under accelerated degradation conditions triggered by pH. It was found that PCL and PCL‐FITC had a very slow degradation rate, when compared to PLGA and PLGA‐FITC. Both the FITC tagged materials displayed a faster degradation rate compared to their respective pristine material. Biocompatibility of the FITC conjugated polymers was tested using human‐adipose derived stem cells (hADSCs) revealing that the sub products from the degradation of the polymers over 7 days did not negatively affect the cellular metabolic activity. This work highlights the significance of initial characterization of fluorescent modified polymers for future biomedical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AASs) and other image and performance enhancing drugs (IPEDs) are controlled by governments and sport institutions such as the World Anti‐doping Agency (WADA). Although elite athletes and professional bodybuilders are the most visible AAS abusers, the introduction of the internet has increased the accessibility of AASs, with use being observed among recreational gym goers at increasing prevalence. Despite reported increase in use, routine analysis for these substances is uncommon, with many forensic laboratories opting to outsource AAS analysis. This review collates information regarding the extraction and analysis of AASs from various biological matrices with the considered purpose of providing a reference for the development of AAS methods to allow for routine detection by forensic laboratories. This article is categorized under:Toxicology > in SportToxicology > Analytical [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic semiconductors are a promising material candidate for X‐ray detection. However, the low atomic number (Z) of organic semiconductors leads to poor X‐ray absorption thus restricting their performance. Herein, the authors propose a new strategy for achieving high‐sensitivity performance for X‐ray detectors based on organic semiconductors modified with high –Z heteroatoms. X‐ray detectors are fabricated with p‐type organic semiconductors containing selenium heteroatoms (poly(3‐hexyl)selenophene (P3HSe)) in blends with an n‐type fullerene derivative ([6,6]‐Phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM). When characterized under 70, 100, 150, and 220 kVp X‐ray radiation, these heteroatom‐containing detectors displayed a superior performance in terms of sensitivity up to 600 ± 11 nC Gy−1 cm−2 with respect to the bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanoparticle (NP) sensitized organic detectors. Despite the lower Z of selenium compared to the NPs typically used, the authors identify a more efficient generation of electron‐hole pairs, better charge transfer, and charge transport characteristics in heteroatom‐incorporated detectors that result in this breakthrough detector performance. The authors also demonstrate flexible X‐ray detectors that can be curved to a radius as low as 2 mm with low deviation in X‐ray response under 100 repeated bending cycles while maintaining an industry‐standard ultra‐low dark current of 0.03 ± 0.01 pA mm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isotopic measurements of atmospheric methane are valuable for the verification of bottom‐up atmospheric emissions inventories. The balance of sources in emissions inventories must be consistent with the δ13C‐CH4 isotopic record in the air. Long‐term records of both methane mole fraction and δ13C from five sites across the UK are presented, showing post‐2007 growth in CH4 and negative trend in δ13C, consistent with global background sites. Miller‐Tans analyses of atmospheric measurements identified that the δ13C signature of the methane source mix varied between −50.1 and −56.1‰, with less depleted δ13C signatures at sites receiving air from urban areas, consistent with an increased proportion of thermogenic sources. Isotopic signatures calculated for all sites are more enriched than those expected from the bottom‐up emissions inventory, suggesting that inventories for the UK either underestimate contributions of thermogenic/pyrogenic emissions or overestimate biogenic sources. Plain Language Summary: Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas. The UK has committed to net zero carbon emissions by 2050 and has signed the Global Methane Pledge, which aims to reduce methane emissions by 30% by 2030, compared to 2020 levels. This study analyses long‐term measurements of methane and its carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) collected by Royal Holloway, University of London, across five UK sites. The δ13C source signature value acts as a fingerprint, distinguishing between different sources of methane. Bulk regional isotopic source signatures for each site were calculated, showing that urban sites are dominated by thermogenic emissions (e.g., gas leaks) and rural sites by agricultural emissions (e.g., cattle). The data presented in this study are compared with data from the UK National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI). According to the data that were collected by Royal Holloway, University of London, the NAEI underestimates the relative contribution of fossil fuel sources in the UK, such as gas from pipelines in domestic and industrial settings, or overestimates biogenic sources. This has important implications for the design of UK greenhouse gas reduction strategies. Key Points: Long‐term records of CH4 mole fraction and δ13C‐CH4 from five UK sites show an increase in CH4 and a decrease in δ13CThe Miller‐Tans method can be used to calculate bulk regional δ13C‐CH4 source signaturesThe relative contribution of thermogenic/pyrogenic emissions across the UK may be underestimated in inventories [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacture of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐T cells usually involves the use of viral delivery systems to achieve high transgene expression. However, it can be costly and may result in random integration of the CAR into the genome, creating several disadvantages including variation in transgene expression, functional gene silencing and potential oncogenic transformation. Here, we optimized the method of nonviral, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing using large donor DNA delivery, knocked‐in an anti‐tumor single chain variable fragment (scFv) into the N‐terminus of CD3ε and efficiently generated fusion protein (FP) T cells. These cells displayed FP integration within the TCR/CD3 complex, lower variability in gene expression compared to CAR‐T cells and good cell expansion after transfection. CD3ε FP T cells were predominantly CD8+ effector memory T cells, and exhibited anti‐tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Dual targeting FP T cells were also generated through the incorporation of scFvs into other CD3 subunits and CD28. Compared to viral‐based methods, this method serves as an alternative and versatile way of generating T cells with tumor‐targeting receptors for cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into defined populations has advanced regenerative medicine, especially for Parkinson's disease where clinical trials are underway. Despite this, tumorigenic risks associated with incompletely patterned and/or quiescent proliferative cells within grafts remain. Addressing this, donor stem cells carrying the suicide gene, thymidine kinase (activated by the prodrug ganciclovir, GCV), are employed to enable the programmed ablation of proliferative cells within neural grafts. However, coinciding the short half‐life of GCV with the short S‐phase of neural progenitors is a key challenge. To overcome this, a smart hydrogel delivery matrix is fabricatedto prolong GCV presentation. Following matrix embedment, GCV retains its functionality, demonstrated by ablation of hPSCs and proliferating neural progenitors in vitro. A prolonged GCV release is measured by mass spectrometry following the injection of a GCV‐functionalized hydrogel into mouse brains. Compared to suboptimal, daily systemic GCV injections, the intracerebral delivery of the functionalized hydrogel, as a "one‐off treatment", reduce proliferative cells in both hPSC‐derived teratomas and neural grafts, without affecting the graft's functional unit (i.e., neurons). It is demonstrated that a functionalized biomaterial can enhance prodrug delivery and address safety concerns associated with the use of hPSCs for brain repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) triples a person's risk of active tuberculosis (TB) and is associated with increased mortality. It is unclear whether diabetes status and/or the associated renal dysfunction is associated with poor TB outcomes in New Zealand, which has high diabetes screening. Aim: To characterise the population of TB‐DM and TB‐alone to assess the effect of diabetes status and renal function on hospitalisation and mortality. Methods: Clinical records from all adult patients diagnosed with TB in Auckland over a 6‐year period (2010–2015) were reviewed. Baseline demographics, clinical presentation and microbiological data were assessed to compare the rates of hospitalisation and mortality between those with TB‐DM and TB‐alone. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. Results: A total of 701 patients was identified with TB; 120 (17%) had an unknown diabetes status and were excluded, and 135 had co‐existing diabetes. The TB‐DM and TB‐alone groups had similar distribution of TB site and proportions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture positivity. Univariate analysis showed TB‐DM patients had statistically significantly higher proportions of acute hospitalisation and mortality. Multivariate logistic regression showed only a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) accounted for the higher rates of hospitalisation, with the odds of hospitalisation increasing by 2% for every unit decrease in eGFR. The odds of mortality increased by 6% for every year increase in age, and the odds of mortality increased by 3% for every unit reduction in eGFR. Conclusions: Diabetes is associated with higher TB hospitalisation and mortality; however, this is likely mediated by increased age and chronic kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A core challenge for ecological risk assessment is to integrate molecular responses into a chain of causality to organismal or population‐level outcomes. Bioenergetic theory may be a useful approach for integrating suborganismal responses to predict organismal responses that influence population dynamics. We describe a novel application of dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory in the context of a toxicity framework (adverse outcome pathways [AOPs]) to make quantitative predictions of chemical exposures to individuals, starting from suborganismal data. We use early–life stage exposure of Fundulus heteroclitus to dioxin‐like chemicals (DLCs) and connect AOP key events to DEB processes through "damage" that is produced at a rate proportional to the internal toxicant concentration. We use transcriptomic data of fish embryos exposed to DLCs to translate molecular indicators of damage into changes in DEB parameters (damage increases somatic maintenance costs) and DEB models to predict sublethal and lethal effects on young fish. By changing a small subset of model parameters, we predict the evolved tolerance to DLCs in some wild F. heteroclitus populations, a data set not used in model parameterization. The differences in model parameters point to reduced sensitivity and altered damage repair dynamics as contributing to this evolved resistance. Our methodology has potential extrapolation to untested chemicals of ecological concern. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2040–2053. © 2023 Oak Ridge National Laboratory and The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent COVID‐19 pandemic and the accelerating rise of deaths associated with antibiotic‐resistant bacterial strains have highlighted the global health and economic threats caused by the super spreading of pathogens. A major route of transmission for pathogens is via surfaces contaminated by touch or droplets generated via sneezing and coughing. Current surface disinfection strategies are having diminishing efficacy, due to the increasing number of superbugs and the short‐lasting effect of disinfectants resulting in recontamination. New strategies for inhibiting surface‐mediated pathogen transmission are the focus of significant multi‐disciplinary efforts. Among those, the development of superhydrophobic surfaces (SHS) is increasingly regarded as a powerful alternative, or additive, to antimicrobial strategies. SHS provide a neutral/inert interface that can prevent viral and bacterial surface colonization. Here, the use of such water‐repellent coatings are critically reviewed to impede the surface‐mediated transmission of pathogens, addressing the challenges and future directions for their translation into real‐world settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel methodology is presented for identifying and distinguishing between structural phases in multi‐phasic systems, such as piezoelectric materials like PMN–PT [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3], PIN–PMN–PT [Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3] and PZT [Pb(Zr,Ti)O3], using diffuse multiple scattering and Kossel line diffraction techniques. The method exploits the splitting of triple line intersections from special coplanar reflections combined with logical constraints to generate a splitting fingerprint for robust crystallographic phase determination and discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Family carers play a crucial role in dementia care. As the condition progresses, people with dementia become increasingly dependent on their carers for all areas of daily living. The risk of carer burnout is significant. One of the more stressful events for family carers is when hospital admission is required for the person they care for. Living in regional Australia adds complexity to the experience. Hospital and health services in regional Australia could use a greater understanding of the issues associated with hospital care to inform patient and carer management, improve outcomes for this population and support the goal of 'ageing in place'. Objective: To explore the experience of carers of people with dementia in regional Australia when hospital care or treatment was required for the person they provide care for. Design: Six family carers living in regional Australia participated in this interpretative phenological study. Individual, semistructured interviews were held and transcribed verbatim shortly after. Data analysis occurred via three key processes: reading and highlighting, coding and grouping, which yielded the major themes and subthemes of the study. Findings: Three major themes and nine subthemes emerged from data analysis. The major themes were: (i) support and supply of specialist care; (ii) travel needs and negotiations; and (iii) empathy and experience make a difference. Discussion: Findings from this study highlight aspects of care that healthcare providers can address to improve outcomes for patients with dementia and their carers. Carers need opportunities to seek clarification and provide input on care plans. Good communication, involvement and relationship building between healthcare staff and carers are vital to achieving optimal patient outcomes. Staff training supporting understanding of appropriate dementia care is essential for improved patient and carer outcomes. Conclusion: Factors related to regional location, including lack of specialist care and support, compound carers' challenges. Healthcare provider education on dementia care and dementia‐friendly processes in hospitals will support optimal patient and carers outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric methane's rapid growth from late 2006 is unprecedented in the observational record. Assessment of atmospheric methane data attributes a large fraction of this atmospheric growth to increased natural emissions over the tropics, which appear to be responding to changes in anthropogenic climate forcing. Isotopically lighter measurements of δ13CCH4 ${\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}4}$ are consistent with the recent atmospheric methane growth being mainly driven by an increase in emissions from microbial sources, particularly wetlands. The global methane budget is currently in disequilibrium and new inputs are as yet poorly quantified. Although microbial emissions from agriculture and waste sources have increased between 2006 and 2022 by perhaps 35 Tg/yr, with wide uncertainty, approximately another 35–45 Tg/yr of the recent net growth in methane emissions may have been driven by natural biogenic processes, especially wetland feedbacks to climate change. A model comparison shows that recent changes may be comparable or greater in scale and speed than methane's growth and isotopic shift during past glacial/interglacial termination events. It remains possible that methane's current growth is within the range of Holocene variability, but it is also possible that methane's recent growth and isotopic shift may indicate a large‐scale reorganization of the natural climate and biosphere is under way. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric methane's unprecedented current growth, which in part may be driven by surging wetland emissions, has strong similarities to ice core methane records during glacial‐interglacial "termination" events marking global reorganizations of the planetary climate system. Here we compare current and termination‐event methane records to test the hypothesis that a termination‐scale change may currently be in progress. Key Points: The rapid growth in the atmospheric methane burden that began in late 2006 is very different from methane's past observational recordRecent studies point to strongly increased emissions from wetlands, especially in the tropicsThis increase is comparable in scale and speed to glacial/interglacial terminations when the global climate system suddenly reorganized [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of the stability of analytes in solvents and biological matrices is of high importance in the field of forensic toxicology. This is particularly true where quantitative analysis is undertaken; degradation of analytes will result in under-estimation of concentrations, whereas the production of analytes/ metabolites will lead to over-estimation. Although stability is included as part of method validation, this typically focuses on processed sample stability, and the impact of freeze/thaw cycles upon analytes. Although beneficial for method evaluation, this does not assist laboratory analysts with the short- and long-term storage of samples prior to this step and does not consider the impact the biological matrix may have on the degradation or production of the analyte in question. The timeframe for these studies is also relatively short (typically 72 h), which does not cover the time frame between sample receivership and analysis for many forensic cases. This review collects previously published work on long-term stability studies, grouping compounds into their associated drug classes and matrices. Research shows that the majority of compounds are more stable at lower storage temperatures, and that analysis should be completed as quickly as possible. It is advised that analyte stability be considered prior to any interpretation of concentrations in a forensic setting. This article is categorized under: Toxicology > Analytical Toxicology > Drug Analysis Toxicology > Drug Stability [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leuprolide acetate (LA) is a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist used as androgen deprivation therapy for advanced prostate cancer. LA is available in formulations intended for intramuscular (IM‐LA) or subcutaneous (SC‐LA) administration. Post‐marketing reports have noted handling errors associated with the preparation and administration of SC‐LA. This study gathered real‐world evidence on administration and management of IM‐LA and SC‐LA in large, urology‐ or oncology‐based practices. Over 200 staff were invited; 151 participated in an online survey. Main outcomes were time for each step of the ordering, inventory, mixing and administration processes. Mean values and standard errors are reported for continuous variables, and frequency and percentage are reported for categorical variables. Comparisons between groups were made with t tests and chi‐square tests as appropriate. For IM‐LA and SC‐LA, ease of ordering and time to place an order (10.8 ± 1.3 vs. 10.6 ± 1.4 min, respectively) were similar. IM‐LA was associated with a shorter time to complete preparation (2.5 ± 0.2 vs. 6.1 ± 0.6 min, P < 0.001) compared with SC‐LA. This difference of 3.6 min per preparation could result in substantial time savings annually ranging from 120 h per year to 240 h per year in clinical practices administering 2000 injections per year or 4000 injections per year, respectively. For IM‐LA vs. SC‐LA, greater ease of preparation was reported by 64% vs. 43% of respondents, respectively. Over 15% of respondents used injection sites inconsistent with prescribing information, regardless of the type of injection. This study found that it takes a significantly shorter time to prepare and administer IM‐LA than SC‐LA in large urology‐ and oncology‐based practices. The time saved could be utilized for other tasks such as seeing additional patients. Use of injection sites inconsistent with prescribing information suggests a need for more training of nursing staff in the proper administration of these drugs to ensure adequate testosterone suppression and patient safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Room‐temperature detection of volatile organic compounds in particle‐per‐billion concentrations is critical for the development of wearable and distributed sensor networks. However, sensitivity and selectivity are limited at low operating temperatures. Here, a strategy is proposed to substantially improve the performance of semiconductor sensors. Tunable oxygen vacancies in thick 3D networks of metal oxide nanoparticles are engineered using deep ultraviolet photoactivation. High selectivity and sensitivity are achieved by optimizing the electronic structure and surface activity while preserving the 3D morphology. Cross‐sectional depth analysis reveals oxygen vacancies present at various depths (≈24% at a depth of 1.13 µm), with a uniform distribution throughout the thick films. This results in ≈58% increase in the sensitivity of ZnO to 20‐ppb ethanol at room temperature while ≈51% and 64% decrease in the response and recovery times, respectively. At an operating temperature of 150 °C, oxygen‐vacant nanostructures achieve a lower limit of detection of 2 ppb. Density functional theory analysis shows that inducing oxygen vacancies reduces activation energy for ethanol adsorption and dissociation, leading to improved sensing performance. This scalable approach has the potential for designing low‐power wearable chemical and bio‐sensors and tuning the activity and band structure of porous, thick oxide films for multiple applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This needs assessment study examined current processes of physiotherapy care for adults with back pain in a large teaching hospital serving a multicultural community in Sydney, Australia. Evaluation of current practices is a necessary first step in the design of a patient‐centred, multidisciplinary service that promotes best practice in back pain management. Methods: We conducted a retrospective service evaluation in the physiotherapy outpatient department by reviewing clinical data on episode of care and processes of care for adults managed for back pain over a 6‐month period using a defined protocol (n = 252). Results: Patients (median age = 56 years; 72.2% born outside of Australia) were referred from various internal and external sources, with 79.8% having chronic back pain. The median length of episode of care was 8 weeks. Active interventions were almost universally used (98.4% of records). Key aspects of assessment were frequently recorded (84.5%–98% of records), but psychosocial risk assessment was not routinely recorded. Aspects of longitudinal management planning, including goal setting, outcome measurement, and routine follow‐up, were also not routinely recorded. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that physiotherapy processes of care in this setting followed key messages of best practice particularly with regard to interventions, in contrast to other settings and jurisdictions. However, the brief episodes of care and less evident focus on psychosocial aspects might not align with the needs of the majority with chronic back pain. These findings suggest the need to reframe processes of care with a biopsychosocial approach and structure episodes of care towards long‐term management solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The two hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid‐β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles marked by phosphorylated tau. Increasing evidence suggests that aggregating Aβ drives tau accumulation, a process that involves synaptic degeneration leading to cognitive impairment. Conversely, there is a realization that non‐fibrillar (oligomeric) forms of Aβ mediate toxicity in AD. Fibrillar (filamentous) aggregates of proteins across the spectrum of the primary and secondary tauopathies were the focus of recent structural studies with a filament structure‐based nosologic classification, but less emphasis was given to non‐filamentous co‐aggregates of insoluble proteins in the fractions derived from post‐mortem human brains. Here, we revisited sarkosyl‐soluble and ‐insoluble extracts to characterize tau and Aβ species by quantitative targeted mass spectrometric proteomics, biochemical assays, and electron microscopy. AD brain sarkosyl‐insoluble pellets were greatly enriched with Aβ42 at almost equimolar levels to N‐terminal truncated microtubule‐binding region (MTBR) isoforms of tau with multiple site‐specific post‐translational modifications (PTMs). MTBR R3 and R4 tau peptides were most abundant in the sarkosyl‐insoluble materials with a 10‐fold higher concentration than N‐terminal tau peptides. This indicates that the major proportion of the enriched tau was the aggregation‐prone N‐terminal and proline‐rich region (PRR) of truncated mixed 4R and 3R tau with more 4R than 3R isoforms. High concentration and occupancies of site‐specific phosphorylation pT181 (~22%) and pT217 (~16%) (key biomarkers of AD) along with other PTMs in the PRR and MTBR indicated a regional susceptibility of PTMs in aggregated tau. Immunogold labelling revealed that tau may exist in globular non‐filamentous form (N‐terminal intact tau) co‐localized with Aβ in the sarkosyl‐insoluble pellets along with tau filaments (N‐truncated MTBR tau). Our results suggest a model that Aβ and tau interact forming globular aggregates, from which filamentous tau and Aβ emerge. These characterizations contribute towards unravelling the sequence of events which lead to end‐stage AD changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multispecies mutualisms are embedded in a network of interactions that include predation, yet the effects of predation on mutualism function have not been well integrated into mutualism theory. Where predators have been considered, the common prediction is that predators reduce mutualist abundance and, as a consequence, decrease service provision. Here, we use a mathematical model of a predatory fish that consumes two competing coral mutualists to show that predators can also have indirect positive effects on hosts when they preferentially consume competitively dominant mutualists that are also lower in quality. In these cases, predation reverses the outcome of competition, allowing the higher quality mutualist to dominate and enhancing host performance. The direction and strength of predator effects depend on asymmetries in mutualist competition, service provision, and predation vulnerability. Our findings suggest that when the strength of predation shifts (e.g., due to exploitative harvest of top predators, introduction of new species, or range shifts in response to climate change), mutualist communities will exhibit dynamic responses with nonmonotonic effects on host service provision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Medical students have voluntarily initiated service‐learning programmes with the aim of providing assistance to medically underserved communities, especially within remote indigenous villages. However, their values and goals have been challenged because rural health care demands have changed considerably since the introduction of integrated delivery system (IDS) programmes, that is, programmes that integrate local health care providers with outreach services provided by contracted hospitals. Our study aimed to explore how a health care service‐learning group negotiates its position and how it responds to the tension of IDS implementation and changes in rural health care demand. Methods: Medical students who have been engaged in building or operating the health care service‐learning group of one university in Taiwan were invited to participate in the study. We used cultural–historical activity theory (CHAT) to help us interpret the interactions between students, indigenous communities and the public health sectors and to understand the evolution of the service‐learning relationship and its effectiveness. Results: Eighteen participants were recruited for in‐depth interviews. The implementation of IDS programmes brought change to the rural community and challenges to students' service learning. Utilising cultural–historical activity theory, we highlighted points of fragmentation within the system. This tension lead to medical students' personal conflict and also served as an impetus for change and learning. Flexible goal setting and coping ability were considered critical to the sustainability and maintenance of students' value systems. Conclusions: IDS implementation can upset the balance of rural health care supply and demand, resulting in accumulating tensions within and between activity systems. Those contradictions exposed medical students to an expansive learning cycle, resulting in transformational change and learning. Under the context of IDS programmes, health care service‐learning can create a 'win‐win' situation. Not merely medical students but also community residents gain benefits. This result may be extrapolated to health care service‐learning programmes with similar context. Using cultural historical activity theory insights, the authors discover ways in which student‐led healthcare service‐learning programs can create a 'win‐win' situation, facilitating student learning and community benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore the experiences of diagnostic disclosure and disclosure to others in adolescents with Turner syndrome (TS) and their parents/guardians. In addition, we sought to examine the impact of TS on girls with TS and their family's lives. Design: A qualitative method utilizing interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was employed. Methods: Five girls with TS and one parent/guardian of each girl completed dyadic and individual semi‐structured interviews. Interviews were audio recorded and analysed verbatim. Data were analysed in accordance with IPA guidelines, with a focus on the dynamic interactions within dyads. Results: Analyses identified three superordinate themes across the 10 participant accounts: communication and support, stigmatization of TS, and psychological consequences. Ten related subthemes are described alongside relevant quotations, highlighting a gradual process of diagnostic disclosure within families and wider health care systems. Both girls and their parents appeared to express a general desire to conceal TS from others, indicating possible TS‐related stigma. The results also demonstrate the varying impact TS can have within families. Conclusions: The findings provide insight into the lived experience of receiving a diagnosis of TS and the possible difficulties around disclosure to others. Potential recommendations for clinicians and parents include ensuring direct conversations about infertility occur within treatment and facilitating open, honest communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of viral and bacterial pathogens mediated by contact with surfaces is a leading cause of infection worldwide. COVID‐19 and the continuous rise of deaths associated with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria highlight the need to impede surface‐mediated transmission. A sprayable coating with an intrinsic ability to resist the uptake of bacteria and viruses from surfaces and droplets, such as those generated by sneezing or coughing, is reported. The coating also provides an effective microbicidal functionality against bacteria, providing a dual barrier against pathogen uptake and transmission. This antimicrobial functionality is fully preserved following scratching and other induced damage to its surface or 9 days of submersion in a highly concentrated suspension of bacteria. The coatings also register an 11‐fold decrease in viral contamination compared to the noncoated surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: New Zealand has a low burden of tuberculosis; however, multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) still represents a challenge for clinicians. This is the first description of clinical aspects of MDR‐TB in New Zealand. Aims: To evaluate the treatment and outcomes of patients with MDR‐TB disease in Auckland. Secondary aims were to review the incidence and clinical characteristics of MDR‐TB disease. Methods: Clinical data were obtained for patients treated for MDR‐TB at Auckland District Health Board (ADHB). Results: There were 60 patients nationally with MDR‐TB between 1989 and 2018; 41 (69%) of 60 patients received care at ADHB. Pulmonary infection was present in 36 (88%) of 41 patients, with 19 (46%) of 41 patients with smear‐positive sputum (smear 1–2+ in 6/41, 15%; smear 3–4+ in 13/41, 32%). The median duration of treatment was 22 months (range 7.5–26) for 18 (44%) of 41 patients who completed MDR‐TB treatment by August 2018. The median duration of amikacin treatment was 6 months (range 2–12) for the 23 (61%) of 38 patients in whom these data were available. All 38 patients who received treatment for MDR‐TB experienced adverse effects, most commonly gastrointestinal (66%), neurological (50%), ototoxicity (47%) and psychiatric (37%). Complications of intravenous access were experienced by 10 (27%) of 37 patients. Of the 19 (46%) of 41 patients who completed treatment, 18 (95%) achieved cure. There was one case who had recurrence because of inadequate treatment, and one case who had spontaneous resolution without treatment. Seventeen (41%) patients left Auckland prior to completion of treatment, mostly to return to their country of origin (15/17, 88%). Conclusion: MDR‐TB is uncommon in New Zealand. Treatment is frequently associated with adverse events; however, rates of cure for people completing treatment in New Zealand are high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro models of the gut–microbiome axis are in high demand. Conventionally, intestinal monolayers grown on Transwell setups are used to test the effects of commensals/pathogens on the barrier integrity, both under homeostatic and pathophysiological conditions. While such models remain valuable for deepening the understanding of host–microbe interactions, often, they lack key biological components that mediate this intricate crosstalk. Here, a 3D in vitro model of the vertebrate intestinal epithelium, interfaced with immune cells surviving in culture for over 3 weeks, is developed and applied to proof‐of‐concept studies of host–microbe interactions. More specifically, the establishment of stable host–microbe cocultures is described and functional and morphological changes in the intestinal barrier induced by the presence of commensal bacteria are shown. Finally, evidence is provided that the 3D vertebrate gut models can be used as platforms to test host–microbe–parasite interactions. Exposure of gut–immune–bacteria cocultures to helminth "excretory/secretory products" induces in vivo‐like up‐/down‐regulation of certain cytokines. These findings support the robustness of the modular in vitro cell systems for investigating the dynamics of host–microbe crosstalk and pave the way toward new approaches for systems biology studies of pathogens that cannot be maintained in vitro, including parasitic helminths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of biosensors has become increasingly important to tackle the spread of potentially pandemic pathogens and for the decentralization of healthcare services. Despite progress, achieving selective detection of ultralow concentrations of biomarkers in complex fluids with point‐of‐care devices is a standing challenge. Here, an efficient material platform for the sensing of biomarkers down to attomolar concentrations with excellent selectivity and a tuneable linear response range is reported. It is demonstrated that by decreasing the Au nanoislands on an elsewhere passivated surface, it is possible to more than double their electrochemical response to low biomarker concentrations via a gate‐type mechanism. As an exemplary application, the first sensing of glycated albumin, a key biomarker for diabetes management, in clinically relevant levels by conjugation of a selective DNA aptamer to the Au nanoisland surface is showcased. With a limit of detection of 0.55 × 10−18m, the excellent selectivity of this platform against nonspecific biomolecules is validated. This platform shows exceptional sensitivity and selectivity in mouse serum, further highlighting its potential for clinical utility. The versatility of this platform to detect other biomarkers, like miRNAs, is also showcased. These findings provide a flexible material platform for the scalable and low‐cost engineering of future point‐of‐care biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a need for effective health service solutions to provide greater structure and support for implementing evidence‐based practice in back pain care. Patient involvement in developing these solutions is crucial to increase relevance, acceptability and uptake. Objectives: To determine patients' perceived needs and barriers to best‐practice back pain care, and potential solutions to better address care needs. The study is the third in a series of needs assessment studies feeding into the 'idea generation' for service design in a large teaching hospital in a culturally and linguistically diverse community in metropolitan Sydney, Australia. Design: We conducted a combination of focus groups and in‐depth interviews using an interpretive description approach. We used inductive thematic analysis to identify the main themes. Setting and Participants: We purposively sampled patients with diverse characteristics from the neurosurgery and physiotherapy outpatient clinics, in particular those whose primary language was English, Arabic, Persian or Mandarin. Non‐English audio recordings were translated and transcribed by bilingual researchers. Results: There were 24 participants (focus groups = 9; individual interviews = 15) when data saturation was reached. The analysis identified three key themes with several subthemes around what service designers needed to understand in helping people with back pain in this setting: (1) This is who I am; (2) It's not working for me; and (3) What I think I need. Discussion and Conclusion: This study highlights that perceived unmet needs of patients are underpinned by unhelpful beliefs about the causes of and solutions for back pain, misaligned care expectations, unclear expectations of the hospital role and fragmentations in the health system. To design and implement a service that can deliver better back pain care, several solutions need to be integrated around: developing new resources that challenge unhelpful beliefs and set realistic expectations; improving access to education and self‐management resources; focusing on individualized care; using a collaborative multidisciplinary approach within the hospital; and better connecting with and directing primary health care services. Patient or Public Contribution: A consumer representative of the Western Sydney Local Health District provided input during study conceptualisation and is duly recognized in the Acknowledgements section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world continues to navigate the impacts of COVID‐19, grappling with staff retention and emotional exhaustion, Nisbet shines a spotlight on healthcare professional well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric methane burden is increasing rapidly, contrary to pathways compatible with the goals of the 2015 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement. Urgent action is required to bring methane back to a pathway more in line with the Paris goals. Emission reduction from “tractable” (easier to mitigate) anthropogenic sources such as the fossil fuel industries and landfills is being much facilitated by technical advances in the past decade, which have radically improved our ability to locate, identify, quantify, and reduce emissions. Measures to reduce emissions from “intractable” (harder to mitigate) anthropogenic sources such as agriculture and biomass burning have received less attention and are also becoming more feasible, including removal from elevated‐methane ambient air near to sources. The wider effort to use microbiological and dietary intervention to reduce emissions from cattle (and humans) is not addressed in detail in this essentially geophysical review. Though they cannot replace the need to reach “net‐zero” emissions of CO2, significant reductions in the methane burden will ease the timescales needed to reach required CO2 reduction targets for any particular future temperature limit. There is no single magic bullet, but implementation of a wide array of mitigation and emission reduction strategies could substantially cut the global methane burden, at a cost that is relatively low compared to the parallel and necessary measures to reduce CO2, and thereby reduce the atmospheric methane burden back toward pathways consistent with the goals of the Paris Agreement.Plain Language Summary: Methane is a powerful climate warmer, and the amount of methane in the air is growing rapidly. Reducing human‐caused methane emissions is urgent if the 2015 United Nations Paris Agreement to limit climate warming is to succeed. There is hope, though the problem of methane mitigation is very wide and complex. Much of the task is in finding, identifying, and quantifying emissions. Rapid technical advances are making it much easier to locate and thus cut emissions from fossil fuel industries (gas, coal, and oil). Assessing emissions from landfill and sewage facilities is also becoming easier. In particular, poorly regulated landfills in fast‐growing tropical megacities need attention. Agricultural emissions are less tractable but may also be reduced to some extent, especially by improving manure management. Many methane mitigation options offer cost‐effective approaches to cut global warming and bring the amount of methane in the air back to a pathway that is consistent with the aims of the Paris Agreement.Key Points: The atmospheric methane burden is rising fast; this growth is an increasing threat to the Paris Agreement of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)New gas measurement technologies, on the ground and in the air, have greatly improved our ability to locate and quantify emissions and to identify mitigation targetsEmissions can be cut by ending fossil fuel emissions, cutting biomass burning, improving landfills, especially in the tropics, and changing cattle farming practice [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The survival and synaptic integration of transplanted dopaminergic (DA) progenitors are essential for ameliorating motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)‐derived DA progenitors are, however, exposed to numerous stressors prior to, and during, implantation that result in poor survival. Additionally, hPSC‐derived grafts show inferior plasticity compared to fetal tissue grafts. These observations suggest that a more conducive host environment may improve graft outcomes. Here, tissue‐specific support to DA progenitor grafts is provided with a fully characterized self‐assembling peptide hydrogel. This biomimetic hydrogel matrix is programmed to support DA progenitors by i) including a laminin epitope within the matrix; and ii) shear encapsulating glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to ensure its sustained delivery. The biocompatible hydrogel biased a 51% increase in A9 neuron specification—a subpopulation of DA neurons critical for motor function. The sustained delivery of GDNF induced a 2.7‐fold increase in DA neurons and enhanced graft plasticity, resulting in significant improvements in motor deficits at 6 months. These findings highlight the therapeutic benefit of stepwise customization of tissue‐specific hydrogels to improve the physical and trophic support of human PSC‐derived neural transplants, resulting in improved standardization, predictability and functional efficacy of grafts for PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department's strategic management plan for catfishes (Ictaluridae) called for the development of alternative harvest regulations for Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus and Channel Catfish I. punctatus. Angler harvest of these species in most Texas reservoirs has been regulated using a 305‐mm minimum length limit (MLL) and a 25‐fish aggregate daily bag limit (DBL) since 1995. Using existing creel data collected in 2003–2018 at 86 Texas reservoirs managed under this statewide harvest regulation, we examined Blue and Channel Catfish harvest size structure and composition, percent release of legally harvestable‐size fish, and harvest density (number and biomass). Additionally, for reservoirs having long‐term creel data, we evaluated temporal change in percent release of legally harvestable‐size fish and harvest size structure, and we estimated the impact of alternative harvest regulations by using a theoretical harvest reduction (THR) model. Channel Catfish were the predominant species harvested (>75% of harvest) in 63% of the reservoirs. Harvest size structures of Blue and Channel catfish differed, but the difference in percent harvest of fish smaller than 406 mm was negligible (52% and 48%, respectively). Percent release of legally harvestable‐size fish (≥305 mm) was low at most reservoirs (median = 13%). Total number of catfish harvested per hectare per quarter (HHQ) ranged widely (0.0–11.3) but was less than 1.0 at 58% of reservoirs. Harvest size structure was truncated over time coincident with a high harvest level (HHQ > 3.0) at two of four reservoirs with long‐term data, suggesting growth overfishing. The THR model revealed that increases in MLL resulted in variable harvest reductions among reservoirs and that removal of the 305‐mm MLL could increase harvest by 6–39%. Additionally, we found that length‐graduated DBLs would have a negligible impact on reducing the harvest of larger fish. We suggest that MLLs are not necessary for most Texas catfish fisheries and that a 356‐mm MLL may be appropriate for high‐harvest fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methane emissions from the Hungarian Pannonian Basin are not well qualified, due to a lack of measurements of CH4 mole fraction and δ13CCH4 in the air. This study reports methane measurements in air samples from Hungary, placing them in the context of regional and global background data, to investigate the inputs to the methane burden in Central Europe. CH4 mole fraction and δ13CCH4 from the Hungarian tall tower station, Hegyhátsál, and additional data from Mace Head (Ireland) and Zeppelin (Svalbard) are used with back trajectory modeling to identify central European source areas and their seasonal variation between the summer vegetation and winter heating periods. Methane measurements in air masses sampled in the European interior, have significantly higher maxima and seasonal amplitudes than at the Mace Head and Zeppelin European background sites. The mean CH4 mole fraction value is about 80 ppb higher than the comparable marine background, and values above 2,000 ppb were frequently observed between February 2013 and December 2015. The mean δ13CCH4 value −47.5 ± 0.3‰ (2σ) was comparable to values at all three monitoring sites, but specific pollution events were detected at Hegyhátsál. Concentration weighted trajectory modeling, meteorological parameters, stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13CCH4), and Miller‐Tans analysis show that the main factors influencing CH4 at the Hegyhátsál, apart from diurnal and seasonal changes in the planetary boundary layer, are emissions from residential heating and industrial CH4 emissions during the winter. Key Points: The main factors influencing local CH4 values at Hegyhátsál (HUN) are local meteorology, and seasonal anthropogenic emissions related to heatingThe HUN station is valuable for monitoring local and regional methane emissions and tracking source inputsCH4 increments and isotopic seasonality in air at the Hungarian continental background site are comparable to other European regional sites [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural flood management (NFM) is the use of natural processes and environments to mitigate flood risk by reducing and delaying peak flood. This review introduces the concept and history of NFM and looks at the current state of research into the potential for using different types of woodland to fulfill the aims of NFM. Four woodland types (catchment, cross‐slope, floodplain, and riparian) are discussed with reference to studies carried out, mainly in the United Kingdom, to determine the relative merits of each type and their effectiveness in mitigating flood risk. We then discuss how trees interact with the hydrological cycle, along with a discussion of modeling methods which seek to determine the amount of water intercepted by different types of forest cover. We find that while there is some evidence that carefully planned and managed woodland can mitigate flood risk, the published data for this evidence base is somewhat sparse. This may be either due to the long timescales needed for comprehensive studies or the relative infancy of the research on NFM. More research needs to be carried out in each of the four woodland types, especially in the UK, as policy makers are increasingly looking towards nature based solutions to mitigate the potential impacts of climate change. The concept of a combined canopy/hydrological model which can be scaled from stand to watershed level and incorporate different types of woodland is suggested as it would be beneficial in guiding woodland creation policy in the future, both at the local and regional scales. This article is categorized under:Science of Water > Water ExtremesWater and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]