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This article analysed gender disparities in Pakistan focusing on access to primary education and women's education in light of National Education policies from 1947 to 2017 to achieve universal primary education. This study aimed to trace the evolution of National Education policies (1947–2017) in the attainment of universal primary education and gender disparities in Primary education in Pakistan. A qualitative document analysis technique was employed to extract relevant data related to policy objectives, strategies, and targets of primary education, gender disparities, and women's education. The quantitative data was extracted from the Pakistan Economic Survey 2022–2023, Pakistan Education Statistics 2020–2021, and all National Census 1951, 1961, 1972, 1981, 1998, and 2017. The study found that education policies highlighted the importance of primary education but did not dedicate larger sections to women's education in the first 40 years. The recent education policies addressed the importance of women's education for achieving gender parity. These findings, which stem from a review of national education policies' documents, are in line with the findings drawn from the quantitative data extracted from authoritative reports which stated that significant gender disparities existed in the numbers of primary schools, access to primary education, and students' enrolments throughout the history of Pakistan. The study also found significant gender disparities in the number of primary schools per 100,000 children, with male students comparatively attending schools more than female students. The study found consistent gender disparities in primary education enrolment in Pakistan with notable progress in recent years but have not been able to eliminate these disparities. Gender disparity is evident in literacy rate, gross enrolment rate (GER), and net enrolment rate (NER). The study recommended that the revision of existing policies and formulation of new education policies should be based on comprehensive documentation on women's education and its impact on the economy, literacy rate, and universal primary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron oxide and their different doped iron oxide catalyst have been used for decades and are considered as efficient catalysts in several synthesis schemes including synthesis of carbon nanotubes. The iron oxide of the catalyst is abundant in nature, high catalytic activity at low over potentials, stability in basic media and low cost, making it environmentally and economically attractive. Nickel doped iron oxide catalyst have not been reported in the literature. Doping of nickel over iron oxide catalyst, different percentage 1 %, 5 %, 10 % and 20 % were done by impregnation method. The samples were characterized by X‐Ray powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier‐Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray (EDX) and Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). Nickel doped iron oxide was used as catalyst for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and doping changed the morphology of carbon nanotube (CNTs). FTIR results confirmed the doping and presence of different functional groups. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) was carried out for the synthesis of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on nickel doped iron oxide catalyst for different percentage (1 %, 5 %, 10 % and 20 %) separately. CVD assembly was carried in tube furnace and the reaction was checked at two different temperature i.e 700 °C and 750 °C and using methane and compressed natural gas (CNG) as precursors. The catalyst was activated in the furnace at 800 °C for an hour. Methane and argon were used in proportion 2 : 1 inside the furnace. SEM showed formation of CNTs at 750 °C with CNG precursor. Formation of CNTs increased with increasing doping with this CNTs was confirmed by SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine and its functional homotrimeric form interacts with the TNF receptor (TNFR) to activate downstream apoptotic, necroptotic, and inflammatory signaling pathways. Excessive activation of these pathways leads to various inflammatory diseases, which makes TNF a promising therapeutic target. Here, 12‐mer peptides were selected from the interface of TNF‐TNFR based upon their relative binding energies and were named 'TNF‐inhibiting decoys' (TIDs). These decoy peptides inhibited TNF‐mediated secretion of cytokines and cell death, as well as activation of downstream signaling effectors. Effective TIDs inhibited TNF signaling by disrupting the formation of TNF's functional homotrimeric form. Among derivatives of TIDs, TID3c showed slightly better efficacy in cell‐based assays by disrupting TNF trimer formation. Moreover, TID3c oligomerized TNF to a high molecular weight configuration. In silico modeling and simulations revealed that TID3c and its parent peptide, TID3, form a stable complex with TNF through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions, which makes them the promising lead to develop peptide‐based anti‐TNF therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through experimental and theoretical studies, this research explores the materials, structural, and environmental aspects of multi‐grade concrete (MGC), a potentially sustainable structural concrete. The experimental part investigates the compressive, split cylinder, flexural, and shear strengths of MGC, essential parameters for the design of structural members composed of MGC. It also provides the relationships between various strengths. The compressive behavior is correlated with the cracking pattern and the confinement effect caused by the end platens. The theoretical study involves determining the carbon emissions (CEs) and modifying ASTM/ACI expressions for the flexural tensile strength (FTS) and shear capacity applicable to MGC. Three uni‐grade concretes (UGCs) with distinct materials, properties, and grades: grade 17 (G17), grade 25 (G25), and grade 30 (G30), were poured in layers of varied thicknesses to make two variants of MGC. Experimental investigations showed that the higher‐strength concrete (HSC) confined the lower‐strength concrete (LSC) part thus increasing the compressive strength. Replacing 50% of LSC with HSC led to an increase in compressive and shear strengths by 21% and 40%, respectively. The shear strength values of reinforced MGC beams observed experimentally are aligned with those obtained through the modified expressions developed by the authors. A trade‐off analysis among the strengths, CEs, and costs of UGC and MGC can aid in selecting MGC customized to specific requirements, thereby contributing to the development of sustainable structural concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To enhance organic light emitting diode (OLED) performance, host materials with high triplet energies are crucial for confining excitons, despite increasing driving voltages due to the singlet‐triplet energy gap. We synthesized sulfonylbis(4,1‐phenylene)bis(3,6‐disubstituted‐9H‐carbazole) derivatives as donor‐acceptor‐donor host materials, namely compounds 3, 5 and 7, with varying fluorination levels. These compounds show moderate singlet‐triplet energy splitting and molecular dipole moments, allowing for fine‐tuning of hole‐transport mobilities, deeper frontier orbital energies, and a red shift in singlet emission while maintaining high triplet energy levels. These adjustments impact a range of physical, electronic and optical properties. The materials exhibit exceptional thermal stability, with decomposition starting above 400 °C and glass transition temperatures over 130 °C. Used with the green TADF emitter DACT‐II, these hosts enable reverse intersystem crossing rates between 7.43×104 s−1 and 1.77×105 s−1. While OLEDs using mCP as a reference host achieve a maximum quantum efficiency of 18.5 %, those with host 5 show lower efficiency roll‐off, leading to higher external quantum efficiency at brightness levels above 2000 cd/m2 without colour shift. The reduced roll‐off in devices with host 5 compared to mCP is attributed to effective Förster and Dexter energy transfers to DACT‐II at high currents, enhancing light emission pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) displays high heterogeneity. The majority of TNBC cases are characterized by high Ki‐67 expression. TNBC with low Ki‐67 expression accounts for only a small fraction of cases and has been relatively less studied. Methods: This study analyzed a large single‐center multiomics TNBC data set, combined with a single‐cell data set. The clinical, genomic, and metabolic characteristics of patients with low Ki‐67 TNBC were analyzed. Results: The clinical and pathological characteristics were analyzed in 2217 TNBC patients. Low Ki‐67 TNBC was associated with a higher patient age at diagnosis, a lower proportion of invasive ductal carcinoma, increased alterations in the PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR pathway, upregulated lipid metabolism pathways, and enhanced infiltration of M2 macrophages. High Ki‐67 TNBC exhibited a higher prevalence of TP53 gene mutations, elevated nucleotide metabolism, and increased infiltration of M1 macrophages. Conclusions: We identified specific genomic and metabolic characteristics unique to low Ki‐67 TNBC, which have implications for the development of precision therapies and patient stratification strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver cancer (LC) is one of the most common tumours and the leading cause of cancer‐related death globally. Amidst the problems associated with existing treatments, such as hepatotoxicity, recurrence, drug resistance, and other adverse effects, researchers are under pressure to find alternatives. Towards a comprehensive rationalisation of the search for new anti‐LC drugs among approved ones, we employed an in‐silico approach to accelerate the selection of the most efficacious LC drugs. The FDA‐approved hepatitis C virus (HCV) drugs were docked with the LC protein using the AutoDock Vina software. Compared to the control compound, two FDA‐approved HCV drugs (DB09102 and DB09027) were selected based on their binding energies and interactions with the target protein, which showed comparable binding energies. Furthermore, these compounds were then subjected to molecular dynamic simulation, principle component analysis, and MMGBSA using the AMBER20 software, and the results showed stable complexes compared to the control complex. All things considered, this study will help the scientific community and society find a novel drug to treat LC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is recognised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) Classification of Tumours (WCT) as a non‐invasive neoplastic epithelial proliferation confined to the mammary ducts and lobules. This report categorises the references cited in the DCIS chapter of the 5th edition of the WCT (Breast Tumours) according to prevailing evidence levels for evidence‐based medicine and the Hierarchy of Evidence for Tumour Pathology (HETP), identifying potential gaps that can inform subsequent editions of the WCT for this tumour. Methods and results: We included all citations from the DCIS chapter of the WCT (Breast Tumours, 5th edition). Each citation was appraised according to its study design and evidence level. We developed our map of cited evidence, which is a graphical matrix of tumour type (column) and tumour descriptors (rows). Spheres were used to represent the evidence, with size and colour corresponding to their number and evidence level respectively. Thirty‐six publications were retrieved. The cited literature in the DCIS chapter comprised mainly case series and were regarded as low‐level. We found an unequal distribution of citations among tumour descriptors. 'Pathogenesis' and 'prognosis and prediction' contained the most references, while 'clinical features', 'aetiology' and 'diagnostic molecular pathology' had only a single citation each. 'Prognosis and prediction' had the greatest proportion of moderate‐ and high‐levels of evidence. Conclusion: Our findings align with the disposition for observational studies inherent in the field of pathology. Our map is a springboard for future efforts in mapping all available evidence on DCIS, potentially augmenting the editorial process and future editions of WCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis E virus is a primary cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. The present study attempts to assess the genetic variability and evolutionary divergence among HEV genotypes. A vaccine promising capsid‐protein coding ORF‐2 gene sequences of HEV was evaluated using phylogenetics, model‐based population genetic methods and principal component analysis. The analyses unveiled nine distinct clusters as subpopulations for six HEV genotypes. HEV‐3 genotype samples stratified into four different subgroups, while HEV‐4 stratified into three additional subclusters. Rabbit‐infectious HEV‐3ra samples constitute a distinct cluster. Pairwise analysis identified marked genetic distinction of HEV‐4c and HEV‐4i subgenotypes compared to other genotypes. Numerous admixed, inter and intragenotype recombinant strains were detected. The MEME method identified several ORF‐2 codon sites under positive selection. Some selection signatures lead to amino acid substitutions within ORF‐2, resulting in altered physicochemical features. Moreover, a pattern of host‐specific adaptive signatures was identified among HEV genotypes. The analyses conclusively depict that recombination and episodic positive selection events have shaped the observed genetic diversity among different HEV genotypes. The significant genetic diversity and stratification of HEV‐3 and HEV‐4 genotypes into subgroups, as identified in the current study, are noteworthy and may have implications for the efficacy of anti‐HEV vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of near‐ideal subthreshold swing (SS) ≈ 60 mV dec−1 is a primary driving force to realize the power‐efficient field‐effect transistors (FETs). This challenge is particularly pronounced in 2D material‐based FETs, where the presence of a large interface trap density (Dit) imposes limitations on electrostatic control, consequently escalating power consumption. In this study, the gate controllability of 2D FETs is systematically analyzed by fabricating pre‐patterned van der Waals (vdW)‐contacted p‐FETs, varying the WSe2 channel thickness from monolayer to ten‐layer. As a result, the channel thickness is optimized to achieve efficient gate controllability while minimizing Dit. The findings demonstrate negligible hysteresis and excellent subthreshold swing (SSmin) close to the thermal limit (≈60 mV dec−1), with a corresponding Dit of ≈1010 cm−2 eV−1, comparable to Dit values observed in state‐of‐the‐art Si transistors, when utilizing WSe2 channel thicknesses ≥ five‐layer. However, reducing the WSe2 channel thickness below the trilayer, SSmin (≈91 mV dec−1) deviates from the thermal limit, attributed to a comparatively higher Dit (≈1011 cm−2 eV−1), despite the still lower than values reported for surface‐contacted 2D transistors. Furthermore, all devices exhibit consistent p‐type characteristics, featuring a high ION/IOFF ratio, high mobility, and excellent electrical stability confirmed over several months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deepfakes, particularly audio deepfakes, have become pervasive and pose unique, ever‐changing threats to society. This paper reviews the current research landscape on audio deepfakes. We assert that limitations of existing approaches to deepfake detection and discernment are areas where (socio)linguists can directly contribute to helping address the societal challenge of audio deepfakes. In particular, incorporating expert knowledge and developing techniques that everyday listeners can use to avoid deception are promising pathways for (socio)linguistics. Further opportunities exist for developing benevolent applications of this technology through generative AI methods as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to identify the effect of genotype × trait, 20 maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids were cultivated and investigated in a randomized complete block design in three replications in the Karaj region. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of genotype in terms of all traits except for the traits of days until the tassel dries, peduncle outside the flag leaf, tassel length, the number of fill seeds, and the depth of the seeds are significantly different. Based on the mean comparison done by Duncan's method, G3, G6, G7, and G4 genotypes were identified as favorable hybrids. Based on the graphic analysis, the genotypes G5, G4, G6, G3, G9, and G14 can be identified as desirable hybrids. The correlation diagram indicated that the grain yield trait has a positive correlation with tassel length, leaf length, leaf width, and leaf surface traits. Based on the principal component analysis, the first 10 components explained more than 74% of the data variance. The traits were classified into 10 components: components of ear characteristics, time characteristics in terms of maturity, leaf characteristics, characteristics of maize plant 1 (cob corn diameter, peduncle length, and grain yield traits), characteristics of maize plant 2 (number of tassel branches, leaf surface, and grain yield traits), physiological characteristics and germination, the crown part of the ear characteristics, grain characteristics, grain yield, and characteristics of the ear head. The experiment results indicated that G8, G15, G1, and G6 hybrids were more favorable in terms of grain yield trait. Core Ideas: The interaction between genotype and trait is very effective in selecting genotypes for breeding programs.Trait relations and grain yield evaluation are key for breeding program genotype selection.Genotype × trait biplot method is very important in examining genotypes based on different traits and their relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the correlation between T‐cell senescence with the atherosclerosis markers in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: The study participants were 40 female SLE patients aged 18–45 years who met the 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria and 40 healthy individuals. The atherosclerosis markers were investigated using the Doppler ultrasonography examinations to measure the cIMT (carotid intima‐media thickness) and flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) and serological markers using soluble ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1. Flow cytometry of CD4+CD57+, CD8+CD57+, CD4+CD28null, and CD8+CD28null T cells were used to assess the immunosenescence markers. Results: The cIMT (p <.001), sICAM‐1 (p <.001), and sVCAM‐1 (p <.001) were significantly higher in SLE patients compared with control, while FMD was significantly lower in SLE patients (p <.001). The percentages of all T‐cell senescence markers are also significantly higher in SLE patients than in healthy individuals. Positive correlations were shown between cIMT with the CD4+CD57+ (R =.301, p =.005), CD4+CD28null (R =.448, p <.001), and CD8+CD28null (R =.422, p <.001). Conversely, negative correlations were demonstrated between the FMD with CD4+CD57+ (R = −.236, p =.023), CD8+CD57+ (R = −.409, p <.001), CD4+CD28null (R = −.422, p <.001), and CD8+CD28null (R = −.318, p =.003). The soluble markers of sICAM‐1 and sVCAM‐1 were also positively correlated with the T‐cell senescence markers. Conclusion: Early sign of atherosclerosis was demonstrated in patients with SLE in this study. T‐cell senescence markers had significant correlations with the atherosclerosis markers, including the cIMT, FMD, and soluble adhesion molecules levels. Understanding the link between immunosenescence and atherosclerosis might help to identify a new method for early detection and treatment of atherosclerosis in SLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Methods Results Conclusions Polypharmacy serves as a quality indicator in residential aged care facilities (RACFs) due to concerns about inappropriate medication use. However, aggregated polypharmacy rates at a single time offer limited value. Longitudinal analysis of polypharmacy patterns provides valuable insights into identifying potential overuse of medicines. We aimed to determine long‐term trajectories of polypharmacy (≥9 medicines) and factors associated with each polypharmacy trajectory group.This was a longitudinal cohort study using electronic data from 30 RACFs in New South Wales, Australia. We conducted group‐based trajectory modelling to identify and characterize polypharmacy trajectories over 3 years. We evaluated the model fitness using the Bayesian Information Criterion, entropy (with a value of ≥0.8 considered ideal) and several other metrics.The study included 2837 permanent residents (median age = 86 years, 61.7% female and 47.4% had dementia). We identified five polypharmacy trajectory groups: group 1 (no polypharmacy, 46.0%); group 2 (increasing polypharmacy, 9.4%); group 3 (decreasing polypharmacy, 9.2%); group 4 (increasing‐then decreasing polypharmacy, 10.0%), and group 5 (persistent polypharmacy, 25.4%). The model showed excellent performance (e.g., entropy = 0.9). Multinomial logistic regressions revealed the profile of each trajectory group (e.g., group 5 residents had higher odds of chronic respiratory disease compared with group 1).Our study identified five polypharmacy trajectory groups, including one with over a quarter of residents following a persistently high trajectory, signalling concerning medication overuse. Quality indicator programs should adopt tailored metrics to monitor diverse polypharmacy trajectory groups, moving beyond the current one‐size‐fits‐all approach and better capturing the evolving dynamics of residents' medication regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally. Ensuring ongoing use of medicines—medication persistence—is crucial, yet no prior studies have examined this in residential aged care facilities (RACFs). We aimed to identify long‐term trajectories of persistence with cardiovascular medicines and determine predictors of persistence trajectories. Method: A longitudinal cohort study of 2837 newly admitted permanent residents from 30 RACFs in New South Wales, Australia. We monitored weekly exposure to six cardiovascular medicine classes—lipid modifiers, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEI/ARBs), beta‐blockers, diuretics, calcium channel blockers (CCB), and cardiac therapy—over 3 years. Group‐based trajectory modeling was employed to determine persistence trajectories for each class. Results: At baseline, 76.6% (n = 2172) received at least one cardiovascular medicine with 41.2% receiving lipid modifiers, 31.4% ACEI/ARBs, 30.2% beta‐blockers, 24.4% diuretics, 18.7% CCBs, and 14.8% cardiac therapy. The model identified two persistence trajectories for CCBs and three trajectories for all other classes. Sustained high persistence rates ranged from 68.4% (ACEI/ARBs) to 79.8% (beta‐blockers) while early decline in persistence and subsequent discontinuation rates ranged from 7.6% (cardiac therapy) to 25.3% (CCBs). Logistic regressions identified 11 predictors of a declining persistence across the six medicine classes. Conclusion: Our study revealed varied patterns of cardiovascular medicine use in RACFs, with 2–3 distinctive medicine use trajectories across different classes, each exhibiting a unique clinical profile, and up to a quarter of residents discontinuing a medicine class. Future studies should explore the underlying reasons and appropriateness of nonpersistence to aid in identifying areas for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation outlines the significance of MHD Falkner–Skan flow of non‐Newtonian fluid flow over a wedge. To study the non‐Newtonian flow, Casson fluid is taken. Additionally, this study explores heat and mass transport under the influence of viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and thermal radiation. This heat and mass transport investigation is carried out under the influence of thermal and concentration slip factors. Moreover, the entropy generation is also computed using the second law of thermodynamics. A set of nonlinear partial differential equations arises from the mathematical formulation of the problem. Similarity variables are then introduced to achieve a similarity solution. The leading differential equations are solved numerically using the Runge–Kutta‐4 method in conjunction with shooting techniques. Graphical representations are employed to demonstrate the physical significance of relevant parameters. The investigation presents and discusses the impact of various parameters on velocity, temperature, concentration and entropy profiles for three different positions of the wedge: stationary, forward‐moving, and backward‐moving. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) Enhancing the magnetic parameter and wedge angle parameter leads to higher fluid velocity, (2) elevating both the Eckert and magnetic number results in a rapid escalation of fluid energy, (3) Skin friction coefficient increases gradually with an increase in the power law Falkner–Skan parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effects of excess Al and annealing at high temperature on the purity of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase synthesized by the mechanochemical route. In this regard, a constant stoichiometric ratio of Ti: Al: C = 3: 1: 2 along with three blends of nonstoichiometric ratios with excess Al (Ti: Al: C = 3: X: 2, X = 1.1, 1.2, and 1.5) were ball milled. Then, to examine the annealing at high‐temperature effects, the compacted ball‐milled powders were heated at 900 and 1200°C for 1 h. The phase identification revealed that 10 h of ball milling caused a reaction between the elemental powders, and Ti3AlC2 and TiC were formed. The mechanism of the reaction during the high‐energy ball milling process is assigned to a mechanically induced self‐propagating reaction. Addition of excess Al to primary powders caused to increase the purity of Ti3AlC2 significantly. Furthermore, annealing at high temperature leading to complete reactions of the ball‐milled powders and increased Ti3AlC2 purity. The maximum Ti3AlC2 content of 88% was obtained of initial powder of Ti: Al: C = 3: 1.2: 2 ratio after annealing at 1200°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatitis C virus core antigen (HCVcAg) testing can simplify and decrease costs of HCV infection confirmation compared to molecular testing (nucleic acid testing). We piloted HCVcAg testing for the confirmation of active infection. The study was conducted during June through December 2022 among the police and the general population of Islamabad, Pakistan age 18 years and older. Initial screening for HCV antibody was conducted using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for all consenting participants. Those who tested positive had venous blood samples tested for HCVcAg, platelets and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Persons with HCVcAg values ≥3 fmol/L were defined as viremic, and they were offered treatment with direct acting antiviral (DAA) medications, sofosbuvir and daclatasvir. Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) was calculated for each HCV infected person, and those with an APRI score <1.5 received treatment for 12 weeks, while those with APRI ≥ to 1.5 received 24 weeks of treatment. A total of 15,628 persons were screened for anti‐HCV using RDT and 643 (4.1%) tested positive. HCVcAg values of ≥3 fmol/L was found in 399/643 (62.1%), and all were offered and accepted treatment. Of those treated, 273/399 (68.4%) returned for a follow‐up SVR and HCVcAg was not detected in 261/273, a 95.6% cure rate. The pilot study demonstrated the effectiveness of reaching and treating an urban population using RDT for screening and HCVcAg for confirmation of infection and test of cure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The accurate diagnosis of temporomandibular disorders continues to be a challenge, despite the existence of internationally agreed‐upon diagnostic criteria. The purpose of this study is to review applications of deep learning models in the diagnosis of temporomandibular joint arthropathies. Materials and Methods: An electronic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Google Scholar, IEEE, arXiv, and medRxiv up to June 2023. Studies that reported the efficacy (outcome) of prediction, object detection or classification of TMJ arthropathies by deep learning models (intervention) of human joint‐based or arthrogenous TMDs (population) in comparison to reference standard (comparison) were included. To evaluate the risk of bias, included studies were critically analysed using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS‐2). Diagnostic odds ratios (DOR) were calculated. Forrest plot and funnel plot were created using STATA 17 and MetaDiSc. Results: Full text review was performed on 46 out of the 1056 identified studies and 21 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the systematic review. Four studies were graded as having a low risk of bias for all domains of QUADAS‐2. The accuracy of all included studies ranged from 74% to 100%. Sensitivity ranged from 54% to 100%, specificity: 85%–100%, Dice coefficient: 85%–98%, and AUC: 77%–99%. The datasets were then pooled based on the sensitivity, specificity, and dataset size of seven studies that qualified for meta‐analysis. The pooled sensitivity was 95% (85%–99%), specificity: 92% (86%–96%), and AUC: 97% (96%–98%). DORs were 232 (74–729). According to Deek's funnel plot and statistical evaluation (p =.49), publication bias was not present. Conclusion: Deep learning models can detect TMJ arthropathies high sensitivity and specificity. Clinicians, and especially those not specialized in orofacial pain, may benefit from this methodology for assessing TMD as it facilitates a rigorous and evidence‐based framework, objective measurements, and advanced analysis techniques, ultimately enhancing diagnostic accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethersulfone (PES) membranes are prevalent in the field of water treatment owing to their exceptional separation efficiency, robust mechanical properties, and resistance to chemical degradation. Nevertheless, these membranes are prone to fouling, resulting in a decrease in both flux and ultrafiltration efficiency. In the present study, PES membranes are blended with poly (3‐Sulfopropyl Methacrylate) (PSPMA) in various weight percentages (0%–3%) to improve their antifouling and ultrafiltration properties. The physicochemical properties of the blended membranes, including surface morphology, contact angle, hydrophilicity and surface energy are evaluated. The findings indicate that incorporation PSPMA results in an enhancement of the hydrophilic properties and surface charge of the PES membranes, assessed by employing Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a representative protein. Modified blended membranes display greater Flux Recovery Ratio (FRR%) and exhibit superior fouling resistance. Under the same experimental conditions (0.2 MPa applied pressure), a pure water flux of 154.18 L·m−2·h−1 for PES/PSPMA membrane found substantially greater than pure PES membrane (103.52 L·m−2·h−1) along with Total Fouling Ratio (TFR) of 36% and 64.9% respectively. Exceptional antimicrobial efficacy for modified membranes is revealed against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) using disc diffusion technique rendering them well‐suited for water treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work investigates the use of machine learning approaches for the prediction of hydrate formation pressure (HFP) in gas hydrate systems. Advanced machine learning models, including the decision tree regressor (DTR), random forest regressor (RFR), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), gradient boosting regressor (GBR), histogram gradient boosting regressor (HGBR), and CatBoost regressor (CB), are trained and evaluated on a large dataset consists of 3137 experimental data points. The models are evaluated using R‐squared (R2), mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean squared error (RMSE). The study indicates that for the intent of HFP prediction, CatBoost outperformed all other machine learning models. It demonstrated high accuracy on the testing set with an R2 value of 0.9922, and with the lowest RMSE (1.61 × 10−3), MAE (7.90 × 10−4), and MSE (2.58 × 10−6), CatBoost strengthened its prediction ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Molybdenum cofactor deficiency is a rare and fatal genetic disorder. Due to recurrence in the family, the etiological diagnosis could have impacted family planning and alertness to future offspring. Molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) is a rare and fatal genetic disorder that impairs molybdenum‐dependent enzymes, resulting in conspicuous elevated urine sulfite levels and lowered serum uric acid levels. The disorder may be early‐onset, causing high fatality in neonates due to secondary complications, or late‐onset, manifesting in the first 2 years of life. Severe seizures, progressive neurological degeneration, motor abnormalities, and feeding difficulties are hallmarks of MoCD. Due to the similarity of clinical findings with those of sulfite oxidase deficiency and its neurological findings with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy, determining the true etiology remains challenging in MoCD patients. This case report presents a neonate in the first week of life with early onset refractory seizures, motor abnormalities, hypoactivity, and poor feeding behavior. Administering anti‐epileptic drugs did not improve the patient's condition, who started decompensating further. Nevertheless, a thorough screening for metabolic disorders revealed low serum uric acid and high sulfite levels in the urine, indicating potential MoCD. A whole exome sequencing (WES) was thus consulted for confirmatory diagnosis. Unfortunately, the patient's WES results were received after his demise, revealing MoCD caused by a novel variant of the MoCS2 gene that has not yet been reported to the best of our knowledge. This case emphasizes the need to disseminate crucial information regarding MoCD and its etiologies for prompt molecular diagnosis to reduce morbidity and mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We synthesized and characterized bioactive metal (II) complexes from a pyrimidine‐based Schiff base ligand, 4‐[2‐(4‐chlorobenzylidene) hydrazinyl]‐7H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine. Through thorough elemental analysis and various physicochemical techniques, we characterized both the ligand and its Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) complexes. Coordination of the metallic ion was established via nitrogen atoms from the ligand's pyrrolo and pyrimidine rings, yielding tetrahedral complexes of the type [M(PPHpCB)2]. These complexes are identified as non‐electrolytes due to their low molar conductance. Furthermore, we investigated the coordination behavior of the pyrimidine‐based Schiff base ligand (HPPHpCB) with metal ions through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. 1H NMR spectral data showed bonding between HPPHpCB and metal ions, while UV spectra confirmed intra‐ligand and ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer transitions, indicating coordination through nitrogen atoms. The determination of tetrahedral geometry for metal complexes confirmed their diamagnetic properties. Analysis using 13C NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectra (ESI‐MS) revealed variations in chemical shifts, confirming successful complex formation and elucidating structural modifications, electronic interactions, and metal–ligand coordination modes. Moreover, evaluation of in vitro antimicrobial activities using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) approach revealed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities for Hg(II) and Cd(II) complexes, respectively. The Hg(II) complex displayed superior antioxidant activity, while Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes also demonstrated considerable potential. In vivo, cytotoxicity assessments against Artemia salina provided insights into the cytotoxic properties of ligands and metal complexes. Computational techniques suggested their potential in combating infectious ailments. Overall, our study establishes the synthesis, characterization, and multifaceted biological activities of metal (II) complexes derived from the pyrimidine‐based Schiff base ligand, highlighting their promising role in combating various infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The red alga Gracilaria vermiculophylla is a prostaglandin (PG)‐producing macroalga. The alga is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 carbon atoms, mainly arachidonic acid (AA), which is a precursor of PGs. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the ability of the red alga to produce PGs using acetone powder as the crude enzyme prepared from the alga. The acetone powder (250 mg) was incubated with different amounts of exogenous AA (0.1–4 mg). For the determination of PG contents, 5 μL of a sample solution (5 mL in water) consisting of acetone powder and AA was injected into the HPLC column. For PG analysis, an HPLC system connected with a mass spectrometer was used. Results of the study showed that the released PGs from incubation of acetone powder and AA consisted of PGE2, 15‐keto‐PGE2, 15‐hydroperoxy‐PGE2, PGA2, and PGF2α. The capability of the crude enzyme prepared from the red alga to produce PGs was affected by available oxygen and AA concentrations. The crude enzyme (250 mg) was capable of producing 164 and 141 μg of PGE2 and 15‐keto‐PGE2, respectively, from incubation with 250 μg of AA. This in vitro method could be a simple way to provide PGs in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impacts of economic policy uncertainty on the Bitcoin market using the monthly data from January 2014 to December 2022. In so doing, six major uncertainty indices (Global Economic Policy Uncertainty, Equity Market Volatility, Twitter‐based Economic Uncertainty, Geopolitical risk index, The Cryptocurrency Policy Uncertainty Index, The Cryptocurrency Price Uncertainty Index), and in particular, two novel Cryptocurrency Uncertainty indexes as introduced by Lucey et al. (2022) are taken into account. Our findings uncover a negative connectedness between Bitcoin prices and the key selected uncertainty indices, suggesting that higher uncertainties result in lower Bitcoin fluctuation across time and frequency domains. Our results provide valuable information on constructing asset portfolios for investors who have investment strategies entailing Bitcoin since Bitcoin would be a diversifier under economic policy uncertainty shocks. Our results hold robust by using the alternative methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study aims to explore the potential of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP, 300–500 MPa) and ionic polysaccharides (sodium alginate, SA; chitosan, CH) in improving interfacial stability of sweet potato protein hydrolysate (SPPH) emulsions. HHP markedly improved emulsifying performance of SPPH with SA and CH at different concentrations (0.02% and 0.06%, w/v) and enhanced the apparent viscosities of their emulsions. SPPH‐CH0.02% at 400 MPa showed the highest emulsifying stability index (ESI, 255.96 min) and zeta potential absolute value (54.13 mV), and its emulsion exhibited the highest adsorbed peptide and CH at interface (31.72% and 1.51%, respectively) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) value of interfacial layer (264.56 μg TE mL−1). Additionally, multiple potential antioxidant peptides were obtained from interfacial layer of emulsion stabilised with SPPH‐CH0.02% at 400 MPa through LC‐MS/MS, and the relationship between their structure and emulsion stability was analysed. Therefore, HHP has great application potential in production of SPPH‐CH emulsion with enhanced stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of coronavirus pandemic (COVID‐19) has severely affected global economies and Pakistan. The core focus of this study is to analyse income inequality before and after the pandemic in developing economies and other urbanised areas of Pakistan. Gini coefficient has been employed to estimate income inequality for developing economies and Pakistan, whereas the Theil index is assessed across the regions, provinces and other urban areas of Pakistan. For that purpose, the study has worked on 'special survey evaluating the Socio‐economic Impact of COVID‐19 on the well‐being of people' published by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. This study focuses on seeing the consequences of COVID‐19, especially in the context of income inequality caused by the lockdown imposed in the countries in hand. Further, determinants of income inequality are estimated before and after the pandemic. This study anticipates that fair income distribution is the only solution to decrease disparities. Moreover, to achieve goal 10 of Sustainable Development Goal, it is significant to work on provision of opportunities that help in increasing the income opportunities for the underprivileged segment of society. This solution is achievable only if the provision of education and employment increases, eventually reducing the ever‐increasing wage gap in the long run. So far no study has empirically evaluated the impact of income inequality caused by the pandemic in Pakistan on the district level. The novelty of the study is that it has assessed the impact of income inequality before and after the pandemic in developing economics and than evaluated the urbanized areas of Pakistan on the basis of income inequality post and pre‐pandemic situation, hence fill the research gap as no study so far has been done on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of mixed N‐heterocylic carbene (NHC) palladium complexes bearing C^N bidentate ligands derived from benzylamine, phenethylamine, and biphenylamine were prepared and fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, ESI‐MS spectrometry, and X‐ray diffraction analyses. The complexes were potent in inhibiting proliferation of HepG2 and Caco2 cancer cells, and a SAR (structure–activity relationship) study revealed C^N ligands with stronger electron donation and moderate steric hindrance are more cytotoxic. DNA binding study through UV–vis absorption titration indicated that such complexes bound stronger to CT‐DNA molecules with higher binding constants. Additional molecular docking of the best performer suggested a groove binding mode through hydrogen bonding and π‐π stacking interactions. The apoptosis induced by the two best performers of α,α‐dimethylbenzylamine and S‐α‐methylbenzylamine ligated complexes was further analyzed by morphology change, cell cycle distribution, ROS production, and mitochondrial membrane potential studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping of superfast ionic conductors like NASICON has been shown to boost ionic conductivity and the efficiency of lithium batteries. NASICON‐type yttrium and silicon‐doped lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP) solid electrolytes have been synthesized via the conventional solid‐state method at different sintering temperatures. Their intrinsic physical, chemical, and electrochemical properties are analyzed using x‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Yttrium and silicon co‐doped LATP (LAYTSP) powder sintered at 900°C exhibits homogeneous hexagonal morphology and better crystallinity than the pure LATP solid electrolyte synthesized by the same methodology. LAYSTP demonstrated a higher ionic conductivity of 5.98 × 10−6 S/cm at ambient conditions. Mixing 5%‐LiCl with LAYTSP‐900°C improved the ionic conductivity significantly up to 1.88 × 10−4 S/cm. Cell viability testing demonstrated that our cells exhibit long‐term stability and are suitable for applications requiring sustained high voltages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: Extensive studies are required to understand the behavior as well as prognosis of SS in the colorectal region. IHC staining is essential for the accurate diagnosis when a lesion is encountered at an unusual site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outlier detection is an important aspect of statistical process monitoring (SPM) because outliers affect the performance of control charts. SPM researchers study the negative impact of outliers on control charts for monitoring location parameters. However, there is little research on outlier detection in multivariate charts for monitoring process dispersion. This study aims to investigate the impact of outliers in multivariate control charts for monitoring covariance matrix of a process, and then to recommend techniques for detecting potential outliers present from Phase I samples. We propose a new multivariate dispersion chart that employs the determinant of logarithm of estimated covariance matrix as the monitoring statistic. Through Monte Carlo simulations, the results show how outliers from the first phase affect the overall performance of multivariate charts. The results also demonstrate that the minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) estimator is effective in reducing the effect of outliers on the proposed control scheme than the other compared estimators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the material of choice for photocatalytic and electrochemical applications owing to its outstanding physicochemical properties. However, its wide bandgap and relatively low conductivity limit its practical application. Modifying TiO2 with carbon species is a promising route to overcome these intrinsic complexities. In this work, we propose a facile method to modify TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) based on the remnant organic electrolyte retained inside the nanotubes after the anodization process, that is, without removing it by immersion in ethanol. Carbon‐modified TiO2 NTs (C‐TiO2 NTs) showed enhanced H2 evolution in photocatalysis under UV illumination in aqueous solutions. When the C‐TiO2 NTs were subjected to UV light illumination, the carbon underwent modification, resulting in higher measured photocurrents in the tube layers. After UV illumination, the IPCE of the C‐TiO2 NTs was 4.4‐fold higher than that of the carbon‐free TiO2 NTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our pursuit of designing potent bioactive compounds, we synthesized six novel tellurium (IV) complexes through the condensation of 5‐methyl‐2‐thiophene carboxaldehyde and p‐nitroaniline. These compounds underwent rigorous investigation using various analytical techniques (TGA, SEM, EDAX, and powder XRD) and spectral analyses (NMR, mass spectrometry, UV–Vis, and FTIR). Spectroscopic analysis suggested an octahedral geometry for the complexes, revealing chelation through the thiophene sulfur and azomethine nitrogen atoms. Thermal analysis indicated a three‐step degradation process, ultimately leaving behind metal oxide as the end product. We conducted in‐vitro antimicrobial screening using the broth micro‐dilution method, highlighting the significant antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of complexes 3c and 3d, as well as the potent antimicrobial activity of 3b and 3f against various bacterial strains, including Candida albicans. To further substantiate our findings, we performed advanced computational analyses, including molecular docking, pharmacophore modeling, DFT, MESP, and ADMET studies. Molecular docking validated our antimicrobial results, whereas pharmacophore models enhanced our understanding of molecular interactions with proteins, potentially identifying novel bioactive compounds. Furthermore, DFT and MESP investigations underscored the superior biological efficacy of tellurium (IV) complexes over thiophene‐derived ligands, emphasizing their potential as therapeutic agents. ADMET analysis revealed their favorable profile as precursors for drug development with minimal adverse effects. In summary, our research seamlessly integrates experimental and theoretical aspects, offering innovative insights into drug design and potential applications in pharmaceuticals. This study represents a significant milestone, paving the way for future advancements in the field of pharmaceutical science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on morphological and molecular data, Bonomyces pakistanensis is described as a new species found in coniferous forests of Pakistan. Several collections of Bonomyces were made during mycological field trips conducted in different coniferous forests in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Detailed macro‐ and micro‐morphological descriptions and phylogenetic analyses of ITS and LSU sequence data support B. pakistanensis as a new species of Bonomyces. It has a small‐sized basidiome, orange to yellowish pileus covered with fine to coarse fibrils, or minute squamules at earlier stage. Later on, the pileus becomes smooth. The stipe is pale white with longitudinal fibrils. An illustrated description, molecular data, and detailed comparison with related or similar species is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubber seeds, due to their rich vegetable oil content, emerge as a promising substrate for biofuel production. Harnessing the progressive catalytic hydrocracking methodology, this research delves into the activation of Sarulla‐derived natural zeolite followed by Ni and Ni–Mo metal impregnation, subsequently subjecting rubber seed oil to hydrocracking at 400, 450, and 500 °C under atmospheric pressure at 0.1 MPa. Zeolite characteristics undergo notable transformations postmetal impregnation. Importantly, at 500 °C, gasoline fraction selectivity exhibits superior efficacy, with the Ni/SNZ‐A catalyst demonstrating consistently high selectivity (>85%) across varied temperatures. Posthydrocracking reveals an amplification in n‐paraffin, aromatic, olefin, and methyl ester profiles to 19.6%, 7.3%, 25.7%, and 17.7%, respectively, contrasting the diminution of cycloparaffin, carboxylic acid, and ketones to 3.6%, 0.2%, and 2.5%, respectively. The aforementioned discoveries hold significant importance in the realm of further investigation into the generation of gasoline fractions through the utilization of natural zeolite catalysts and the incorporation of metals with lower mass, all conducted under atmospheric pressure conditions with the ultimate objective of mitigating production expenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure and the optical properties of the tridymite green color phosphor BaMgSiO4 :Eu are systematically examined. Due to the differing ion radii of Eu3+, Mg2+, Si4+, and the three different Ba 2+ sites in the crystal lattice, dopants can only replace the Ba2+ sites because the other sites are insufficiently large to hold the massive Eu3+. BaMgSiO4 is a promising candidate for inorganic photochromatic materials with excellent optical properties. It has attracted much attention in the world due to its applications in high‐density optical memory and light‐emitting diodes. Herein, the generalized gradient approximation and generalized gradient approximation plus Hubbard potential (GGA + U) are used to investigate the electronic structure and the entire optical properties of the parent and Eu‐doped BaMgSiO4, like dielectric function, refractive and extinction coefficients, the optical conductivity, reflectivity, and absorption spectra. It is found that the substitution of Eu ions reduces the energy bandgap of BaMgSiO4 and introduces the sub‐bands in between the valence and conduction bands. Findings show that the bandgap and optical characteristics of the BaMgSiO4 compound are described properly by the GGA + U method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fretting fatigue contributes significantly to the fatigue failure process in steel wire ropes at the wire‐to‐wire trellis contact region with partial slip conditions. In this respect, this work demonstrates a new damage‐based fretting fatigue model for the prediction of such a failure process. The model is based on Lemaitre's damage equations for quasi‐brittle material with a damageable micro‐inclusion embedded in an elastic meso‐element. It incorporates the cyclic degradation of the elastic modulus of the drawn steel wire material. The fatigue life model acknowledges the mean stress effect. The constitutive and damage equations are formulated into user material (UMAT) subroutine for integration with Abaqus finite element analysis code. The localized fretting fatigue damage mechanism is simulated with an isolated two‐wire model. The effect of the contact condition with the coefficient of friction of 0.2 and 0.8 on the contact mechanics of the drawn wires is considered. The fretting fatigue mechanism map is established for each simulation case. The simulated results of N0 (no of cycles to initiate damage) and damage variable, D, confirm the fretting fatigue condition as the damage occurs in the slip region of the contact area for both the frictional conditions. The results were found in agreement with the previously establish Ruiz fretting parameter. This study will provide a base for the onward reliability assessment of steel wire ropes. Highlights: A damage‐based Lemaitre two‐scale model has been modified for the fretting fatigue mechanism in the steel wire ropes.A unified curve of residual elastic modulus has been established through interrupted fatigue tests for different load ratios.A UMAT Subroutine is developed using ABAQUS software. The response of the damage model has been investigated using different parameters like Damage D, Residual Elastic Modulus E(N), Number of cycles to initiate damage N0, and von Mises stress at the contact region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the prevalence of group B Streptococcus (GBS) carriage among parturient women and neonates, and the relative risk of vertical transmission, the relative risk of early and late‐onset GBS and the pooled incidence of early‐late‐onset GBS infection. Methods: A systematic search of relevant cohort studies from three electronic databases to identify all relevant studies published up to 7 November 2022. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Estimates were pooled using random‐effects meta‐analyses. Results: A total of 54 articles with 355 787 matched pairs of parturient women and neonates from 30 countries were included in the analysis. The pooled prevalence of GBS colonisation was 17.1% among the pregnant women and 1.0% among neonates. The pooled prevalence of vertical transmission of GBS was 4.5% and the pooled relative risk of GBS colonisation of neonates born to mothers with GBS was 9.9. Conclusion: We support the implementation of targeted intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for all women who are positive for GBS as well as women with risks factors for early onset GBS in their infants regardless of their GBS colonisation status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boosting plant immunity by priming agents can lower agrochemical dependency in plant production. Levan and levan‐derived oligosaccharides (LOS) act as priming agents against biotic stress in several crops. Additionally, beneficial microbes can promote plant growth and protect against fungal diseases. This study assessed possible synergistic effects caused by levan, LOS and five levan‐ and LOS‐metabolizing Bacillaceae (Bacillus and Priestia) strains in tomato and wheat. Leaf and seed defense priming assays were conducted in non‐soil (semi‐sterile substrate) and soil‐based systems, focusing on tomato‐Botrytis cinerea and wheat‐Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT) pathosystems. In the non‐soil system, seed defense priming with levan, the strains (especially Bacillus velezensis GA1), or their combination significantly promoted tomato growth and protection against B. cinerea. While no growth stimulatory effects were observed for wheat, disease protective effects were also observed in the wheat‐MoT pathosystem. When grown in soil and subjected to leaf defense priming, tomato plants co‐applied with levan and the bacterial strains showed increased resistance to B. cinerea compared with plants treated with levan or single strains, and these effects were synergistic in some cases. For seed defense priming in soil, more synergistic effects on disease tolerance were observed in a non‐fertilized soil as compared to a fertilized soil, suggesting that potential prebiotic effects of levan are more prominent in poor soils. The potential of using combinations of Bacilliaceae and levan in sustainable agriculture is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To investigate high‐risk sociodemographic and environmental determinants of health (SEDH) potentially associated with adult obesity in counties in the United States using machine‐learning techniques. Materials and Methods: We performed a cross‐sectional analysis of county‐level adult obesity prevalence (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) in the United States using data from the Diabetes Surveillance System 2017. We harvested 49 county‐level SEDH factors that were used in a classification and regression trees (CART) model to identify county‐level clusters. The CART model was validated using a 'hold‐out' set of counties and variable importance was evaluated using Random Forest. Results: Overall, we analysed 2752 counties in the United States, identifying a national median (interquartile range) obesity prevalence of 34.1% (30.2%, 37.7%). The CART method identified 11 clusters with a 60.8% relative increase in prevalence across the spectrum. Additionally, seven key SEDH variables were identified by CART to guide the categorization of clusters, including Physically Inactive (%), Diabetes (%), Severe Housing Problems (%), Food Insecurity (%), Uninsured (%), Population over 65 years (%) and Non‐Hispanic Black (%). Conclusion: There is significant county‐level geographical variation in obesity prevalence in the United States, which can in part be explained by complex SEDH factors. The use of machine‐learning techniques to analyse these factors can provide valuable insights into the importance of these upstream determinants of obesity and, therefore, aid in the development of geo‐specific strategic interventions and optimize resource allocation to help battle the obesity pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MBTPS1 (NM_003791.4) encodes Site‐1 protease, a serine protease that functions sequentially with Site‐2 protease regulating cholesterol homeostasis and endoplasmic reticulum stress response. MBTPS1 pathogenic variants are associated with spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, Kondo‐Fu type (MIM:618392; cataract, alopecia, oral mucosal disorder, and psoriasis‐like syndrome, and Silver–Russell‐like syndrome). In this report, we describe a 14‐year‐old female with a complex medical history including white matter volume loss, early‐onset cataracts, retrognathia, laryngomalacia, inguinal hernia, joint hypermobility, feeding dysfunction, and speech delay. Additionally, features of ectodermal dysplasia that she has include decreased sweating, heat intolerance, dysplastic nails, chronically dry skin, and abnormal hair growth issues. Exome sequencing analysis identified compound heterozygous variants in the MBTPS1 gene: c.2255G > T p.(Gly752Val) predicted to affect important function of the protein, which was inherited from the mother, and a splice site variant c.2831 + 5G > T, which was inherited from the father. The RNA‐seq analysis of the splice variant showed skipping of exon 21, predicted to result in frameshifting p.(Ser901fs28*) leading to non‐sense mediated decay. To our knowledge, only eight studies have been published that described the MBPTS1‐related disorders. Interestingly, we observed the features of ectodermal dysplasia in our patient that further expands the phenotypic spectrum of MBTPS1 gene‐related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Angelman syndrome (AS, MIM #105830) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe intellectual disability, profound developmental delay, movement or balance problems, an excessively cheerful disposition, and seizures. AS results from inadequate expression of the maternal UBE3A gene (MIM #601623), which encodes an E3 ligase in the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway. Here we present the case of two sisters with features consistent with AS who had negative methylation analyses. An autism/intellectual disability expanded panel revealed a maternally inherited novel UBE3A (NM_001354506.2) variant c.2443C>T p.(Pro815Ser) in both patients that was initially classified as a variant of uncertain significance. The patients were enrolled in Indiana University's Undiagnosed Rare Disease Clinic (URDC) to further investigate the variant. Additional data, including deep phenotyping, familial segregation analysis, and in silico studies, suggest that the variant is likely pathogenic. 3D modeling studies based on the available crystal structure revealed that the Pro815Ser variant can introduce more flexibility into the protein and alter its enzymatic activity. Recent literature confirms the pathogenic nature of the variant. Reanalysis of the UBE3A variant has heightened existing knowledge of AS and has offered this family an end to their diagnostic odyssey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: COVID‐19 morbidity and mortality varied globally through the pandemic. We studied the relationship of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern (VOC) with COVID‐19 severity and mortality among hospitalized patients in Pakistan. Methods: A retrospective review of clinical, laboratory, and vaccination data of 197 COVID‐19 adult patients at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi between April 2021, and February 2022 was performed. SARS‐CoV‐2 VOC identified in respiratory samples were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with COVID‐19 outcomes. Results: The median age of cases was 55 years and 51.8% were males. Twenty‐four percent of females were pregnant. Of COVID‐19 cases, 48.2% had nonsevere disease, while 52.8% had severe/critical disease. Hypertension (48%) and diabetes mellitus (41%) were common comorbids. SARS‐CoV‐2 VOC identified comprised; Omicron (55.3%), Beta (14.7%), Alpha (13.7%), Delta (12.7%), and Gamma (3.6%) variants. Most (59.7%) study subjects were unvaccinated. Of vaccines, 88% had received inactivated virus COVID‐19 vaccines. Increased risk of severe disease was associated with age ≥50 years (odds ratio [OR]: 5.73; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [2.45–13.7]), as well as with diabetes mellitus (OR: 4.24; 95% CI: [1.82–9.85]). Full vaccination (OR: 0.25; 95% CI: [0.11–0.58]) or infection with Omicron (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: [0.23–0.74]) was associated with reduced disease severity. The risk of mortality increased with age ≥50 years (OR: 5.07; 95% CI: [1.92–13.42]) and a history of myocardial infarction (OR: 5.11; 95% CI: [1.45–17.93]) whilst, infection with Omicron was found to reduce the risk (OR: 0.22; 95% CI: [0.10–0.53]). Conclusion: Our study describes the relationship between the severity of COVID‐19, in‐hospital mortality in relation to SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, and the impact of COVID‐19 vaccination in Pakistan. Outcomes were more favorable in younger individuals, after vaccinations and with Omicron variant infections. Most cases received inactivated virus vaccines therefore these data highlight the protection provided against severe COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrazinamide, an antituberculosis but documented toxic drug, is subjected to computational investigation along with the metal complexes via a DFT approach to predict the structure-activity and structure-toxicity relationship. 6-31G(d,p) basis set was used for Zn, Ni, Mn, Fe, and Co, while the SDD basis set was applied to Cu, Cr, Cd, and Hg. Several reactivity parameters and charge distribution were calculated and the reactivity profile was estimated. The complexes were found to be soft and polarizable which could be responsible for their binding with bacterial targets to inhibit their growth. In contrast, pyrazinamide which is found to be hard among all is susceptible to being toxic. Moreover, the electronegative nature of the complexes can endow them with a better antibacterial effect. Since metal complexes have been found to be less toxic and more biologically interactive by computational methods, they can be employed as potent drugs for the cure of tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trend toward global software development (GSD) has grown tremendously in recent years because of the rapid acceleration in information and communication technologies (ICTs). The reason for the changing trend toward GSD is to develop high‐quality software with minimum cost and time with round the clock. Despite the benefits gained from GSD, there are certain challenges associated with it. Literature reveals that software integration is an integral challenge in the GSD domain and vendors face numerous difficulties in integrating the software components to build the final product. The main aim of this research study is to develop a software integration model (SIM) that will assist GSD vendors to address the factors linked with various stages of software integration. This model is basically designed for GSD vendor organizations to assess and improve their software integration‐related activities. However, it is also beneficial for GSD client organizations in getting knowledge about the status of the GSD vendor organization's software integration capabilities. The research design is composed of well‐known research strategies including systematic literature review (SLR), questionnaire survey, and case study approach. This research study yielded the SIM. We identified nine critical success factors (CSFs) and 10 critical barriers (CBs) in software integration through SLR‐1 by extracting the data from a sample of 105 papers. Similarly, we also identified a total of 132 practices/solutions, for the identified CSFs and CBs in software integration, through SLR‐2 from a sample of 40 papers. These identified factors and practices were validated from 96 global software industry experts/practitioners through online survey. The identified CSFs, CBs, and their associated practices have been arranged adequately across the six software integration levels of SIM. We have adapted SIM structure from capability maturity model integration (CMMI), implementation maturity model (IMM), and software outsourcing vendors readiness model (SOVRM). We also conducted six case studies in the software industry for SIM applicability and validity. The participants' feedback from the six case studies in GSD vendor's organizations portray that the SIM is beneficial for GSD vendors to assess their software integration capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]