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SUMMARY A series of 330 consecutive specimens of urine is reported and the frequency of isolation of the various infecting organisms is recorded. One-third of all infected urines received were regarded as growing contaminants rather than true pathogens. A larger series of Gram-negative organisms isolated from urine is also analysed. Esch. coll was found to be the most frequent urinary pathogen isolated. The incidence of organisms described as atypical coliforms is discussed and Esch. freundii was found in 12-8 per cent, of infections. The incidence of K. aerogenes infection was only 2 per cent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report on the case of a frustrated 90-year-old gentleman who was seen in the Accident and Emergency department for the third time in four days with failure of his long-term urethral catheter. He reported that the catheter simply "fell out" with the balloon deflated. On each occasion previously, the catheter had been reinserted in A&E and the patient discharged home. These repeated visits to A&E were understandably a source of much frustration for the patient and his family. On the third presentation, plain abdominal radiography demonstrated a large spiculated bladder calculus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the article concerning policy implications of mean time to cancer-specific death of apparently clinically localized prostate cancer. Policy implications for threshold ages in prostate-specific antigen and ablative therapy; Formulation of guidelines for the upper age limit for prostate cancer screening; Management and screening for localized prostate cancer.

A case study of a 34-year-old Caucasian man who was referred for bleeding from the external urinary meatus (EUM) is presented. The patient had also noticed a pea-sized lump at the EUM which was gradually increasing in size. A series of examination revealed a polypoid lesion at the EUM. The lesion was excised under general anaesthetic and cystourethroscopy showed no abnormality.

Focuses on the role of laparoscopy in the treatment of renal and ureteral calculi. Procedure of laparoscopy; Effectiveness of laparoscopy; Opinion of the patients on the use of laparoscopy.

Consideration of risk-reducing bilateral salpingectomy has been recommended instead of tubal occlusive procedures for female sterilisation due to the role of the Fallopian tubes in the aetiology of serous ovarian malignancies. This study identified barriers to performing salpingectomy for permanent contraception. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with Australian gynaecologists, and transcripts analysed qualitatively. Barriers to performing bilateral salpingectomy included: (a) patient factors (younger age and risk of regret); (b) operative complexity and complications (particularly risk of bleeding); (c) surgeon factors (lack of awareness of guidelines supporting salpingectomy; less comfort with laparoscopic surgery); and (d) practical system challenges (including cost and equipment availability)., (© 2021 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.)

Behavioural recovery is one of the primary goals of therapeutic intervention in animal models of disease. It is necessary, therefore, to have the means with which to quantify pertinent behavioural changes in experimental animals. Nevertheless, the number and diversity of behavioural measures which have been used to assess recovery after experimental interventions often makes it difficult to compare results between studies. The present review attempts to integrate and categorize the wide variety of behavioural assessments used to measure recovery in spinal-injured rats. These categories include endpoint measures, kinematic measures, kinetic measurements, and electrophysiological measurements. Within this categorization, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each type of measurement. Finally, we make some recommendations regarding the principles for a comprehensive behavioural analysis after experimental spinal cord injury in rats.

The red nucleus is a prominent brainstem nucleus in mammals which is thought to be involved in production of skilled limb movements. The presence of the red nucleus and associated rubrospinal tract in animals that do not produce skilled limb movements, however, suggests that these structures might also be involved in control of more general limb actions, such as those occurring during locomotion. The present study investigates this question by measuring the three-dimensional ground reaction forces produced by locomoting rats with unilateral excitotoxic lesions of the red nucleus. Twenty-four to 48 h after the lesion, rats moved with an asymmetric gait during which abnormal braking and propulsive forces were produced during the dual contact time of the forelimb contralateral to the lesion and the ipsilateral hindlimb. Rats did not recover normal symmetrical locomotion within the 55-day duration of the study. The persistent asymmetry produced by red nucleus ablation provides the first unequivocal demonstration that the red nucleus plays a role in ongoing overground locomotion in the rat. Species differences in phylogeny and connectivity of the red nucleus are discussed, as well as the possibility that there is a general compensatory response to unilateral CNS injury in the rat.

Identification of risk factors for Alzheimer's disease through the use of well designed case-control studies has been described as a research priority. Increasing recognition of the neurotoxic potential of many industrial chemicals such as organic solvents raises the question of the occupational and environmental contribution to the etiology of this high-priority health problem. The intention of this study was to develop and evaluate a methodology that could be used in a large scale case-control study of the occupational and environmental risk factors for dementia or a population-based surveillance system for neurotoxic disorders. The specific objectives of this study were to investigate: 1) the reliability of exposure-eliciting, interviewer-administered questionnaires given to patients with Alzheimer's disease (SDAT); 2) the reliability of exposure-eliciting interviewer-administered questionnaires given to the family of patients with SDAT and the agreement with the responses of the patient or surrogate respondents; 3) the reliability and agreement of responses of age- and sex-matched control patients and their families selected from geriatric care institutions and the community, with respect to the same exposure-eliciting and interviewer-administered questionnaire; and 4) the reliability of agent-based exposure ascertainment by a single, trained rater. The results of the study demonstrate that occupational and environmental histories from which exposure information can be derived is most reliably elicited from job descriptions of cases and control subjects rather than job titles alone or detailed probes for potential neurotoxic exposures. This will necessitate the use of standardized interviewer-administered instruments to derive this information in case-control studies of Alzheimer's disease or population-based surveillance systems for occupational and environmental neurotoxicity.