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Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is an aggressive and devastating cancer due to its metastasis induced by increased invasion. Lentinan is a polysaccharide exerting antitumor roles in multiple cancers, including lung cancer. However, the influence of lentinan on cell invasion in NSCLC remains unclear. Cell invasion was detected by transwell analysis. Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) levels were measured through immunofluorescence staining. The markers arginase‐1 (Arg‐1), CD206 and interleukin (IL)‐10 (IL‐10) of M2 macrophages, Wnt3a, and β‐catenin levels were measured by western blot or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Lentinan did not affect cell viability and proliferation in NSCLC cells. Lentinan suppressed cell invasion and reduced the expression and secretion of MMP9. Lentinan attenuated also M2 polarization of tumor‐associated macrophages. Moreover, lentinan mitigated the M2 macrophage conditioned medium‐mediated cell invasion and MMP9 alterations in NSCLC cells. Lentinan inhibited the activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in NSCLC cells. The activated Wnt/β‐catenin pathway reversed the suppressive effects of lentinan on cell invasion and MMP9 level in NSCLC cells. In conclusion, lentinan reduces cell invasion in NSCLC cells by inhibiting the M2 polarization of tumor‐associated macrophages and the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to compare clinical and survival differences between B‐cell (B‐NHL) and NKT‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NKT‐NHL) located in the nasal cavity (NC), nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses, which are always categorized as one sinonasal type. Study Design: Patients diagnosed with primary B‐NHL and NKT‐NHL in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were included (1975‐2017). Setting: Population‐based cohort study. Methods: We conducted univariate and multivariate Cox regressions and Kaplan‐Meier analysis to examine survival outcomes of B/NKT‐NHL in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, and paranasal sinuses, respectively. Results: Overall, most B‐NHL cases originated from the nasopharynx, while the majority of NKT‐NHL cases occurred in the nasal cavity. Notably, the cancer‐special survival (CSS) outcomes improved significantly in all sinonasal B‐NHL cases over time, whereas no such improvement trend was observed in each sinonasal NKT‐NHL type. Additionally, increasing age was linked with an elevated risk of death in B‐NHL, particularly in the nasal cavity (Hazard ratio [HR]: 3.37), rather than in NKT‐NHL. Compared with B‐NHL, the adverse effect of a higher stage on CSS was more evident in NKT‐NHL, particularly in its nasopharynx site (HR: 5.12). Furthermore, radiotherapy was beneficial for survival in patients with sinonasal B‐NHL and NKT‐NHL, except in the nasopharynx NKT‐NHL. However, chemotherapy has only been beneficial for CSS in patients with paranasal sinuses B‐NHL (HR: 0.42) since 2010, rather than in other types of B/NKT‐NHL. Conclusion: Although B‐NHL and NKT‐NHL in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx and paranasal sinuses have similar anatomical locations, their clinicodemographics and prognoses are largely different and should be treated and studied as distinct diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A universally acknowledged cancer staging system considering all aspects of the T‐, N‐, and M‐classifications for middle ear squamous cell carcinoma (MESCC) remains absent, limiting the clinical management of MESCC patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 214 MESCC patients were extracted from the SEER (the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database between 1973 and 2016. The relationships between patient's characteristics and prognoses were analyzed by Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression models. Novel staging schemes for MESCC were designed by adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) modeling method according to the combinations of Stell's T‐classification and the eighth AJCC N‐ and M‐classifications, of which performances were evaluated based on five criteria: hazard consistency, hazard discrimination, explained variation, likelihood difference, and balance. Results: T‐classification was the most significant prognostic factor for MESCC patients in multivariable analysis (p = 0.021). The N‐ and M‐classifications also had obvious prognostic effect but were not statistically significant by multivariate analysis due to the limited metastasis events. Three novel staging schemes (AHR‐Ⅰ–Ⅲ models, different combination of T‐ and N‐classifications) and ST (solely derived from Stell's T‐classification) were developed, among which the AHR‐Ⅰ staging scheme performed best. Conclusions: Tumor extension, quantified by Stell's T‐classification, is the most significant prognostic factor for MESCC patients. However, our AHR‐Ⅰ staging scheme, a comprehensive staging scheme that integrating T‐, N‐, and M‐classifications, might be an optimal option for clinical practitioners to predict MESCC patients' prognosis and make proper clinical decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]