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The article presents a list of books received by "Conservation Biology" during the period of August 2006 through August 2007 which are awaiting book reviews. The list includes "The Amenity Migrants. Seeking and Sustaining Mountains and Their Cultures," edited by L.A.G. Moss, "The Atlas of Climate Change. Mapping the World's Greatest Challenge," by K. Dow and T.E. Downing, "Bats in Forests. Conservation and Management," edited by M.J. Lacki, J.P Hayes, and A. Kurta, and "Birds of Europe, Russia, Chica, and Japan. Passerines: Tyrant Flycatchers to Buntings," by N. Arlott.

The article makes an experimental study of transference and resistance phenomena in psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. The general hypothesis is that transference and resistance phenomena through the course of psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy may be quantitatively identified. Furthermore, specific transference and resistance attributes for a particular patient may be quantitatively ascertained. These hypotheses are translated for testing purposes into an analysis of variance balanced block Q-design for one patient resulting in many sub-hypotheses.

Clinical practice guidelines are designed to assist clinical decision-making by summarising evidence and forming recommendations. The number of available guidelines is vast and they vary in relevance and quality. We reviewed guidelines relevant to the management of a patient with a fractured neck of femur and explored similarities and conflicts between recommendations. As guidelines are often produced in response to an area of clinical uncertainty, recommendations differ. This can result in a situation where the management of a particular clinical problem will depend upon which guideline is followed. We explore the reasons for such differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known how in his later years, Alfred Marshall became less enamored with equilibrium methods of reasoning in economics and advocated instead the study of [evolutionary] biology. Some have alleged that Marshall's change of heart is what led him to abandon the project of preparing the second volume of his Principles of Economics. In this paper I deny that it was Marshall's commitment to evolutionary biology that held back volume 2. Rather, it may have been his stubborn commitment to a particular variant of evolutionary biology (that is, Spencer's version of evolutionary biology) that blinded him to the way a more far reaching synthesis of Darwinian and equilibrium notions might have been accomplished. The application of the modern biological synthesis might have enriched some of Marshall's earlier equilibrium notions such as the “representative firm”. Résumé. Il est bien connu que, dans ses vieux jours, Alfred Marshall devint moins amouraché des méthodes de raisonnement de l'équilibre en économique et préconisait à la place 1'étude de la biologie (évolutionniste). Certains ont allégué que c'est ce changement de noyau qui a conduit Marshall à abandonner son projet de préparation d'un second volume de ses Principes. Cet article dénie que ce soit son engagement dans la biologie évolutionniste qui empêcha le volume 2. Il se pourrait bien plutôt que ce soit son engagement têtu dans une variante particulière de la biologie évolutionniste (c'est-à-dire, la version de Spencer) qui lui ait bouché la voie d'une synthèse de plus longue portée entre les notions de l'équilibre et de Darwin. L'application de la synthèse biologique moderne aurait pu enrichir certaines des notions de l'équilibre initial de Marshall telles que celle de “firme représentative”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces and summarizes the contents of the April 2007 issue. Topics include an analysis of economics as a profession and potential improvements. Economists express their dissatisfaction with the current state of their field. Another section speculates on the increasing occurrence collaboration in economic research papers. A comparison is made between markets where sellers and buyers have distinct roles and markets where people play both roles. Other topics include the linguistic aspects of economics, voter participation and turnout, impact of Congressional Black Caucus membership on U.S. Democratic house committee membership, public housing projects in Louisville, Kentucky and a study of duration in the New Orleans, Louisiana housing market.

MYB transcription factors have been linked to anthocyanin synthesis and various color phenotypes in plants. In apple, MYB10 confers a red‐flesh phenotype due to a minisatellite insertion in its R6 promoter, but R6:MYB10 genotypes exhibit various degrees of red pigmentation in the flesh, suggesting the involvement of other genetic factors. Here, it is shown that MdWRKY10, a transcription factor identified via DNA pull‐down trapping, binds to the promoter of MdMYB10 and activates its transcription. MdWRKY10 specifically interacts with the WDR protein MdTTG1 to join the apple MYB‐bHLH‐WDR (MBW) complex, which significantly enhances its transcriptional activation activity. A 163‐bp InDel detected in the promoter region of the alleles of MdWRKY10 in a hybrid population of identical heterozygous genotypes regarding R6 by structural variation analysis, contains a typical W‐box element that MdWRKY10 binds to for transactivation. This leads to increased transcript levels of MdWRKY10 and MdMYB10 and enhanced anthocyanin synthesis in the flesh, largely accounting for the various degrees of flesh red pigmentation in the R6 background. These findings reveal a novel regulatory role of the WRKY‐containing protein complex in the formation of red flesh apple phenotypes and provide broader insights into the molecular mechanism governing anthocyanin synthesis in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental factors mediating community change over time have been well documented for vascular plants, but not for their non‐vascular relatives, bryophytes. Elevation is one variable that has been explored regarding bryophyte community change wherein as elevation increases, bryophyte communities increase in diversity and abundance, whereas diversity and abundance decline for vascular plant communities. This begs the question, how might other environmental variables such as slope and aspect influence bryophyte communities, and how might these variables drive community changes over time? Our study focused on bryophyte communities in high elevation, spruce‐fir zones in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP), located in the Southeastern United States to answer this question. Plots established in 2007 were revisited and reinventoried in 2020. Comparisons were drawn to determine whether changes in bryophyte coverage corresponded to canopy cover change and environmental factors including elevation, slope, and aspect. Diversity and abundance at the two timepoints were analyzed. Alpha diversity and turnover across orders of q were compared for different elevation zones. Bryophyte alpha diversity at q = 0 significantly declined over time in association with elevation, but at q = 2, changes in alpha diversity varied according to changes in gap fraction, a measure of canopy cover, and slope. Bryophyte coverage remained stable except in the highest elevation zone dominated by fir trees where there was a decline in coverage predicted by aspect. There were high rates of turnover across all elevation zones regardless of Hill number. In contrast with other studies which examine how environmental variables mediate community changes at q = 0, the species richness of a community, our study shows that the environmental drivers of bryophyte community change vary depending on how abundance is weighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Florida pompano, Trachinotus carolinus, is an ideal species for commercial aquaculture because of its rapid growth, tolerance to a range of environmental parameters, and high demand in the seafood market. This study detailed embryonic and early larval development of this species. Florida pompano followed similar developmental sequences to those observed in other marine teleosts, and embryos hatched between 22 and 28 h post‐fertilization. Significant brain lobe differentiation occurred prior to hatching. Pectoral fins were functional within 1‐day post‐hatch (dph). Substantial eye development occurred within 3 dph, indicating visual acuity prior to the onset of exogenous live feeding. Intestinal segments were differentiated by 3 dph, and rotifers were seen in the digestive tract by 4 dph. Digestive functions were limited through the first 7 dph because of the absence of functional gastric glands and gastric mucous cells in the rudimentary stomach, lipid vacuoles in the anterior intestines, and the persistence of acidophilic supranuclear vesicles in the posterior intestines. Within 7 dph, the pharyngeal arches differentiated, and hematopoietic tissue and mesonephric tubules were visible in the larval kidney. Their rapid larval development and organogenesis are additional factors that make Florida pompano an ideal species for aquaculture production and should encourage continued efforts toward commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit ripening is associated with the degreening process (loss of chlorophyll) that occurs in most fruit species. Kiwifruit is one of the special species whose fruits may maintain green flesh by accumulating a large amount of chlorophyll even after ripening. However, little is known about the genetic variations related to the fruit degreening process. Here, a graph‐based kiwifruit pangenome by analyzing 14 chromosome‐scale haplotype‐resolved genome assemblies from seven representative cultivars or lines in Actinidia chinensis is built. A total of 49,770 non‐redundant gene families are identified, with core genes constituting 46.6%, and dispensable genes constituting 53.4%. A total of 84,591 non‐redundant structural variations (SVs) are identified. The pangenome graph integrating both reference genome sequences and variant information facilitates the identification of SVs related to fruit color. The SV in the promoter of the AcBCM gene determines its high expression in the late developmental stage of fruits, which causes chlorophyll accumulation in the green‐flesh fruits by post‐translationally regulating AcSGR2, a key enzyme of chlorophyll catabolism. Taken together, a high‐quality pangenome is constructed, unraveled numerous genetic variations, and identified a novel SV mediating fruit coloration and fruit quality, providing valuable information for further investigating genome evolution and domestication, QTL genes function, and genomics‐assisted breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on psychoanalytic science. In the original 1958 study, the author developed transference and resistance scales using Q-sort methodology. Quantitative ratings of transference and resistance were made of four sessions from one patient's analysis. Ratings were compared with clinical impressions gleaned from the history. The general hypothesis was that transference and resistance phenomena may be identified quantitatively. Furthermore, specific transference and resistance attributes for a particular patient may be ascertained quantitatively.

The article focuses on the validity of interpretative sign of aggression in the drawing of the human figure. The effects of experimentally induced feelings of aggression interpolated between two figure drawing presentations were studied in terms of four variables: line pressure, figure size, a group of seven specific drawing details, and overall subjective judgments of aggression. Of these four variables hypothesized to be related to aggression, only the seven specific drawing details, as a group, did in fact relate to aggression. A rationale for these results was proposed as a dichotomy, graphomotor versus symbolic expression of aggression.

The article discusses the evaluation of fundamental education. It presents a definition of fundamental education and outlines some of its characteristics. It cites problems that arise in fundamental education which may be usefully evaluated. It illustrates the method of evaluating fundamental education work.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is now considered a global epidemic. Chronic diabetes conditions include type 1 and type 2 diabetes, both of which are normally irreversible. As a result of long‐term uncontrolled high levels of glucose, diabetes can progress to hyperglycaemic pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy, among many other complications. The complete mechanism underlying diabetes remains unclear due to its complexity. In this scenario, zebrafish (Danio rerio) have arisen as a versatile and promising animal model due to their good reproducibility, simplicity, and time‐ and cost‐effectiveness. The Zebrafish model allows us to make progress in the investigation and comprehension of the root cause of diabetes, which in turn would aid in the development of pharmacological and surgical approaches for its management. The current review provides valuable reference information on zebrafish models, from the first zebrafish diabetes models using genetic, disease induction and chemical approaches, to the newest ones that further allow for drug screening and testing. This review aims to update our knowledge related to diabetes mellitus by gathering the most authoritative studies on zebrafish as a chemical, dietary and insulin induction, and genetic model for diabetes research. What is the topic of this review?Zebrafish as a versatile and superior animal model for mechanistic and therapeutic studies of diabetes and hyperglycaemic pathologies.What advances does it highlight?Zebrafish offer numerous advantages, including a sequenced genome, ease of genetic manipulation, high fecundity, external fertilization, short life cycle and transparent embryos. Zebrafish genetic‐, chemical‐ and diet‐induced hyperglycaemic models have made it possible to advance the understanding of diabetes, diabetic pathology mechanisms and anti‐diabetic drug screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human dermal fibroblasts secrete diverse proteins that regulate wound repair and tissue regeneration. Methods: In this study, dermal fibroblast‐conditioned medium (DFCM) proteins potentially regulating nerve restoration were bioinformatically selected among the 337 protein lists identified by quantitative liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Using these proteins, protein–protein interaction network analysis was conducted. In addition, the roles of DFCM proteins were reviewed according to their protein classifications. Results: Gene Ontology protein classification categorized these 57 DFCM proteins into various classes, including protein‐binding activity modulator (N = 11), cytoskeletal protein (N = 8), extracellular matrix protein (N = 6), metabolite interconversion enzyme (N = 5), chaperone (N = 4), scaffold/adapter protein (N = 4), calcium‐binding protein (N = 3), cell adhesion molecule (N = 2), intercellular signal molecule (N = 2), protein modifying enzyme (N = 2), transfer/carrier protein (N = 2), membrane traffic protein (N = 1), translational protein (N = 1), and unclassified proteins (N = 6). Further protein–protein interaction network analysis of 57 proteins revealed significant interactions among the proteins that varied according to the settings of confidence score. Conclusions: Our bioinformatic analysis demonstrated that DFCM contains many secretory proteins that form significant protein–protein interaction networks crucial for regulating nerve restoration. These findings underscore DFCM proteins' critical roles in various nerve restoration stages during the wound repair process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a rapid increase in pediatric mortality rate from prescription and illicit opioids, there is limited research on the dose‐dependent impact of opioids on respiratory depression in children, the leading cause of opioid‐associated death. In this article, we extend a previously developed translational model to cover pediatric populations by incorporating age‐dependent pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and physiological changes compared to adults. Our model reproduced previous perioperative clinical findings that adults and children have similar risk of respiratory depression at the same plasma fentanyl concentration when specific endpoints (minute ventilation, CO2 tension in the blood) were used. However, our model points to a potential caveat that, in a perioperative setting, routine use of mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen maintained the blood and tissue oxygen partial pressures in patients and prevented the use of oxygen‐related endpoints to evaluate the consequences of respiratory depression. In a community setting when such oxygenation procedures are not immediately available, our model suggests that the higher oxygen demand and reduced cerebrovascular reactivity could make children more susceptible to severe hypoxemia and brain hypoxia, even with the same plasma fentanyl concentration as adults. Our work indicates that when developing intervention strategies to protect children from opioid overdose in a community setting, these pediatric‐specific factors may need to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromosome instability (CIN) is a common contributor driving the formation and progression of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), but its mechanism remains unclear. The BUB1 mitotic checkpoint serine/threonine kinase (BUB1) is responsible for the alignment of mitotic chromosomes, which has not been thoroughly studied in ATC. Our research demonstrated that BUB1 was remarkably upregulated and closely related to worse progression‐free survival. Knockdown of BUB1 attenuated cell viability, invasion, migration and induced cell cycle arrests, whereas overexpression of BUB1 promoted the cell cycle progression of papillary thyroid cancer cells. BUB1 knockdown remarkably repressed tumour growth and tumour formation of nude mice with ATC xenografts and suppressed tumour metastasis in a zebrafish xenograft model. Inhibition of BUB1 by its inhibitor BAY‐1816032 also exhibited considerable anti‐tumour activity. Further studies showed that enforced expression of BUB1 evoked CIN in ATC cells. BUB1 induced CIN through phosphorylation of KIF14 at serine1292 (Ser1292). Overexpression of the KIF14ΔSer1292 mutant was unable to facilitate the aggressiveness of ATC cells when compared with that of the wild type. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the BUB1/KIF14 complex drives the aggressiveness of ATC by inducing CIN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Issues regarding the use of composite preheating need to be investigated so that the clinician will better understand the variables associated with this method., Purpose: To examine the multiple aspects of use of a commercial composite preheating device (Calset, AdDent Inc., Danbury, CT, USA)., Materials and Methods: Temperature values of three heating units and composite compules were obtained using a K-type thermocouple and were recorded digitally in real time. The following parameters were measured: maximum heater and composite temperature and its stability upon storage, composite temperature change when removed from the heater and injected, the effect of delivery system on ejected composite temperature, and the effect of repeated and extended preheating on composite monomer conversion (using infrared spectroscopy). Monomer conversion was measured after repeated composite cycling (from room temperature [RT] to 60 degrees C, 10x) or extended preheating (24 hours at 60 degrees C), and values were compared with composite maintained at RT (control group). Among test parameters, data (N=5 for each parameter) were analyzed using Student's t-test, analysis of variance, and the Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test where appropriate (alpha=0.05)., Results/conclusions: Two of the three tested units achieved the stated preset temperatures. Composite attained temperature values close to the heating unit. Composite temperature drop upon removal from the heater was dramatic: within 2 minutes a 50% temperature drop was noted. Heating the compule while preloaded in the syringe provided higher delivery temperatures than heating the compule separately (p < 0.00). Optimum results were achieved when preheated composite was dispensed and used as quickly as possible. Neither repeated nor extended preheating of composite significantly affected monomer conversion., Clinical Significance: Preheating composite has potential benefits, but should be used with knowledge of its limitations. Reheating of unused composite does not affect its degree of conversion, thus decreasing material waste. Heating of the composite preloaded in the delivery syringe enhances the temperature of extruded composite.

The article presents information on the overt-covert anxiety index and hostility. To evaluate the contribution of this overt-covert anxiety index for hypotheses testing, the relationship between anxiety and hostility was measured by the Cattell scale. The theory is advanced that covert anxiety is related to diminished expression of physical hostile expression. Psychoanalytic theory provides the intervening variable linking anxiety and hostility: the control function of the ego. When ego control fails, anxiety becomes overt and direct expression of physical hostility a likely accompaniment.

Infants' use of pointing gestures to direct and share attention develops during the first 2 years of life. Shyness, defined as an approach-avoidance motivational conflict during social interactions, may influence infants' use of pointing. Recent research distinguished between positive (gaze and/or head aversions while smiling) and non-positive (gaze and/or head aversions without smiling) shyness, which are related to different social and cognitive skills. We investigated whether positive and non-positive shyness in 12-month-old (n = 38; 15 girls) and 15-month-old (n = 45; 15 girls) infants were associated with their production of pointing gestures. Infants' expressions of shyness were observed during a social-exposure task in which the infant entered the laboratory room in their parent's arms and was welcomed by an unfamiliar person who provided attention and compliments. Infants' pointing was measured with a pointing task involving three stimuli: pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral. Positive shyness was positively associated with overall pointing at 15 months, especially in combination with high levels of non-positive shyness. In addition, infants who displayed more non-positive shyness pointed more frequently to direct the attention of the social partner to an unpleasant (vs. neutral) stimulus at both ages. Results indicate that shyness influences the early use of pointing to emotionally charged stimuli., (© 2024 The Author(s). Infancy published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Congress of Infant Studies.)

Objective: To describe a shift from injectable resin composite technique to composite resin computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) veneers in addressing esthetic concerns associated with diastemas between anterior lower teeth in a clinical case., Clinical Considerations: Among several techniques proposed for direct resin composite restoration, the "Injectable resin composite technique" has gained popularity for its time-efficiency, reduced technique sensitivity, and diminished reliance on clinician skills. However, challenges such as staining and the need for frequent polishing follow-ups may prompt the consideration of more stable alternatives such as indirect veneer restorations. While ceramic veneers offer superior mechanical and optical properties, resin ceramic veneers, especially those milled from CAD/CAM resin ceramic blocks, offer advantages such as rapid, cost-effective production, simplified intra-oral repairs, less susceptibility to fracture, superior stress absorption, and requires minimal tooth preparation, making them an appealing option for many patients. Moreover, a fully-digital approach not only streamlines the process but also saves time and labor while ensuring the delivery of high-quality restorations to patients., Conclusion: In addressing a patient's dissatisfaction with constant polishing of direct resin composite restorations, a shift to resin composite CAD/CAM veneers was implemented. Utilizing a fully-digital approach with CAD/CAM resin ceramic restorations successfully restored both esthetics and function., Clinical Significance: While the injectable resin composite technique achieves immediate esthetic results, its low color stability necessitates frequent polishing sessions. The replacement of direct resin composite restorations with CAD/CAM resin composite veneers becomes a viable option for patients seeking more stable restorations that require fewer follow-ups. This transition addresses both esthetic concerns and the need for enduring solutions in restorative dentistry., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Managing postoperative pain while minimizing opioid-related adverse drug events (ORADEs) remains a significant challenge. The OPI•AID Zone Tool is proposed as a novel clinical decision support tool that - both graphically and in a scoring-system - represents the relationship between pain management and the occurrence of ORADEs, aiming to enhance patient outcomes in postoperative care. The OPI•AID Zone Tool places pain score on the x-axis and an ORADE score on the y-axis, and stratifies patients into five zones to reflect the composite impact of pain severity and ORADEs on the quality of postoperative patient care. The study will have two key aims: (1) to explore whether the OPI•AID Zone Tool can function as a composite outcome measure for postoperative pain and ORADEs, and (2) to evaluate the use of the OPI•AID Zone Tool in visual presentations and for evaluation of patients' postoperative pain management quality., Methods: This prospective observational cohort study will include 200 adults undergoing various surgical procedures in general anesthesia with a subsequent stay in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) at Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark. Substudy 1 primary outcome: To assess whether a zone score in the OPI•AID Zone Tool is associated with patient-perceived health (EQ VAS), quality of recovery (QoR-PACU), and time to discharge readiness in PACU, and if the zone score has a stronger association than pain and ORADE score in themselves. Substudy 2 primary outcome: To assess how the use of intraoperative non-opioid analgesics impact where patients are placed in the OPI•AID Zone Tool's XY scatterplot right after surgery. To assess if patients who receive more comprehensive non-opioid analgesic basic regimens, generally fall into lower zones., Conclusion: The OPI•AID Zone Tool could potentially be a valuable clinical decision-making tool for optimizing postoperative care by simultaneously addressing pain management and the risk of ORADEs. By computing a composite measure of these two critical outcomes, the tool could guide more nuanced and patient-centered analgesic regimens, potentially improving patient satisfaction and operational efficiency in postoperative settings. The tool's applicability will be explored in this observational pilot and followed up in a planned series of studies (opiaid.dk)., (© 2024 Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation.)

Aims: Cerebral hypometabolism occurs years prior to a diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and coincides with reduced cerebral perfusion and declining noradrenergic transmission from the locus coeruleus. In pre-clinical models, β-adrenoceptor (β-AR) agonists increase cerebrocortical glucose metabolism, and may have therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases. This study investigated the safety and effects on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of the oral, brain-penetrant β 2 -AR agonist, clenbuterol, in healthy volunteers (HV) and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Parkinson's disease (PD)., Methods: This study evaluated the safety and effects on cerebral activity of the oral, brain-penetrant, β 2 -AR agonist clenbuterol (20-160 μg) in healthy volunteers and patients with MCI or PD. Regional CBF, which is tightly coupled to glucose metabolism, was measured by arterial spin labelling MRI in 32 subjects (25 HV and 8 MCI or PD) across five cohorts. In some cohorts, low doses of nadolol (1-5 mg), a β-AR antagonist with minimal brain penetration, were administered with clenbuterol to control peripheral β 2 -AR responses., Results: Significant, dose-dependent increases in rCBF were seen in multiple brain regions, including hippocampus, amygdala and thalamus, following the administration of clenbuterol to HVs (mean changes from baseline in hippocampal rCBF of -1.7%, 7.3%, 22.9%, 28.4% 3 h after 20, 40, 80 and 160 μg clenbuterol, respectively). In patients with MCI or PD, increases in rCBF following 80 μg clenbuterol were observed both without and with 5 mg nadolol (in hippocampus, 18.6%/13.7% without/with nadolol). Clenbuterol was safe and well-tolerated in all subjects; known side effects of β 2 -agonists, including increased heart rate and tremor, were mild in intensity and were blocked by low-dose nadolol., Conclusions: The effects of clenbuterol on rCBF were evident both in the absence and presence of low-dose nadolol, suggesting central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Concomitant inhibition of the peripheral effects of clenbuterol by nadolol confirms that meaningful β 2 -AR antagonism in the periphery was achieved without interrupting the central effects of clenbuterol on rCBF., (© 2024 British Pharmacological Society.)

Objective: The majority of patients hospitalized for treatment of a manic episode are readmitted within 2 years despite maintenance treatment. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been associated with lower rehospitalization rates in some psychiatric conditions, but its association with readmission after a manic episode has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether the time to readmission in patients with mania treated with ECT was longer than in patients not treated with ECT and whether there were subgroups of patients that benefited more., Methods: This was a nationwide register-based, observational study. All patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder, manic episode, admitted to any hospital in Sweden between 2012 and 2021 were included. Patients contributed data to the study for every admission. All admissions were followed up until psychiatric readmission, death, or the end of the study (December 31, 2021). Association between ECT and time to readmission was analyzed. A paired samples model was performed for 377 patients with at least two admissions for mania, treated with ECT at one admission and without ECT at the other admission. Times to readmission were analyzed., Results: A total of 12,337 admissions were included; mean (SD) age 47.7 (17.2), 5443 (44.1%) men. Readmission rate within 1 year was 54.6%. ECT was administered in 902 (7.3%) admissions. Within 30 days after admission, 182 out of 894 (20.4%) patients treated with ECT versus 2105 out of 11,305 (18.6%) patients treated without ECT were readmitted. There was no association between ECT and time to readmission (aHR 1.00, 95% CI 0.86-1.16, p = 0.992) in the model with all admissions. The paired samples model included 754 admissions (377 patients), mean (SD) age during admission without ECT was 45.6 (16.5), and with ECT 46.6 (16.4), 147 (39.0%) were men. In that model, readmission rate within 30 days for treatment with ECT was 19.0%, and for treatments without ECT, 24.1% (aHR 0.75, 95% CI 0.55-1.02, p = 0.067)., Conclusion: Readmission rates after inpatient treatment of mania were high. ECT was not significantly associated with longer time to readmission, but there was a trend toward a protective effect of ECT when admissions with and without ECT were compared within the same patients., (© 2024 The Authors. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and brain health impairments. However, the molecular mechanisms linking CRF to health in children are poorly understood. We aimed to examine protein levels related to brain health and CVD in plasma of fit compared to unfit children with overweight/obesity (OW/OB). Eighty-seven children with OW/OB (10.08 ± 1.1 years, 59% boys) from the ActiveBrains project were included. CRF was measured by performing a treadmill test, and children were categorized into fit or unfit. Targeted proteomics in plasma was performed using Olink's proximity extension assay technology of Neurology panel in the whole sample and of Cardiovascular panel in a subsample. Sixteen proteins (PLXNB3, sFRP3, CLEC1B, RSPO1, Gal8, CLEC10A, GCP5, MDGA1, CTSC, LAT, IL4RA, PRSS27, CXCL1, Gal9, MERTK, and GT) were differentially expressed between fit and unfit children with OW/OB after adjusting for sex, maturational status, and body mass index. However, statistically significant differences disappeared after applying FDR correction. Potential candidate proteins related to CRF levels in children with OW/OB were detected, being involved in several biological processes such as neurogenesis, immune/inflammatory response, signal transduction, platelet activation. Nevertheless, these preliminary findings should be confirmed or contrasted in future studies using larger sample sizes, longitudinal and experimental designs. Highlights The molecular mechanisms underlying the link of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with cardiovascular and brain health in children with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) are poorly understood. Targeted proteomic analysis revealed differentially expressed proteins (PLXNB3, sFRP3, CLEC1B, RSPO1, Gal8, CLEC10A, GCP5, MDGA1, CTSC, LAT, IL4RA, PRSS27, CXCL1, Gal9, MERTK, and GT) in plasma of "Fit" compared to "Unfit" children with OW/OB. These proteins are involved in several biological processes such as immune/inflammatory response, neurogenesis, signal transduction, and cellular metabolic process. Longitudinal and experimental studies are warranted to reveal how improvements in CRF are related to changes in circulating levels of the abovementioned proteins and how they might reduce cardiovascular diseases risk factors and brain health impairments later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information about an approximate table for determining sample size by means of the sign test. It may also be used for normal distributions although more precise methods are preferable. For those experimental purposes where a quick and approximate way of determining sample size is needed for a given number of positive agreements, the sign test may be employed. It also informs that use of the sign test for less than 25 cases instead of the generally recommended cumulative binomial probability distribution, results in very little loss of precision.

The excess nitric oxide (NO) produced in the body in response to bacterial/proinflammatory stimuli is responsible for several pathological conditions. The current approaches that target the production of excess NO, either through the inhibition of nitric oxide synthase enzyme or its downstream mediators have been clinically unsuccessful. With an aim to regulate the excess NO, urea‐functionalized push‐pull chromophores containing 1,1,4,4‐tetracyanobuta‐1,3‐dienes (TCBD) or expanded TCBD (eTCBD) were developed as NO scavengers. The NMR mechanistic studies revealed that upon NO binding, these molecules are converted to uncommon stable NONOates. The unique emissive property of Urea‐eTCBD enables its application in vitro, as a NO‐sensor. Furthermore, the cytocompatible Urea‐eTCBD, rapidly inactivated the NO released from LPS‐activated cells. The therapeutic efficacy of the molecule in modulating NO‐mediated pathological condition was confirmed using a carrageenan‐induced inflammatory paw model and a corneal injury model. While the results confirm the advantages of scavenging the excess NO to address a multitude of NO‐mediated diseases, the promising sensing and bioactivity of Urea‐eTCBD can motivate further exploration of such molecules in allied areas of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease involving cystic lung destruction by invasive LAM cells. These cells harbor loss‐of‐function mutations in TSC2, conferring hyperactive mTORC1 signaling. Here, tissue engineering tools are employed to model LAM and identify new therapeutic candidates. Biomimetic hydrogel culture of LAM cells is found to recapitulate the molecular and phenotypic characteristics of human disease more faithfully than culture on plastic. A 3D drug screen is conducted, identifying histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as anti‐invasive agents that are also selectively cytotoxic toward TSC2−/− cells. The anti‐invasive effects of HDAC inhibitors are independent of genotype, while selective cell death is mTORC1‐dependent and mediated by apoptosis. Genotype‐selective cytotoxicity is seen exclusively in hydrogel culture due to potentiated differential mTORC1 signaling, a feature that is abrogated in cell culture on plastic. Importantly, HDAC inhibitors block invasion and selectively eradicate LAM cells in vivo in zebrafish xenografts. These findings demonstrate that tissue‐engineered disease modeling exposes a physiologically relevant therapeutic vulnerability that would be otherwise missed by conventional culture on plastic. This work substantiates HDAC inhibitors as possible therapeutic candidates for the treatment of patients with LAM and requires further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐dimensional photonic entanglement is a promising candidate for error‐protected quantum information processing with improved capacity. Encoding high‐dimensional qudits in the carrier frequency of photons combines ease of generation, universal single‐photon gates, and compatibility with fiber transmission for high‐capacity quantum communication. Recent landmark experiments have impressively demonstrated quantum interference of a few frequency modes, yet the certification of massive‐dimensional frequency entanglement has remained an open challenge. This study shows how to harness the large frequency‐entanglement inherent in standard continuous‐wave spontaneous parametric down‐conversion processes. It further reports a record certification of discretized frequency entanglement, combined with a novel approach for certification that is both highly efficient and nonlocally implementable. This technique requires very few measurements and does not require assumptions on the state. The work opens the possibility for utilizing this encoding in quantum communications and in quantum information science in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies highlight the importance of baseline functional immunity for immune checkpoint blockade therapies. High‐dimensional systemic immune profiling is performed in a cohort of non‐small‐cell lung cancer patients undergoing PD‐L1/PD‐1 blockade immunotherapy. Responders show high baseline myeloid phenotypic diversity in peripheral blood. To quantify it, we define a diversity index as a potential biomarker of response. This parameter correlates with elevated activated monocytic cells and decreased granulocytic phenotypes. High‐throughput profiling of soluble factors in plasma identifies fractalkine (FKN), a chemokine involved in immune chemotaxis and adhesion, as a biomarker of response to immunotherapy that also correlates with myeloid cell diversity in human patients and murine models. Secreted FKN inhibits lung adenocarcinoma growth in vivo through a prominent contribution of systemic effector NK cells and increased tumor immune infiltration. FKN sensitizes murine lung cancer models refractory to anti‐PD‐1 treatment to immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Importantly, recombinant FKN and tumor‐expressed FKN are efficacious in delaying tumor growth in vivo locally and systemically, indicating a potential therapeutic use of FKN in combination with immunotherapy. Synopsis: Plasma fractalkinecorrelates with increased systemic myeloid diversity and clinical response to immunotherapy in lung cancer. NK cell‐mediated tumor growth inhibition in vivo indicates therapeutic potential. Plasma fractalkine is a biomarker of response to immunotherapy in lung cancer.Fractalkine concentrations correlate with increased myeloid phenotypic diversity, dominated by elevated monocytes and decreased granulocytes.Fractalkine administration delays tumor growth and sensitizes tumors to anti‐PD‐1 immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy in murine models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium‐ion batteries (CIBs) are promising energy storage systems, but the unavailability of adept electrolytes has hindered their development. In this work, a range of silaborane clusters (SiBn-1Hn- ${{{\rm S}{\rm i}{\rm B}}_{n-1}{{\rm H}}_{n}^{-}}$ ; n=5–15) were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) at ωB97XD3/6‐311+G(d,p) level of theory. The vertical detachment energy (VDE), electrochemical stability window (ESW) and binding energy (BE) of the silaboranes were computed at the same level of DFT. A methodology based on molecular electrostatic potential surface analysis was designed to locate the most suitable binding site for calcium ions on the clusters. DFT results show that the SiB11H12- ${{{\rm H}}_{12}^{-}}$ cluster turns out to be superior to other candidates. Effect of substitution on silaboranes (SiBn-1Hn-1 ${{{\rm S}{\rm i}{\rm B}}_{n-1}{{\rm H}}_{n-1}}$ R− R=−CH3, −NCS, −CF3, −F and −Cl) was computed. −NCS and −CF3 substituted SiB11H12- ${{{\rm H}}_{12}^{-}}$ ions were found to be the best from DFT. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) studies were performed to explore the interactions between silaborane‐based electrolytes and the Ca anode. AIMD results highlight the decomposition of −NCS and −CF3 substituted SiB11H12- ${{{\rm H}}_{12}^{-}}$ on Ca anode. DFT and AIMD studies reveal that −CH3 substituted silaborane‐based Ca‐salt (Ca(SiB11H11CH3)2) is the promising electrolyte for CIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A couple of N‐(4)‐morpholine/pyrrolidine‐substituted thiosemicarbazones (TSCs) of fluorene‐2‐carboxaldehyde (FM and FP), and their corresponding thiadiazoles (TDZs) (CFM and CFP), were synthesized and characterized (elemental analysis, ultraviolet–visible [UV–Visible], Fourier transform infrared [FT‐IR], nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR; 1H & 13C], high‐resolution mass spectrometry [HRMS], and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction [SCXRD]) for the evaluation of their anticancer potential. The TDZs were obtained unexpectedly and are possibly formed via single‐step metal (copper)‐mediated oxidative cyclizations of the TSCs. The synthesized compounds are fairly stable in phosphate buffer at the biological pH of 7.4. The density functional theory [DFT] studies were performed to predict the optimized structures and physicochemical properties of these compounds. The compounds were further subjected to computational and experimental biomolecular investigations in order to evaluate their anticancer activity in detail. CFM had the most potent activity against human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF‐7) and human urinary bladder (T24) cancer cells, with IC50 values of 12.00 and 24.80 μM, respectively. In contrast, CFM had negligible cytotoxicity (IC50 = 98.70 μM) against kidney epithelial cells extracted from an African green monkey (Vero) normal cells. This outcome was preferable to that of the widely used medicine Cisplatin. Molecular docking studies were performed with the breast cancer protein "cytochrome P450 1A1" (CYP1A1) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) to predict how effectively the compounds bind to the receptor. The ADMET findings suggest that these compounds have considerable drug‐likeness and oral bioavailability. These insights may open the door for additional medical research into the bioactivities of TSCs and TDZs produced from bioactive carbonyl compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective vaccines that function through humoral immunity seek to produce high‐affinity antibodies. Our previous research identified the single‐nucleotide polymorphism rs3922G in the 3ʹUTR of CXCR5 as being associated with nonresponsiveness to the hepatitis B vaccine. The differential expression of CXCR5 between the dark zone (DZ) and light zone (LZ) is critical for organizing the functional structure of the germinal center (GC). In this study, we report that the RNA‐binding protein IGF2BP3 can bind to CXCR5 mRNA containing the rs3922 variant to promote its degradation via the nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay pathway. Deficiency of IGF2BP3 leads to increased CXCR5 expression, which results in the disappearance of CXCR5 differential expression between DZ and LZ, disorganized GCs, aberrant somatic hypermutations, and reduced production of high‐affinity antibodies. Furthermore, the affinity of IGF2BP3 for the rs3922G‐containing sequence is lower than that for the rs3922A counterpart, which may explain the nonresponsiveness to the hepatitis B vaccination. Together, our findings suggest that IGF2BP3 plays a crucial role in the production of high‐affinity antibodies in the GC by binding to the rs3922‐containing sequence to regulate CXCR5 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There is only limited evidence suggesting that physical attractiveness and individuals' actual health are causally linked. Past studies demonstrate that characteristics related to physical attractiveness are more likely to be present in healthy individuals, including those with better cardiovascular and metabolic health, yet many of these studies do not account for individuals' initial health and socioeconomic characteristics, which are related to both physical attractiveness and later life health. Methods: We use panel survey data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health in the United States to examine the relationship between interviewer‐rated in‐person physical attractiveness and actual cardiometabolic risk (CMR) based on a set of relevant biomarkers: LDL cholesterol, glucose mg/dL, C‐reactive protein, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and resting heart rate. Results: We identify a robust relationship between individuals' physical attractiveness and 10‐year follow up actual health measured by the levels of CMR. Individuals of above‐average attractiveness appear to be noticeably healthier than those who are described as having average attractiveness. We find that individuals' gender and race/ethnicity do not have a major effect on the described relationship. The link between physical attractiveness and health is affected by interviewers' main demographic characteristics. We carefully address the possibility of confounders affecting our results including sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics, cognitive and personality traits, initial health problems and BMI. Conclusion: Our findings are largely in line with the evolutionary perspective which assumes that physical attractiveness is linked to individuals' biological health. Being perceived as physically attractive might also imply, among other aspects, high levels of satisfaction with life, self‐confidence and ease of finding intimate partners, all of which can positively affect individuals' health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimulating counterurbanization has long been understood as a potential approach to revitalising rural areas. While well‐established in many countries, in China, it is taking a particular time‐limited form and characteristic dominated by issues of domicile and property rights. Rather than being characterised by long‐term life choices, counterurbanization in China is predominantly a shorter‐term leisure and tourism activity in which urbanites 'curate', for a limited period, a gentrified country lifestyle in accessible near‐urban villages. These lifestyles are in some ways akin to second‐home tourism. However, rather than purchase property as an investment, this new movement rents and renovates property as a consumption good with which to welcome other urbanites to visit, to consume and affirm these newly gentrified spaces and leisure opportunities. Based on a case study of Cenbu Village near Shanghai, this paper argues that current approaches to counterurbanization in China have limited impact on the revitalisation of local communities. Rather, newcomers from the cities largely superimpose their needs on the village in a way both ephemeral and removed from local people and village life. This comes about less as a mark of distain on the part of the incomers, and more as a result of their exclusion from key village institutions such as collective ownership, rights of domicile and ability to contribute to local governance. The paper concludes by arguing that mechanisms should be developed to enhance the long‐term confidence of newcomers, to encourage them to engage with community governance as a means of shaping the community and contributing more effectively to endogenous village revitalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health factors can impact student academic performance and success. Student mental health concerns such as depression and anxiety and are a growing concern within P‐12 school systems. The dual pandemics of COVID‐19 and racial injustice have increased concerns about student mental health and exacerbated existing traumas particularly for students from marginalized populations. Trauma‐informed interventions that promote mental health in schools may be useful. Researchers utilized Consensual Qualitative Research to identify student mental health needs and outcomes for the implementation a deep breathing intervention in several schools in a large metropolitan city. The reasons for implementation, anticipated outcomes, reactions to intervention, perception of impact, and related personal experiences, as well as implications for practice and research, are all discussed. Practitioner points: All educators would benefit from understanding students' general social, emotional, and mental needs and how they may impact learning, especially since the onset of the COVID19 pandemic.Prioritizing mental health in the classroom, even with a brief and simple intervention, can help students regulate emotions and prepare them for, or transition them from learning.Short breathing exercises can be implemented at no or low cost, take up a few minutes of classroom time, and eventually be integrated into a routine and led by students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photogenerating charges with long lifetimes to drive catalysis is challenging in organic semiconductors. Here, the role of a PM6 polymer overlayer on the photoexcited carrier dynamics is investigated in a Y6:PM6 bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) photoanode undergoing ascorbic acid oxidation. With the additional polymer layer, the hole lifetime is increased in the solid state BHJ film. When the photoanode is electrically coupled to a hydrogen‐evolving platinum cathode, remarkably long‐lived hole polaron states are observed on the timescale of seconds under operational conditions. It is demonstrated that these long‐lived holes enable the organic photoanode with the polymer overlayer to show enhanced ascorbic acid oxidation performance, reaching ≈7 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE without a co‐catalyst. An external quantum efficiency of 18% is observed using 850 nm excitation. It is proposed that the use of an organic overlayer can be an effective design strategy for generating longer charge carrier lifetimes in organic photoanodes for efficient oxidation catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barataria Estuary is an economically and ecologically important estuary in coastal Louisiana, USA. Due to rapid wetland loss, extreme Mississippi River flood and drought events (e.g., the flood of 2019 and the drought of 2022), devastating storm events (e.g., Hurricane Ida in 2021), eustatic sea‐level rise (SLR), high subsidence rates, and human activities, temporal and spatial variability of salinity and temperature in the estuary is highly complex. This study comprehensively investigates environmental drivers that govern salinity and temperature dynamics, as well as the effects of a proposed large‐scale, land‐building diversion of Mississippi River water. A three‐dimensional (3D), process‐based hydrodynamic, salinity and temperature transport model system is formulated and implemented. Three different modeling domains are set up for nested computations. The model system is validated for the year 2018 against measurements of water level, salinity, and temperature. A series of numerical experiments are then carried out to quantitatively examine impacts of various environmental drivers, as well as nearshore density stratification and local baroclinic forcing. The drivers include wind, rainfall, freshwater point‐source diversion, SLR, and Mississippi River discharge. Interestingly, the analysis shows that the proposed Mid‐Barataria diversion and rainfall can cause a reduction of annual salinity up to 14 and 10 ppt, respectively. Neglecting the effect of nearshore density stratification could underestimate salinity by up to 9 ppt. The well‐mixed estuary can be adequately modeled using depth‐averaged models. However, to adequately capture proper salinity and temperature stratification, it is necessary to use 3D models for the coastal regional domain. Plain Language Summary: Salinity and temperature are essential factors for coastal ecosystems. Barataria Estuary in coastal Louisiana is a semi‐enclosed shallow estuary influenced by natural processes and human activities, which we call drivers. To investigate how various drivers affect salinity and temperature in the estuary, we developed a numerical model. Drivers considered in this study include wind, rainfall, river discharge, sea‐level rise, and diversion projects that introduce freshwater from the Mississippi River. To be sure the model performed well, we compared the model output to observed measurements of water level, salinity, and temperature in Barataria Estuary. Next, we looked at the model results with and without each driver to see how it impacted the results. We found that the most significant drivers are the proposed Mid‐Barataria diversion and rainfall. Both can cause huge salinity reductions in the middle and lower regions of the estuary. This research also showed the importance of using a three‐dimensional model, rather than a horizontal two‐dimensional model in which no changes are allowed in the water column, to capture salinity and temperature behavior in deep areas outside of barrier islands of Barataria Estuary. Key Points: Barataria salinity can be heavily influenced by the Mid‐Barataria diversion and rainfall, reduced up to 14 and 10 ppt, respectivelyNeglecting the effect of nearshore density stratification underestimates salinity in Barataria Estuary by up to 9 pptThe well‐mixed Barataria Estuary can be adequately modeled using a 2D local model, but offshore conditions need to be provided by a 3D model [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Storylines are introduced in climate science to provide unity of discourse, integrate the physical and socioeconomic components of phenomena, and make climate evolution more tangible. The use of this concept by multiple scholar communities and the novelty of some of its applications renders the concept ambiguous nonetheless, because the term hides behind a wide range of purposes, understandings, and methodologies. This semi‐systematic literature review identifies three approaches that use storylines as a keystone concept: scenarios—familiar for their use in IPCC reports—discourse‐analytical approaches, and physical climate storylines. After screening peer‐reviewed articles that mention climate and storylines, 270 articles are selected, with 158, 55, and 57 in each category. The results indicate that each scholarly community works with a finite and different set of methods and diverging understandings. Moreover, these approaches have received criticism in their assembly of storylines: either for lacking explicitness or for the homogeneity of expertise involved. This article proposes that cross‐pollination among the approaches can improve the usefulness and usability of climate‐related storylines. Among good practices are the involvement of a broader range of scientific disciplines and expertise, use of mixed‐methods, assessment of storylines against a wider set of quality criteria, and targeted stakeholder participation in key stages of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate activism, and ethical reflection on it, is expanding in line with increased awareness of global warming's destructive effects. The ethics of climate activism has focused on two main questions. First, is there a duty to engage in climate activism? Answers to this question differ regarding how the duty is grounded, how demanding it is, and whether people in certain social roles have special duties to engage in climate activism. The second question is whether certain forms of climate activism are morally permissible, given certain frequently voiced concerns. Prominently, concerns about climate activism being ineffective, uninclusive, undemocratic, and violent. The review ends by pointing to other issues that the ethics of climate activism is likely to address in the near future. This article is categorized under:Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Ethics and Climate Change [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change can be construed as a question of collective responsibility from two different viewpoints: climate change being inherently a collective problem, or collective entities bearing responsibility for climate change. When discussing collective responsibility for climate change, "collective" can thus refer to the problem of climate change itself, or to the entity causing the harm and/or bearing responsibility for it. The first viewpoint focuses on how climate change is a harm that has been caused collectively. Collective action problem refers to an aggregation of individual actions which together produce an outcome that is not intended at the level of an individual action. It cannot be solved by any one agent acting unilaterally. Instead, climate change action must be enacted and supported by numerous agents. The second way to conceptualize climate change as a question of collective responsibility focuses on the collective entities that bear responsibility for climate change. As a global problem, climate change is linked to the realm of international politics, where states, governments, and intergovernmental organizations are the main collective entities. Other important agential collectives in terms of climate responsibility are corporations, including carbon majors who have produced the bulk of emissions. Climate change has also been theorized as a structural injustice, which combines elements from both the viewpoints on what is collective about responsibility for climate change. This article is categorized under:Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Ethics and Climate ChangeClimate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Global Justice [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The body mass index (BMI) has some limitations in identifying obesity, particularly among children and adolescents. Objectives: We sought to determine the reference percentiles of tri‐ponderal mass index (TMI) for Iranian population, and its relation to BMI, waist circumference (WC), and waist circumference‐to‐height ratio (WHtR). Methods: Baseline characteristics for 14 641 children and adolescents were applied. The area under the characteristics (AUC) curve and optimal cut‐off points for TMI were used to define the accuracy of TMI for discriminating general and central obesity compared to other anthropometric measurements. Results: TMI levels remained stable from 6 to 18 years with a small range of difference. The highest AUCs for discriminating obesity according to BMI and WHtR ≥0.5 from non‐obese subjects were related to TMI (0.980) and TMI (0.912), respectively, and these findings were similar for both sexes. Moreover, the AUC for TMI to discriminate central obesity by WHtR was higher than that for BMI (0.912 vs. 0.833, p <.001), and this difference was similar among sex and age groups. The optimal value of TMI for discriminating general obesity, obesity by WC, and obesity by WHtR were 15.2 (sensitivity 96.2 and specificity 89.8), 15 (sensitivity 86.9 and specificity 79.9), and 13.9 (sensitivity 85.1 and specificity 81.5), respectively. Conclusions: TMI discriminated central obesity by WHtR more accurately than obesity by BMI among Iranian children and adolescents irrespective of sex. Besides it remained relatively constant across age‐ and sex‐specific groups providing a single optimal cut‐off point for screening obesity during childhood and adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generation Z college students present with specific characteristics, learning styles, and interpersonal needs. Since March of 2020, these students have endured sociocultural stressors of COVID‐19, publicized racial injustices, and a contentious presidential election. This article examines this and how college counselors' use of relational‐cultural therapy can lead to collective healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To discover the populations of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from different layers of human maxillary sinus membrane (hMSM) and evaluate their osteogenic capability., Materials and Methods: hMSM was isolated into a monolayer using the combined method of physical separation and enzymatic digestion. The localization of MSCs in hMSM was performed by immunohistological staining and other techniques. Lamina propria layer-derived MSCs (LMSCs) and periosteum layer-derived MSCs (PMSCs) from hMSM were expanded using the explant cell culture method and identified by multilineage differentiation assays, colony formation assay, flow cytometry and so on. The biological characteristics of LMSCs and PMSCs were compared using RNA sequencing, reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence staining, transwell assay, western blotting and so forth., Results: LMSCs and PMSCs from hMSMs were both CD73-, CD90- and CD105-positive, and CD34-, CD45- and HLA-DR-negative. LMSCs and PMSCs were identified as CD171 + /CD90 + and CD171 - /CD90 + , respectively. LMSCs displayed stronger proliferation capability than PMSCs, and PMSCs presented stronger osteogenic differentiation capability than LMSCs. Moreover, PMSCs could recruit and promote osteogenic differentiation of LMSCs., Conclusions: This study identified and isolated two different types of MSCs from hMSMs. Both MSCs served as good potential candidates for bone regeneration., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Aims: Dolutegravir increases serum creatinine by inhibiting its renal tubular secretion and elimination. We investigated determinants of early changes in serum creatinine in a southern African cohort starting first-line dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy (ART)., Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from participants in a randomized controlled trial of dolutegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) (ADVANCE, NCT03122262). We assessed clinical, pharmacokinetic and genetic factors associated with change in serum creatinine from baseline to Week 4 using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, baseline serum creatinine, HIV-1 RNA concentration, CD4 T-cell count, total body weight and co-trimoxazole use., Results: We included 689 participants, of whom 470 had pharmacokinetic data and 315 had genetic data. Mean change in serum creatinine was 11.3 (SD 9.9) μmol.L -1 . Factors that were positively associated with change in serum creatinine at Week 4 were increased log dolutegravir area under the 24-h concentration-time curve (change in creatinine coefficient [β] = 2.78 μmol.L -1 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54, 5.01]), TDF use (β = 2.30 [0.53, 4.06]), male sex (β = 5.20 [2.92, 7.48]), baseline serum creatinine (β = -0.22 [-0.31, -0.12]) and UGT1A1 rs929596 A→G polymorphism with a dominant model (β = -2.33 [-4.49, -0.17]). The latter did not withstand correction for multiple testing., Conclusions: Multiple clinical and pharmacokinetic factors were associated with early change in serum creatinine in individuals initiating dolutegravir-based ART. UGT1A1 polymorphisms may play a role, but further research on genetic determinants is needed., (© 2024 The Authors. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Pharmacological Society.)