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Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate physicochemical properties of protein concentrate from skipjack tuna roe by a cook‐dried (boiled or steamed‐dried) process, and to evaluate their food functional properties. The yields of boil‐dried concentrate (BDC) and steam‐dried concentrate (SDC) prepared from skipjack tuna roe were 22.4 for BDC and 24.4% for SDC. Their protein yields were 16.8 and 18.4%, respectively. In terms of major minerals of the BDC and SDC, sulfur (853.2 and 816.6 mg/100 g) exhibited the highest levels followed by potassium, sodium and phosphorus. The prominent amino acids of roe protein concentrates (RPCs) were Glu, Asp, Leu and Val. The BDC and SDC showed a higher buffer capacity than egg white (EW) at the pH‐shift range. The pH‐shift treatment significantly improved the water holding capacities of RPCs, except pH 6. But they had a low solubility across the pH‐shift range. The foaming capacities (104%–119%) of BDC and SDC were significantly lower than those of EW (p < .05), and their foam stabilities were not observed. Emulsifying activity index (m2/g protein) of RPCs and EW was 2.3 for BDC, 11.1 for SDC and 18.0 for EW. RPCs in the food and seafood processing industries will be available as egg white alternative protein sources and will be available as ingredients of surimi‐based products in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dialytic renal replacement therapy is now entering into its sixth decade in the United States. Despite major advances in dialysis technology, regimens and protocols, and pharmacological treatments, patients' restricted dietary intake remains the lynchpin to their well-being and success. Herein, we review current guidelines that limit dietary intake of nutrients and minerals in dialysis patients and explore potential ways to use them in designing a daily food intake that is not only healthy, but also easy to implement and therefore patient friendly. The main theme behind this review is attempting to emphasize that dietary restriction guidelines can be used in such a way that dialysis patients can eat things they really enjoy as long as they follow some relatively simple general rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The improvement of rice cultivars plays an important role in yield increase. However, little is known about the changes in starch quality and mineral elements during the improvement of rice cultivars. This study was conducted to investigate the changes in starch quality and mineral elements in japonica rice cultivars. RESULTS Twelve typical rice cultivars, applied in the production in Jiangsu province during the last 60 years, were grown in the paddy fields. These cultivars were classified into six types according to their application times, plant types and genotypes. The nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and, and potassium (K) were mainly distributed in endosperm, bran and bran, respectively. Secondary and micromineral nutrients were distributed throughout grains. With the improvement of cultivars, total N contents gradually decreased, while total P, K and magnesium contents increased in grains. Total copper and zinc contents in type 80'S in grains were highest. The improvement of cultivars enhanced palatability (better gelatinisation enthalpy and amylose content), taste (better protein content) and protein quality (better protein components and essential amino acids). Correlation analysis indicated the close relationship between mineral elements and starch quality. CONCLUSION The mineral elements and starch quality of grains during the improvement of japonica rice cultivars are improved. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis setpoint and the glucocorticoid sensitivity of various tissues are at least partially genetically determined. We investigated the impact of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene polymorphisms, including the BclI, N363S, ER22/23EK and A3669G variants on bone turnover and/or mineral density (BMD) in patients with endogenous glucocorticoid excess. Design Sixty patients including 35 patients with ACTH producing pituitary adenoma (CD) and 25 patients with adrenal Cushing's syndrome (ACS) as well as 129 healthy subjects were genotyped. Analysis of the GR gene polymorphisms were determined using allele specific PCR, PCR-RFLP and Taqman allelic discrimination assays. Hormonal evaluation, BMD and bone marker measurements were carried out. Results No significant differences were found in allelic frequencies of the four polymorphisms between patients with ACS, CD and healthy controls. Patients with endogenous hypercortisolism carrying the BclI polymorphism in a homozygous form had reduced BMD at femoral subregions compared to patients with the wild-type variant; femoral neck Z-score (–1·44 ± 0·73 vs. –0 ·39 ± 0·91; P < 0·05), trochanteric Z-score (–1·89 ± 0·47 vs.–0·54 ± 0·98; P < 0·05). Patients with homozygous BclI polymorphism had significantly higher β-CrossLaps Z-scores compared to those with the heterozygous and wild-type variants (+4·42 ± 2·37 vs. +0·79 ± 1·67 and +0·11 ± 1·47; P < 0·01). Conclusions The BclI, N363S, ER22/23EK and A3669G polymorphisms of the GR gene probably do not modify the risk for the development of CD or ACS. Contrary to healthy subjects, however, the BclI polymorphism may modify the skeletal sensitivity to glucocorticoids in patients with endogenous glucocorticoid excess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives There is growing evidence for the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and vascular calcification, which is related to cardiovascular disease. Coronary multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) is a noninvasive tool developed to evaluate coronary status precisely. We used MDCT to evaluate this association. Design and patients Eight hundred and fifteen subjects received routine checkups. After excluding subjects with factors affecting bone metabolism and cardiovascular disease, 467 subjects were analysed. Measurements Coronary calcification was measured with MDCT and BMD was measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results The BMD of the femur and the lumbar spine (L-spine) were negatively associated with the coronary calcium score (CCS) after adjusting for age in women but not in men. This inverse correlation was stronger in women with a longer time since menopause ( r = −0·35 at femur, postmenopausal women vs. r = −0·10 at femur, premenopausal women, P < 0·05), and it was stronger at the femur than in the L-spine ( r =  −0·35 at femur vs. r =  −0·16 at L-spine, P < 0·01). The relationship was also stronger in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and osteopaenia than in women with normal BMD. The lower BMD was associated with higher coronary plaque burdens and multidiseased coronary vessels in both men and women ( P < 0·01). Conclusions Increased CCS and subclinical atherosclerosis of plaque burdens as revealed by MDCT was associated with a low BMD in all women, independent of cardiovascular risk factors and age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are common in developing countries, but also occur in developed countries. We review micronutrient deficiencies for the major vitamins A, cobalamin (B12), biotin (vitamin H), vitamins C and E, as well as the minerals iron, and zinc, in the developed world, in terms of their relationship to systemic health and any resulting ocular disease and/or visual dysfunction. A knowledge of these effects is important as individuals with consequent poor ocular health and reduced visual function may present for ophthalmic care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients suffer from malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K). These vitamins are available as water-dispersible (A, D3 and E) or water-soluble grades (K3), which is favoured in CF patients as they fail to absorb oil-based products. The objective of this study was to determine stability of these raw materials after opening the original package and to develop a compounded formulation of acceptable quality, stability and taste, allowing flexible dose adaptation and being appropriate for administration to children and elderly people. Methods: The raw materials were stored after opening their original package for 8 months at 8 °C and room temperature (RT). Stability was assessed using a validated HPLC method after extraction of the vitamin from the cold water-soluble matrix (vitamin A acetate, D3 and E) or using a spectrophotometrical method (vitamin K3). These materials were mixed with an appropriate lactose grade (lactose 80 m for vitamins A and D3; lactose 90 m for vitamin E, lactose very fine powder for vitamin K3) and filled in hard gelatin capsules. Mass and content uniformity were determined and stability of the vitamins in the capsules was assessed after 2 months storage at 8 °C and RT. Results: All raw materials showed good stability during storage in the opened original package for 8 months storage at 8 °C as well as RT (>95% of the initial content). The compounded formulations complied with the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia for mass and content uniformity and can be stored for 2 months at 8 °C or RT while maintaining the vitamin content between 90% and 110%. Conclusions: As these fat-soluble vitamins are not commercially available on the Belgian market, compounded formulations are a valuable alternative for prophylactic administration of these vitamins to CF patients, i.e. a stable formulation, having an acceptable taste, allowing flexible dose adaptation and being appropriate for administration to children and elderly people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two subspecies of rice, Oryza sativa ssp. indica rice mutant II-ge1 and O. sativa ssp. japonica rice mutant XS-ge1 , were characterized by an enlarged embryo compared to their wild types. Significant increases in crude lipid content; crude protein content; vitamin B1 (V B1 ); vitamin B2; vitamin E (V E ); essential amino acids such as arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine and methionine and mineral elements such as Ca, Fe, Mg, K, P and Zn were detected in rice with a giant embryo (ge). The nutrients in the brown rice changed drastically after pre-germination. The dramatic nutrient enrichments were observed in the pre-germinated brown rice with a ge. The six major enhanced nutrients were γ-amino-butyric acid (GABA), lysine, Mg, V B1 , V E and Ca, and the amounts were 7.3 and 4.7 times enriched for GABA, 3.4 and 3.0 times for lysine, 2.9 and 2.7 times for Mg, 2.8 and 2.5 times for V B1 , 2.5 and 2.2 times for V E and 2.1 and 1.8 times for Ca, respectively, relative to those in the brown rice with a normal embryo. The results suggest that a ge can be used as a phenotypic marker for food processors to select rice enriched with certain nutritional components, and that the application of giant-embryo rice would help develop cultivars with an improved nutritional content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deals with a study which evaluated bone mineral density and body composition 11 years after the onset of anorexia nervosa. Methods; Results; Discussion.

Abstract Increasing biological interest in minerals has led to the search for reliable methods to quantify body levels of trace elements and toxic metals. Hair has been a prime candidate because of its ease of collection and the possibility that this body tissue might accurately reflect body loads of these substances. A vast amount of research effort has been expended to explore the value of hair-element analysis. Unfortunately, there are so many confounding factors that influence these measurements that isolated individual results cannot be relied upon. Their current value is in epidemiological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new concept of grouping of minerals, which will be helpful for understanding the actual status of human health, on the basic of elementological biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. Carcinogenesis encompasses a prolonged accumulation of injuries at several different biological levels and include both genetic and biochemical changes in the cells. At each of these levels, there are several possibilities of intervention in order to prevent, slow down or even halt the gradual march of healthy cells towards malignancy. Diet modification is one such possibility. A number of natural foodstuffs, especially fruits and vegetables contain substantial quantities of molecules that have chemopreventive potential against cancer development. Such compounds include vitamins, trace elements and a variety of other molecules with antioxidant properties. Carotenoids, flavanoid polyphenols, isoflavones, catechins, and several other components that found in cruciferous vegetables are molecules that are known to protect against the deleterious effect of reactive oxygen species. A number of epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that vitamin C and E, Beta-carotene and the essential trace element selenium can reduce the risk of cancer. Consistent observations during the last few decades that cancer risk is reduced by a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, legumes, grains and green tea have encouraged research to identify several plant components especially phytochemicals that protect against DNA damage. Many of these substances block specific carcinogen pathways. Dietary supplements are part of an overall health program, along with a high intake of fruits and vegetables that help to combat damage to cells, which in turn may initiate cancer development. This paper will review current knowledge concerning diet modification and cancer prevention with special reference to minerals and trace elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction In studies on the quantitative mineral metabolism the separation of total faecal mineral excretion into the fraction of dietary and of endogenous origin is often a methodical barrier. Both components cannot be distinguished by standard chemical procedures. But their separation is essential to the quantification of the mineral flux from the diet into the organism and back from tissues into the faecal excretion as it is necessary for example to quantify the bioavailability of dietary mineral sources (Kirchgessner et al. 1993). For this purpose, the use of isotopes is an appropriate means. During the last decades, several techniques employing radioactive or stable isotopes have been developed, e.g. the ‘comparative balance method’, the ‘dual tracer’ or ‘double isotope’ technique, methods based on computerized ‘compartment analysis’ and the ‘isotope-dilution technique’ (e.g. Aubert et al. 1963; Thompson 1965; Belshaw et al. 1974; Gibson et al. 1988). Among these methods, the isotope-dilution technique, in particular, comprises direct and quantitative measurements of mineral fluxes and provides robust estimates of endogenous faecal excretions as has been shown for a series of macrominerals and trace elements (Weigand and Kirchgessner 1976a,b; Weigand et al. 1986a,b; Kreuzer and Kirchgessner 1991; Reuber et al. 1993; Kirchgessner et al. 1994; Windisch and Kirchgessner 1994; Windisch et al. 1997; Gabler et al. 1997). For iodine however, there is no appropriate isotope method available. Therefore, the present experiment was designed to establish the isotope-dilution technique for iodine. The isotope-dilution technique is based on a single parenteral injection or a long-term oral administration of the tracer (Windisch and Kirchgessner 1994). After the labelling procedure, all tracer that appears in the faeces is of endogenous origin. The calculation from the quantity of tracer recovered in... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BSTRACT Outer layers of cotyledons of pigeonpea cultivar C 11 were successively scarified using a Tangential Abrasive Dehulling Device (TADD). Scarification for 0; 2, 4, 8, and 12 min resulted in the removal of 0, 6.7, 12.7, 25.3, and 36.9%, respectively, of powder fractions. The cotyledons and powder fractions at each level of scarification were analyzed for chemical composition, including minerals and trace elements, protein fractions, amino acid composition, and trypsin inhibitor acitivity (TIA). Protein, soluble sugars and ash of the dhal fraction (scarified cotyledons) decreased with increasing scarification time, while starch content increased. Considerable amounts of calcium (about 20%) and iron (about 30%) were removed by scarification for 4 min, but the process did not adversely affect protein quality in terms of amino acids. Trypsin inhibitors were not removed substantially by scarification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights a study that assesses whether the intake of specific dietary antioxidants is associated with the prevalence of asthma, bronchial responsiveness and atopy in a population of young adults from Chile. The dietary intake of antioxidant foods, vitamins, minerals and flavonoids was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire in a total of 1192 adults who participated in the study. Results shows that dietary intake of antioxidants was unrelated to asthma or atopy.

The article reports that food scientist Harjinder Singh of Riddet Institute at Massey University, New Zealand, speaking at the EuroNanoforum event in Dublin, Ireland in June 2013, has warned that nanosized mineral supplements, such as nano-calcium and nano-iron, may be harmful to human health.

The study was conducted to investigate the association between nutrient intakes and change of bone mineral contents (BMC) among early pubertal aged girls. Two hundred and thirty girls between 9 to 11 years of age participated in four surveys over 2 year period. During each survey, dietary intakes were collected with 3-day food records and BMC of left leg's calcaneus were measured PIXI(Lunar Ltd.). Body composition was measured by bioimpedance method. Mean values of BMC increased in consecutive measurements -- 1.48g, 1.54g, 1.61g and 1.66g. The change of BMC between the first and last measurements was significantly correlated with age, % body fat, BMC at the baseline and mean isoflavone intake (p<0.05). In stepwise regression of BMC change, protein, Vit.C, Fe and Vit.B6 were significant explanatory variables(R²=0.25, p<.001, F=14.89) after adjusting for age, % body fat and BMC at baseline. The results imply that the change of BMC among early pubertal aged girls may be affected by intakes of certain nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have recently reported a method for the simultaneous determination of a suite of water soluble vitamins in multi-vitamin/multi-mineral dietary supplements (MV/MM) by liquid chromatography with diode array detection (1). Quantification of Vitamin C by this method was poor: The extracts rapidly lost detected intensity (within minutes), due to the presence of the co-extracted multi-minerals, which catalyzed oxidation of the vitamin C. Standard solutions and extracts of MV tablets without MM were stable. We have successfully modified the conditions of the assay to allow inclusion of Vitamin C in the suite of analytes in this multi-vitamin method. We have rigorously degassed the solvent, lowered the extraction pH to 2.0 from 3.0 and, most importantly added a thermostated sample chamber to the LC, with the temperature set at 40 C. Under these conditions, Vitamin C was stable for up to 6 hours; sufficient for accurate quantitative determination of the Vitamin C along with the other vitamins. With this method we were able to achieve results for a representative MV/MM dietary supplement table of 63.0 mg/tablet (nominal value 60) with a RSD of 2.4% and recovery of 101% of added vitamin C. These modifications allow us to include vitamin C in the multiple determinations of water soluble vitamins in MV/MM tablets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]