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Simultaneous observations of H3+ ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ and H2 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ in Jupiter's northern infrared aurora were conducted on 02 June 2017 using Keck‐NIRSPEC to produce polar projection maps of H3+ ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ radiance, rotational temperature, column density, and H2 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ radiance. The temperature variations within the auroral region are ∼700−1000 ${\sim} 700-1000$ K, generally consistent with previous studies, albeit with some structural differences. Known auroral heating sources including particle precipitation, Joule heating, and ion drag have been examined by studying the correlations between each derived quantity, yet no single dominant mechanism can be identified as the main driver for the energetics in Jupiter's northern auroral region. It appears that a complex interaction exists between the heating driven by various mechanisms and the cooling from the H3+ ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ thermostat effect. Comparisons between the H3+ ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ temperature and the line‐of‐sight ion velocity in the reference frame of (a) the planetary rotation and (b) the neutral atmosphere further suggest that the local thermodynamic equilibrium effect may play an important role in thermospheric heating at Jupiter. Along with previously reported heating events that occurred in both the lower and upper atmosphere, it is speculated that the heating source may originate from an altitude above Jupiter's stratosphere but below the peak altitude of H3+ ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ overtone and H2 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ quadrupole emissions. Key Points: Scanning maps of H3+ ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ radiance, temperature, column density, and H2 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ radiance are produced using Keck‐NIRSPECCorrelations between derived quantities are investigated to study the heating mechanism of Jupiter's auroral thermosphereThe source of heating may originate from an altitude between the stratosphere and H3+ ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ overtone and H2 ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ emission peak altitudes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Simultaneous infrared observations of H3+ ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ and H2 emissions from Jupiter's northern aurora using the Near Infrared Spectrograph at Keck Observatory were used to measure the ionospheric and thermospheric wind velocities. H3+ ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ ions supercorotate near the dawn auroral oval and subcorotate across the dusk sector and in the dawn polar region relative to the planetary rotation rate, broadly in agreement with past observations and models. An anticyclonic vortex is discovered in H2 flows, closely matching the mean magnetospheric subcorotation when the observed magnetospheric flows are averaged azimuthally. In comparing ion and neutral winds, we measure the line‐of‐sight effective ion drift in the neutral reference frame for the first time, revealing two blue‐shifted sunward flows of ∼2 km/s. Observed H3+ ${\mathrm{H}}_{3}^{+}$ and H2 emissions overlap with predictions of the Pedersen conductivity layer, suggesting two different regions of the ionosphere: (a) a deep layer, where neutral forces dominate the thermosphere and symmetric breakdown‐in‐corotation currents can close, and (b) a higher layer, where the observed effective ion drift allows dawn‐to‐dusk Pedersen currents within the upper atmosphere, in turn closing asymmetric currents within the magnetosphere. This ionospheric structure aligns well with recent Juno observations of Jupiter's aurora. The detected thermospheric vortex implies the driving of neutral flows by the momentum from the magnetosphere within the thermosphere and deeper in the atmosphere to potentially 20 mbar. Jovian neutral thermosphere might bridge the gap between current observations and modelings and perhaps be significant to the dynamics of aurora on Earth and other outer planets. Plain Language Summary: We observed both charged and neutral molecules in Jupiter's northern aurora from the Keck Observatory. The velocity of the charged particles shows that they are controlled by magnetic field lines that stretch into the surrounding space environment, as expected at the top of the atmosphere. However, neutrals at the top of the atmosphere also appear to be indirectly controlled by the magnetic field, driven by impacts with the ions into a large vortex that sits within Jupiter's auroral region. Because the charged and neutral molecules move differently from one another, this can drive high‐altitude currents. Charged particles flow through the neutrals in two jets, moving toward the Sun on both sides of Jupiter's aurora, driving asymmetric currents more like the system of currents that form Earth's aurora. It suggests that Jupiter has different currents closing at different altitudes in the auroral region. This layering of currents matches recent observations made by the Juno mission and may help explain some of the apparent conflicts between different Juno data sets. Our discovery also highlights the importance of interactions between charged and neutral particles on other planets, including Earth, making Jupiter an important comparator for future studies of these interactions. Key Points: An aurorally aligned subcorotational thermospheric vortex is detected in Jupiter's upper atmosphereTwo sunward ionospheric jets flowing through the thermosphere are revealed on both dawn and duskJupiter potentially has a multilayer ionosphere driven separately by asymmetric currents and breakdown‐in‐corotation Pedersen currents [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a conceptual framework to illustrate that when three conditions hold, institutional investors moderate a positive relation between corporate financial performance and corporate environmental performance. We explore heterogeneities across institution types to demonstrate the importance of each condition. The moderating effect works through the channels of expert consulting and effective monitoring. Our results have important policy and practical implications given the global trend of ownership concentration in institutional investors and the projection that by 2025, one out of three dollars under professional management will be invested in corporate social responsibility assets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of vaccination on severity of subsequent COVID‐19 in patients with hematologic malignancies (HMs) is unknown. In this single‐center retrospective cohort study, we found no difference in severity of COVID‐19 disease in vaccinated (n = 16) versus unvaccinated (n = 54) HM patients using an adjusted multiple logistic regression model. Recent anti‐B‐cell therapy was associated with more severe illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a liver transplant patient with disseminated Legionella micdadei infection with pulmonary, laryngeal, and suspected muscle involvement. This organism, which stains weakly acid‐fast, primarily affects immunocompromised patients. The diagnosis is difficult to make; in this case, the organism was identified via molecular diagnostics on laryngeal and pulmonary biopsy tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Strategies to reduce platelet (PLT) bacterial contamination include donor screening, skin disinfection, sample diversion, bacterial culture, pathogen reduction (PR), and day-of-transfusion tests. We report bacterial sepsis following a pathogen-reduced PLT transfusion.Case Report: An adult male with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia was successfully treated for central catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. A peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) was placed. Chills, rigors, and flushing developed immediately after PICC-infused pathogen-reduced PLTs, progressing to septic shock requiring intensive care management.Methods: PICC and peripheral blood (PB), transfused bag saline flushes (TBFs), environmental samples, and the pathogen-reduced untransfused co-component (CC) were cultured. Plasma metagenomic and bacterial isolate whole-genome sequencing; PLT mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing of untransfused CC and TBF; CC testing for amotosalen (S-59)/S-59 photoproducts; isolate PR studies (INTERCEPT); and TBF polymerase chain reaction for recipient Y-chromosome DNA were performed.Results: PB and PICC cultures grew Acinetobacter calcoaceticus/baumannii complex (ACBC). TBF was gram-positive; mass spectrometry identified ACBC and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (SS). CC Gram stain and cultures were negative. Environmental cultures, some done after decontamination, were ACBC/SS negative. Posttransfusion patient plasma and TBF ACBC sequences were genetically identical. No Y-chromosome signal was detected in TBF. S-59 photoproducts and evidence of mtDNA amplification inhibition were found in the CC. Spiking PR studies showed >5.9-log inactivation for both isolates. Donor skin cultures for Acinetobacter were negative.Conclusion: CC sterility, PR studies, residual S-59 photoproducts, and mtDNA amplification inhibition suggest successful PR. Unidentified environmental sources and inherent or acquired bag defects may have contributed to postmanufacturing pathogen-reduced PLT contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2011 Saturn's midlatitude ionospheric [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Modic type I change (MC1) are vertebral bone marrow lesions adjacent to degenerated discs that are specific for discogenic low back pain. The etiopathogenesis is unknown, but occult discitis, in particular with Propionibacteria acnes ( P. acnes), has been suggested as a possible etiology. If true, antibiotic therapy should be considered for patients with MC1. However, this hypothesis is controversial. While some studies report up to 40% infection rate in herniated discs, others fail to detect infected discs and attribute reports of positive cultures to contamination during sampling procedure. Irrespective of the clinical controversy, whether it is biologically plausible for P. acnes to cause MC1 has never been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test if P. acnes can proliferate within discs and cause reactive changes in the adjacent bone marrow. P. acnes was aseptically isolated from a symptomatic human L4/5 disc with MC1 and injected into rat tail discs. We demonstrate proliferation of P. acnes and up-regulation of IL-1 and IL-6 within three days of inoculation. At day-7, disc degeneration was apparent along with fibrotic endplate erosion. TNF-α immunoreactivity was enhanced within the effected endplates along with cellular infiltrates. The bone marrow appeared normal. At day-14, endplates and trabecular bone close to the disc were almost completely resorbed and fibrotic tissue extended into the bone marrow. T-cells and TNF-α immunoreactivity were identified at the disc/marrow junction. On MRI, bone marrow showed MC1-like changes. In conclusion, P. acnes proliferate within the disc, induce degeneration, and cause MC1-like changes in the adjacent bone marrow. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1447-1455, 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional trait analysis is an appealing approach to study differences among biological communities because traits determine species' responses to the environment and their impacts on ecosystem functioning. Despite a rapidly expanding quantitative literature, it remains challenging to conceptualize concurrent changes in multiple trait dimensions ('trait space') and select quantitative functional diversity methods to test hypotheses prior to analysis. To address this need, we present a widely applicable framework for visualizing ecological phenomena in trait space to guide the selection, application, and interpretation of quantitative functional diversity methods. We describe five hypotheses that represent general patterns of responses to disturbance in functional community ecology and then apply a formal decision process to determine appropriate quantitative methods to test ecological hypotheses. As a part of this process, we devise a new statistical approach to test for functional turnover among communities. Our combination of hypotheses and metrics can be applied broadly to address ecological questions across a range of systems and study designs. We illustrate the framework with a case study of disturbance in freshwater communities. This hypothesis-driven approach will increase the rigor and transparency of applied functional trait studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cubic boron nitride (c-BN) is one of the hardest materials, second only to diamond, and has been used in the fields of machining and grinding. Its low chemical reactivity with ferrous metals and high thermal stability in oxidizing conditions make it particularly suitable for engineering hardened steels and alloy steels. c-BN was first synthesized from hexagonal BN (h- BN) by Wentorf under high pressure and high temperature (6.3~8.6 GPa and 1300~1800 °C) in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Since then, reducing the pressure and temperature for c-BN synthesis has long been a challenge from the viewpoints of academic research and industrial applications. a-BN(OC) compound, which was prepared through a solid-state reaction method, was used as starting material and the phase transition tendency of a-BN with or without c-BN seeds was studied at the ranges of 1-3 GPa and 1200-1400 °C. It was found that a-BN predominantly transformed to h-BN along with small amount of ammonium borate hydrate after high pressure-high temperature treatment at 1-3 GPa and 1200 °C. On the other hand, the seeded a-BN treated at 1 GPa and 1400 °C showed the formation of r-BN phase as an additional BN polymorph to h-BN and the seed c-BN. From the viewpoint of the crystallographic transformation of BN polymorphs, this r-BN phase might be an intermediate phase in the transition process from a-BN to c-BN and be facilitated by the existence of c-BN seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a case of rapid onset severe psychosis followed by suicide attempt in a United States Navy sailor. Investigation revealed a left temporal lobe brain mass suspicious for low-grade glioma. After hospitalization and medical management with olanzapine and lurasidone the patient’s psychosis improved. The purpose of this paper is to add to the existing case reports that suggest a relationship between temporal lobe lesions and psychiatric illness, specifically psychosis. In addition, this case adds insight into the effectiveness of medical therapy for brain tumor patients that are not immediate candidates for neurosurgical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The SUN Project is an innovative, open access support group, based in the community, for people experiencing personality disorders, developed in response to UK Department of Health policy advocating improvements in personality disorders services. The aim of this article is to critically explore where and how the theoretically informed model underpinning the SUN Project is reflected in the view and experiences of people attending the project. Design This article reports an in-depth, qualitative interview-based study employing a critical realist approach. Methods As part of a larger study about self-care and mental health, in-depth qualitative interviews were held with 38 people new to the SUN Project, and again 9 months later. Data were extracted that were relevant to core components of the project model and were subjected to thematic analysis. The critical realist approach was used to move back and forth between empirical data and theory underpinning the SUN project, providing critical insight into the model. Results Participant accounts were broadly concordant with core components of the SUN Project's underlying model: Open access and self-referral; group therapeutic processes; community-based support; service users as staff. There were some tensions between interviewee accounts and theoretical aspects of the model, notably around the challenges that group processes presented for some individuals. Conclusions The model underlying the SUN Project is useful in informing good practice in therapeutic, community-based peer support groups for people experiencing personality disorders. Careful consideration should be given to a limited multi-modal approach, providing focused one-to-one support for vulnerable individuals who find it hard to engage in group processes. Practitioner points Facilitated peer support groups based in the community may act as a powerful therapeutic resource for people experiencing personality disorders., Promoting open access and self-referral to support groups may increase feelings of empowerment and engagement for people experiencing personality disorders., Some individuals experiencing personality disorders who could potentially benefit from therapeutic groups may need focused one-to-one support to do so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomimetic composites were constructed using anorganic bone to initiate the polymerization of cyclic lactones. The resulting anorganic bone/polylactone composites preserve the inorganic structure and the mechanical properties of the original bone. Thermal conditions used to prepare the anorganic bone were shown to control the surface functionalities, surface area, and crystallinity, all of which influence the rates of subsequent polymerizations. Thermal pretreatment of anorganic bone was examined as a function of time and temperature, ranging from 400°C to 800°C. Polymerization rates of different monomers were also compared. Additionally, in vitro evaluations of anorganic bone/poly- l-lactide and anorganic bone/polyglycolide composites for osteoblast and osteoclast competence suggest that these composites are good candidates for potential in vivo use, since both composites promoted osteoblast differentiation. The anorganic bone/poly- l-lactide composite also promoted osteoclast differentiation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1755-1766, 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immiscible blends were prepared from polyamide6,10 and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) by extrusion with the goal of identifying the phase inversion composition and domain morphology. Broadly, we studied this system to develop new polymer blends with good engineering properties combined with a high bio-based fraction. Earlier work has demonstrated that the polymers are suitable for melt coprocessing. In this work, we sought to bracket the phase inversion composition, to identify any elements of cocontinuity, and to characterize the domain morphology by a traditional and a novel means. After extrusion of a full range of compositions, the morphologies in the 40-60 vol% range appeared to coarsely bracket the phase inversion point and compositions in this range were selected for detailed microscopic examination. High resolution energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to differentiate these chemically similar polymers based on the nitrogen content of the polyamide. Results show elements of cocontinuity appearing at the 50 vol% composition. The EDS mapping techniques employed in this work were successful in sharply differentiating the domains of the two polymers. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the incremental impact of corporate governance in mitigating managerial discretion, controlling for incentive alignment of managerial ownership. We extend the managerial discretion hypothesis to predict that for firms with the same set of governance tools, those that utilize governance tools more stringently to control agency costs will command greater contracting cost advantages, leading them to specialize in business with greater managerial discretion. Using 72 publicly traded insurers from 1994 to 2006, we find evidence supporting our hypothesis. Our findings complement the finance literature that focuses on the role of financing policies in mitigating agency costs of managerial discretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used microsatellite and mitochondri-al DNA-restriction fragment length polymorphism (mtDNA-RFLP) analyses to test the hypothesis that chum salmon and coho salmon in the Yukon River, Alaska, exhibit population structure at differing spatial scales. If the hypothesis is true, then the risk of losing genetic diversity because of habitat degradation from a gold mine near a Yukon River tributary could differ between the two species. For each species, collections were made from two tributaries in both the Innoko and Tanana rivers, which are tributaries to the lower and middle Yukon River. The results revealed a large difference in the degree and spatial distribution of population structure between the two species. For chum salmon, the microsatellite loci ( F-statistic [ FST] = 0.021) and mtDNA ( FST = −0.008) revealed a low degree of interpopulation genetic diversity on a relatively large geographic scale. This large-scale population structure should minimize, although not eliminate, the risk of genetic diversity loss due to localized habitat degradation. For coho salmon, the microsatellites ( FST = 0.091) and mtDNA ( FST = 0.586) revealed a high degree of interpopulation genetic diversity on a relatively small geographic scale. This small-scale population structure suggests that coho salmon are at a relatively high risk of losing genetic diversity due to localized habitat degradation. Our study underscores the importance of a multispecies approach for evaluating the potential impact of land-use activities on the genetic diversity of Pacific salmon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an update of federal regulations on employment-related issues in the U.S. as of June 1, 2003. Proposed changes to the white-collar exemptions from federal overtime and minimum wage laws issued by the Department of Labor; Fact issued by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission describing the protections available to employees who work for multinational employers; Ergonomic guidelines for the nursing-home industry issued by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Territorial use rights in fisheries (TURFs) are coastal territories assigned to fishermen for the exclusive extraction of marine resources. Recent evidence shows that the incentives that arise from these systems can improve fisheries sustainability. Although research on TURFs has increased in recent years, important questions regarding the social and ecological dynamics underlying their success remain largely unanswered. In particular, in order to create new successful TURFs, it is critical to comprehend how fish movement over different distances affects the development of sustainable fishing practices within a TURF. In theory, excessive spillover outside a TURF will generate incentives to overharvest. However, many TURFs have proven successful even when targeted species move over distances far greater than the TURF's size. A common attribute among some of these successful systems is the presence of inter‐TURF cooperation arrangements. This raises the question of how different levels and types of cooperation affect the motivations for overharvesting driven by the movement of fish outside the TURF. In this paper, we examine equilibrium yields under different levels of inter‐TURF cooperation (from partial to full) and varying degrees of asymmetry across TURFs of both biological capacity and benefit‐sharing. We find that partial cooperation can improve yields even with an unequal distribution of shared benefits and asymmetric carrying capacity. However, cooperation arrangements are unstable if the sharing agreement and biological asymmetries are misaligned. Remarkably, we find that asymmetry in the system can lead to the creation of voluntary no‐take zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timing cues present in the acoustic waveform of speech provide critical information for the recognition and segmentation of the ongoing speech signal. Research has demonstrated that deficient temporal perception rates, that have been shown to specifically disrupt acoustic processing of speech, are related to specific language-based learning impairments (LLI). Temporal processing deficits correlate highly with the phonological discrimination and processing deficits of these children. Electrophysiological single cell mapping studies of sensory cortex in brains of primates have shown that neural circuitry can be remapped after specific, temporally cohesive training regimens, demonstrating the dynamic plasticity of the brain. Recently, we combined these two lines of research in a series of studies that addressed whether the temporal processing deficits seen in LLIs can be significantly modified through adaptive training aimed at reducing temporal integration thresholds. Simultaneously, we developed a computer algorithm that expanded and enhanced the brief, rapidly changing acoustic segments within ongoing speech and used this to provide intensive speech and language training exercises to these children. Results to date from two independent laboratory experiments, as well as a large national clinical efficacy trial, demonstrate that dramatic improvements in temporal integration thresholds, together with speech and language comprehension abilities of LLI children, results from training with these new computer-based training procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]