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Snow is particularly impacted by climate change and therefore there is an urgent need to understand the temporal and spatial variability of depth of snowfall (HN) trends. However, the analysis of historical HN observations on large‐scale areas is often impeded by lack of continuous long‐term time series availability. This study investigates HN trends using observed time series spanning the period 1920–2020 from 46 sites in the Alps at different elevations. To discern patterns and variations in HN over the years, our analysis focuses also on key parameters such as precipitation (P), mean air temperature (TMEAN), and large‐scale synoptic descriptors, that is, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) indices. Our findings reveal that in the last 100 years and below 2000 m a.s.l., despite a slight increase in winter precipitation, there was a decrease in HN over the Alps, especially for southern and low‐elevation sites. The South‐West and South‐East regions experienced an average loss of 4.9 and 3.8%/decade, respectively. A smaller relative loss was found in the Northern region (2.3%/decade). The negative HN trends can be mainly explained by an increase of TMEAN by 0.15°C/decade. Most of the decrease in HN occurred mainly between 1980 and 2020, as a result of a more pronounced increase in TMEAN. This is also confirmed by the change of the running correlation between HN and TMEAN, NAO, AO over time, which until 1980 were not correlated at all, while the correlation increased in later years. This suggests that in more recent years favourable combinations of temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pattern have become more crucial for snowfall to occur. On the other hand, no correlation was found with the AMO index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interestingly, 80% of ST2/BN2 patients reached an early molecular response (EMR) and the 2 ST2/BN2 patients who did not achieve an EMR after 1 cycle of therapy are still in complete remission. Also in the validation cohort, patients with <2.5Log SB 10 sb hGE and/or assigned to cluster BN2 and ST2 presented an excellent outcome with a 40-month PFS and OS of 73.2% and 79.7%, compared to 39.2% and 44.8% for other patients, respectively (both I p i = 0.001) (Figure 1B). B Introduction: b The quantification of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) on the liquid biopsy at the time of diagnosis allows to stratify the outcome of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients but its integration with molecular clustering has not been evaluated so far. [Extracted from the article]

Splenosis is an acquired anomaly related to heterotopic auto-transplantation of splenic tissue following abdominal trauma or splenectomy. We report the first definitive bilateral ovarian case in a 65-year-old woman who underwent splenectomy following a motor vehicle accident 44 years prior to presentation. We review the literature and discuss the main differential diagnoses. Gross examination revealed a 1-cm well-circumscribed dark nodule on the surface of each ovary. Paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed blocks were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and immunostains ( CK5/6, Calretinin, WT1, Vimentin). The histological presence of both red and white splenic pulp, delimitation from ovarian tissue and ovarian origin of blood supply, as well as medical history, led us to the correct diagnosis. The outer nodular surface was covered by mesothelium ( WT1+, CK5/6+, Calretinin+, Vimentin+), which was in continuity with the ovarian surface epithelium. To our knowledge, only six previous cases of ovarian splenosis are reported. Our patient is the oldest, with a very long interval from splenectomy to presentation. Clinically, splenosis may mimic malignancy, and a correct diagnosis avoids unnecessary overtreatment. The differential diagnosis includes an accessory spleen, spleno-gonadal fusion, and splenic hamartoma: they should be excluded to come to the correct diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive neoplasm that accounts for approximately 10% to 15% of lung cancers. In most cases, the diagnosis relies on cytology and needs to be confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Although several genetic and molecular abnormalities have been recorded, molecular markers able to predict the prognosis are still lacking. MicroRNA (miRNA) signatures have been recently proposed as useful biomarkers in lung cancer because of their high stability during standard sample processing. METHODS Cytological samples for 50 patients with SCLC were collected from primary tumors (n = 25) and metastases (n = 25) by means of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) or bronchial washing (BW); they were fixed in ethanol (FNA) or Duboscq-Brazil fluid (BW). The 3-miRNA panel expression (miR-192, miR-200c, and miR-205) was quantified with a TaqMan polymerase chain reaction miRNA assay and was compared with overall survival (OS) and clinicopathological data. RESULTS All samples had sufficient RNA for the miRNA expression analysis to be performed, regardless of the sample source or the fixative medium. Patients with a low expression level of the 3-miRNA panel were associated with better OS in univariate ( P = .032) and multivariate analyses ( P = .022). Moreover, in the group of patients older than the mean age of our cohort (65.8 years), a significant OS advantage ( P = .013) was seen for patients with a low expression level of the 3-miRNA panel. CONCLUSIONS A specific 3-miRNA signature is potentially useful for predicting survival for patients with SCLC, and it may be feasible with cytological samples taken during standard diagnostic procedures. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:621-9. © 2016 American Cancer Society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasticity is a hallmark of macrophages, and in response to environmental signals these cells undergo different forms of polarized activation, the extremes of which are called classic ( M1) and alternative ( M2). Rapamycin ( RAPA) is crucial for survival and functions of myeloid phagocytes, but its effects on macrophage polarization are not yet studied. To address this issue, human macrophages obtained from six normal blood donors were polarized to M1 or M2 in vitro by lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-γ or interleukin-4 ( IL-4), respectively. The presence of RAPA (10 ng/ml) induced macrophage apoptosis in M2 but not in M1. Beyond the impact on survival in M2, RAPA reduced CXCR4, CD206 and CD209 expression and stem cell growth factor-β, CCL18 and CCL13 release. In contrast, in M1 RAPA increased CD86 and CCR7 expression and IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α and IL-1β release but reduced CD206 and CD209 expression and IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor and CCL18 release. In view of the in vitro data, we examined the in vivo effect of RAPA monotherapy (0·1 mg/kg/day) in 12 patients who were treated for at least 1 month before islet transplant. Cytokine release by Toll-like receptor 4-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a clear shift to an M1-like profile. Moreover, macrophage polarization 21 days after treatment showed a significant quantitative shift to M1. These results suggest a role of mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR) into the molecular mechanisms of macrophage polarization and propose new therapeutic strategies for human M2-related diseases through m TOR inhibitor treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the historical instrumental climatological surface time series of the Greater Alpine Region (HISTALP) database which consists of monthly homogenized records of temperature, pressure, precipitation, sunshine and cloudiness for the Greater Alpine Region. Among the key findings of the trend analysis is the parallel centennial decrease of both temperature and air pressure in the 19th century. The 20th century increase evolved stepwise with a first peak near 1950. A long-term increase of the high-elevation series relative to the low-elevation series is given for sunshine and air pressure.

A diagram is presented which shows the synthesis of 1-arylindazole-3-carboxamides through 2-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid, isocyanides, and nitrile imines.

A three-component coupling reaction of Z-chloro oximes, isocyanides, and hydroxylamine affords aminoglyoximes via [3+1] cycloaddition with preferential attack of isocyanides to nitrile N-oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first step, isocyanoacetamides react with hydrazonoyl chlorides to intermediary 1,3-oxazol-2-hydrazones which, in the presence of dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate, afford furo[2,3-d]pyridazin-4(5H)-ones in an unprecedented complex triple domino Diels-Alder/retro-Diels-Alder/lactamization cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A general, mild, and straightforward method for the synthesis of structurally diverse aryl α-ketoamide amides is presented. Simple and easy available starting materials and no expensive coupling agents are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents chemical equations for article "Isocyanide-Mediated Multicomponent Synthesis of C-Oximinoamidines" by V. Mercalli and colleagues, published in "Organic Letters" in 2013 issue.