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The HLA system shows the most extensive polymorphism in the human genome. Allelic and haplotypic frequencies of HLA genes vary dramatically across human populations. Due to a complex history of migration, populations in Latin America show a broad variety of admixture proportions, usually varying not only between countries, but also within countries. Knowledge of HLA allele and haplotype frequencies is essential for medical fields such as transplantation, but also serves as a means to assess genetic diversity and ancestry in human populations. Here, we have determined high‐resolution HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, and ‐DRB1 allele and haplotype frequencies in a sample of 713 healthy subjects from three Mestizo populations, one population of African descent, and Amerindians of five different groups from Costa Rica and Nicaragua and compared their profiles to a large set of indigenous populations from Iberia, Sub‐Saharan Africa, and the Americas. Our results show a great degree of allelic and haplotypic diversity within and across these populations, with most extended haplotypes being private. Mestizo populations show alleles and haplotypes of putative European, Amerindian, and Sub‐Saharan African origin, albeit with differential proportions. Despite some degree of gene flow, Amerindians and Afro‐descendants show great similarity to other Amerindian and West African populations, respectively. This is the first comprehensive study reporting high‐resolution HLA diversity in Central America, and its results will shed light into the genetic history of this region while also supporting the development of medical programs for organ and stem cell transplantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the list of sequences presented by the Nomenclature Committee for factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system since the November 2017 .

The article presents the list of sequences presented by the Nomenclature Committee for factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system since the October 2017 .

The article presents the list of sequences presented by the Nomenclature Committee for factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system since the September 2017 .

The hyperpolymorphic HLA genes play important roles in disease and transplantation and act as genetic markers of migration and evolution. A panel of 107 B‐lymphoblastoid cell lines (B‐LCLs) was established in 1987 at the 10th International Histocompatibility Workshop as a resource for the immunogenetics community. These B‐LCLs are well characterised and represent diverse ethnicities and HLA haplotypes. Here we have applied Pacific Biosciences’ Single Molecule Real‐Time (SMRT) DNA sequencing to HLA type 126 B‐LCL, including the 107 International HLA and Immunogenetics Workshop (IHIW) cells, to ultra‐high resolution. Amplicon sequencing of full‐length HLA class I genes (HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐C) and partial length HLA class II genes (HLA‐DRB1, ‐DQB1 and ‐DPB1) was performed. We typed a total of 931 HLA alleles, 895 (96%) of which were consistent with the typing in the IPD‐IMGT/HLA Database (Release 3.27.0, January 20, 2017), with 595 (64%) typed at a higher resolution. Discrepant types, including novel alleles (n = 10) and changes in zygosity (n = 13), as well as previously unreported types (n = 34) were observed. In addition, patterns of linkage disequilibrium were distinguished by four‐field resolution typing of HLA‐B and HLA‐C. By improving and standardising the HLA typing of these B‐LCLs, we have ensured their continued usefulness as a resource for the immunogenetics community in the age of next generation DNA sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the Nomenclature for factors of the Human leukocyte antigen system, update as of June 2017, including cell identification, accession number, and submitting author; and mentions that each sequence can be used to retrieve the files from libraries.

The article offers information on the Nomenclature for factors of the Human leukocyte antigen system, update as of June 2017, including cell identification, accession number, and submitting author; and mentions that each sequence can be used to retrieve the files from libraries.

Chimerism is defined as the presence of 2 or more than 1 genetically distinct cell populations in an organism. Dispermic chimeras are derived from the fertilization of 1 or 2 matured nuclei by 2 sperms. We here report detection of a healthy and phenotypically normal female with normal ABO red blood cell typing in whom dispermic chimerism was suspected after 3 alleles were identified at multiple human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci using molecular HLA analysis. Molecular HLA typing showed the donor to have 3 HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1 and -DPB1 alleles in blood, saliva and nail samples. In addition, 3 of her 9 short tandem repeat loci also showed to have 3 distinct alleles in blood, nail and saliva specimens. In all investigations, the third alleles were attributed to a dual paternal contribution. This case represents a dispermic chimerism, with 2 paternal and 1 maternal haplotypes variably distributed throughout body tissues in a healthy and phenotypically normal female without abnormalities in erythrocyte ABO blood group. The origin of this chimerism is probably due to the fertilization of a single egg and its polar body, or a parthenogenetic egg, by 2 sperms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new HLA-B*39:01:01:04 allele differs from HLA-B*39:01:01 by a C → T substitution in intron 1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents several charts regarding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sequences submitted to World Health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System in August 2016 which includes new sequences, confirmatory sequences, and recently published sequences.

Two charts are presented listing newly assigned, and confirmatory human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sequences submitted to the World Health Organization Nomenclature Committee for nomenclature for Factors of the HLA System as of July 2016, with information on cell identification, and accession number.

The article presents several charts regarding human leukocyte antigen (HLA) sequences submitted to World Health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System in September 2016 which includes new sequences, confirmatory sequences, and recently published sequences.

A review of the British Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics ( BSHI) 'Guideline for selection and HLA matching of related, adult unrelated donors and umbilical cord units for haematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation' was undertaken by a BSHI appointed writing committee. Literature searches were performed, and the data extracted were presented as recommendations according to the GRADE nomenclature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several charts are presented related to the new HLA allele sequences submitted to the Nomenclature Committee since January 2016, confirmatory sequences from previously reported sequence, and recently published sequences.

The accuracy of human leukocyte antigen ( HLA)-matching algorithms is a prerequisite for the correct and efficient identification of optimal unrelated donors for patients requiring hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The goal of this World Marrow Donor Association study was to validate established matching algorithms from different international donor registries by challenging them with simulated input data and subsequently comparing the output. This experiment addressed three specific aspects of HLA matching using different data sets for tasks of increasing complexity. The first two tasks targeted the traditional matching approach identifying discrepancies between patient and donor HLA genotypes by counting antigen and allele differences. Contemporary matching procedures predicting the probability for HLA identity using haplotype frequencies were addressed by the third task. In each task, the identified disparities between the results of the participating computer programs were analyzed, classified and quantified. This study led to a deep understanding of the algorithms participating and finally produced virtually identical results. The unresolved discrepancies total to less than 1%, 4% and 2% for the three tasks and are mostly because of individual decisions in the design of the programs. Based on these findings, reference results for the three input data sets were compiled that can be used to validate future matching algorithms and thus improve the quality of the global donor search process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tables are presented that list the newly assigned sequences for factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, as of October 2015.

Tables are presented that list the newly assigned sequences for factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, as of November 2015.

Tables are presented that list the newly assigned sequences for factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, as of December 2015.

The novel HLA alleles B*40:331, B*40:343, B*42:24, DRB1*01:74, DQB1*03:243, and DQB1*03:02:20 were identified in Brazilian individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charts are presented which list the newly assigned sequences and confirmatory sequences of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele as of May 2015.

Charts are presented which list the newly assigned sequences and confirmatory sequences of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele as of June 2015.

Charts are presented which list the newly assigned sequences and confirmations of previously reported sequences of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele as of April 2015.

A chart is presented depicting the newly assigned sequences and confirmations for factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system submitted to the Nomenclature Committee since the January 2015 nomenclature update.

Two tables are presented which list nomenclature for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system as of December 2014 which have been submitted to the Nomenclature Committee.

Two tables are presented which list nomenclature for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system as of November 2014 which have been submitted to the Nomenclature Committee.

The MICA and MICB genes code for protein products that have structural similarities to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes. These genes are upregulated by heat stress. They have been shown to interact with a common receptor (NKG2D/DAP10) on γδ T cells, CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. The MICA gene has an expressed microsatellite, GCT, within the exon 5 which encodes for alanine. So far, four different repetitions of this short tandem have been reported. Also one non-synonymous, one synonymous substitution and a 1-bp insertion within this region have also been described. An association of Behçet's disease with the microsatellite A9 has been reported. Here we report a novel allele with 10 GCT repetitions (A10) which was detected by reference strand mediated conformation analysis and confirmed by DNA sequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chart is presented that lists the newly assigned sequences and confirmations of previously reported sequences of the human major histocompatibility complex (HLA) system submitted to the World Health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System as of May 2014.

Tables are presented that lists newly assigned confirmations and sequences for human leukocyte antigen (HLA), which were submitted to the Nomenclature Committee, along with the sequence submitting author which include Daniel Fuerst, Odile Avinens, and Dabin Tang.

The article presents immunogenetics nomenclature-related tables, updated as on October 2013, which list newly assigned, confirmed and newly published allele sequences for factors of the HLA system along with their database accession numbers.

The article presents immunogenetics nomenclature-related tables, updated as on November 2013, which list newly assigned, confirmed and newly published allele sequences for factors of the HLA system along with their database accession numbers.

The article presents several tables concerning topics related to the nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, updated as on December 31, 2013, including newly assigned HLA allele sequences along with their database accession number, confirmatory sequences and recently published sequences.

The article reflects on nomenclature update of sequences since the July 2013 that have been submitted to the World health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. It informs that allele have been designated to each sequence and the accession number of the sequence can be used to retrieve the sequence files from GenBank libraries and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and also presents two tables listing the sequences.

The article reflects on nomenclature update of sequences that have been submitted to the World health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system since the June 2013. It informs that allele have been designated to each sequence and the accession number of the sequence can be used to retrieve the sequence files from GenBank libraries and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and also presents two tables listing the sequences.

The article reflects on nomenclature update of sequences since the August 2013 that have been submitted to the World health Organization (WHO) Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system. It informs that allele have been designated to each sequence and the accession number of the sequence can be used to retrieve the sequence files from GenBank libraries and the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) and also presents two tables listing the sequences.