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The main objective of this project is to ensure the safety precautions in public transportation. This project monitors and stores the database of number of allowed users with their respective temperature. The person's identity is monitored with the help of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. The sensors and RFID reader are interfaced with the Arduino. If the temperature is increased then the threshold level alert message is passed to the person personal mobile through global system of mobile communication and the bus door does not get opened. Then if any fire, breakdown and accident exist it sends intimation to the nearby hospitals and fire service via the control room. The current location of the bus is known by using global positioning system. The entire module information controlled by IoT and the data are stored in cloud server. This system also can be implemented in theaters\shopping malls to monitor the number of allowed persons with their respective temperature as per government instructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of Famciclovir (FCR) in bulk and tablet dosage form. Methods A and B are based on the formation of ion-pair complexes of the drug with dyes such as orange II (OG-II) and alizarin red S (AR-S) in acidic medium followed by their extraction with chloroform to give colored chromogen with absorption maxima at 480 nm and 440 nm respectively. Beer's law is valid in the concentration range of 2-10 mcg/mL for both the methods. These developed methods were validated for precision, accuracy, ruggedness and robustness. Statistical analysis proves that the methods are reproducible and selective for the routine analysis of the said drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two simple spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of tadalafil in both pure and tablet dosage form. Methods A and B are based on the formation of ion-pair complexes of the drug with dyes such as bromothymol blue (BTB) and bromocresol green (BCG) in acidic buffer solution followed by their extraction with chloroform to form yellow colored chromogen with absorption maxima at 420 nm and 415 nm respectively. Beer's law is valid in the concentration range of 10-50 mcg/mL for both the methods. These developed methods were validated for precision, accuracy, ruggedness and robustness. Statistical analysis proves that the methods are reproducible and selective for the routine analysis of the said drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the Global Programme for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF), India is implementing mass drug administration (MDA) with annual single dose of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) with and without albendazole (ALB). The impact of MDAs on filarial infections and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections was assessed during a 3-year period in two communities, one with DEC + ALB and the other with DEC alone. Prior to each MDA (during 2001, 2002 and 2003), filarial indices (microfilaraemia and antigenaemia) were assessed from blood samples of 450–650 persons aged 2–25 years and STH infections in stool samples (Kato–Katz method) from 325 to 500 children aged 9–10 years. Mosquitoes resting indoors were collected to determine the filarial infection status. The microfilaraemia prevalence decreased significantly ( P < 0.05) in both arms, with the highest decline in the DEC + ALB arm (72% vs. 51%). Decline in micrefilaria intensity was also higher in the DEC + ALB arm (81.4% vs. 48.5%). In this arm alone, the antigenaemia prevalence was reduced significantly (62%; P < 0.001). The reduction in STH prevalence was lower in the DEC alone arm (6.5%; NS) than in the DEC + ALB arm (70.9%; P < 0.001). Also, the egg reduction in DEC alone arm was only half that of DEC + ALB arm (49% vs. 97%). Our community-based follow-up study showed higher and sustained benefits with regard to filarial and STH infections for the two-drug arm over the DEC alone arm. The trends suggest that at least 10 MDAs may be necessary to achieve the goal of elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the efficacy of indoor and peridomestic thermal fog applications of deltacide, a synergized mixture of pyrethroids (S-bioallethrin 0.7% w/v, deltamethrin 0.5% w/v and piperonyl butoxide 8.9% w/v) against adult populations of Aedes aegypti in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. We bioassayed adult caged mosquitoes, counted indoor resting and human landing adult mosquitoes and assessed the percentage of potential breeding sites with Aedes larvae. The bioassay mortalities indicated that the knockdown and killing effect was greater when fogging was applied inside houses rather than around them. Peridomestic thermal fogging reduced the resting and biting populations by 76% and 40%, respectively for the 3 days after treatment, whereas indoor fogging suppressed adult populations for 5 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A longitudinal community-trial on the control of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), as part of a lymphatic filariasis elimination campaign, was taken up in two revenue blocks of southern India in the years 2001 and 2002 to assess the impact of two annual single-dose mass drug administration (MDA) of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) + albendazole (ALB) with that of DEC alone. The prevalences and intensities of STHs were studied among cross-sectional samples of school children aged 9–10 years by using the Kato-Katz technique at baseline and 11 months after each MDA. The combined drug mass treatment produced a higher reduction in the prevalence (RIP) (51–77%) and the egg reduction rate (ERR) (92–98%) compared with 12–15% RIP and 58–62% ERR of DEC alone mass treatment. The effect of two-drug therapy after two annual treatments was relatively long lasting as shown by RIP and ERR indicating that the reinfection rates were relatively lower in this approach than single-drug therapy. This study demonstrates that mass drug co-administration of DEC + ALB in Global Programme for Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) targeted at the community had a synergistic and sustainable effect against soil-transmitted helminthiasis and provided considerable ‘beyond filariasis’ benefits. The additional advantages accrued to the community underscore the importance of scaling-up GPELF to cover the entire population at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annual 2-drug, single-dose mass drug administration (MDA) to 80-90% of the eligible population for 4-6 years are pre-requisites for the successful elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) from endemic communities by interruption of transmission and eventual elimination of new infections. In an experimental intervention project on the control of LF in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu state, India, migration patterns of the villagers were investigated to determine the appropriate timing to implement MDA in order to attain high coverage in a village-level study. Between January and December 1997, 16 observations took place at 3-week intervals, following MDA with two drugs viz., diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin, in July-August 1996. The migrants from the village constituted 17-27% at different points of time and both short-term and long-term migrating patterns were observed. More villagers were available during the agricultural season (September-January), peaking around mid-January [83%; significantly higher (P < 0.05)] than during most of the remaining months, including a substantial portion of the migrant population. There is an urgent need to reschedule the yearly MDA in this area to take place in January and to plan mopping up operations by involving local self-help groups to include migrants (both short-term and long-term) in the LF elimination efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of single-dose combination drug therapy with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) plus albendazole (ALB), and single-drug therapy with DEC alone against geohelminths was compared as part of a mass drug administration (MDA) for elimination of filariasis. This study was conducted in two blocks of Villupuram District of Tamil Nadu State, India, covering a population of 321 000 including about 100 000 children 1-15 years of age. Prevalence and intensity of geohelminth infection were determined by the Kato-Katz technique immediately before and 3 weeks after the MDA. A pre-treatment cross-sectional survey was undertaken in 18 statistically selected villages out of 204 villages, including 646 school children. About 60% were infected with one or more geohelminths. The overall prevalence rates were 53.9%, 12.4% and 5.7% for Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworms and Trichuris trichiura, respectively. Combination therapy (DEC + ALB) produced a cure rate of 74.3% and an egg reduction rate of 97.3% for geohelminths, which were higher than the corresponding rates (30.4% and 79.0%) observed in the single drug therapy arm with DEC alone. The odds of cure with combination therapy were significantly higher for roundworm (5.3 times) and hookworms (3.5 times), then odds of cure with DEC alone. Both therapies were equally effective against trichuriasis, recording cure rates >77% and egg reduction rates >83%. In combination therapy, 53.5% of the children noticed expulsion of worms after MDA, while in single drug therapy only 20.9% did. Our study indicated that MDA of combination therapy was operationally feasible at the community level, and it may secure higher community compliance because of its perceived benefits and enhanced efficacy against geohelminths than single-drug therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven village units endemic for filariasis were assigned randomly into three arms with different intervention strategies in the years 1995 and 1996. Villages in Group A received two annual mass drug administrations (MDAs) of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) plus ivermectin (IVR). Group B received the same MDAs in combination with vector control; in Group C only placebo was administered. Post-treatment evaluation in 1997 revealed marked reductions in microfilaraemia prevalences (MFP) and geometric mean intensities (GMI). Subsequently, vector control in Group B was continued by the community. Groups A and B received no MDAs between 1997 and 1999 and were re-evaluated in 1999. During this evaluation, antigenaemia prevalence (AGP) was estimated along with MFP, using immunochromatographic test (ICT) kits. The gains of the MDAs were sustained in Group B, while resurgences occurred in Group A, where annual transmission potential (ATP) rose from 21 to 631.6 and MFP doubled. Group C continued to have high ATPs (1057-1617), while Group B had very low ATPs (0-63). After Mulla's corrections, the reductions in MFP were 62.7 and 83.5% and for GMI 72.1 and 91.4% in Group A and B, respectively, compared with Group C. Vector control preserved the gains of MDAs and accounted for 55.8% and 67.1% reductions in MFP and GMI in Group B compared with Group A. The reductions in AGP were 29.4% in Group A and 39.2% in Group B against Group C. The differences between MFP and AGP were nearly uniform across all villages and there was a significant correlation (r=0.98) between the two variables. A similar significant relationship was observed between MFP and AGP values across age groups (r=0.95). Prediction of AGP values from MFP values was proposed with regression equations. We conclude that vector control would be useful as an adjuvant to chemotherapy to prevent resurgences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The standard of care for patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) relapsing after front-line treatment with arsenic trioxide (ATO)-based regimens remains to be defined. A total of 67 patients who relapsed after receiving ATO-based up-front therapy and were also salvaged using an ATO-based regimen were evaluated. The median (range) age of patients was 28 (4-54) years. While 63/67 (94%) achieved a second molecular remission (MR) after salvage therapy, three (4·5%) died during salvage therapy. An autologous stem cell transplant (auto-SCT) was offered to all patients who achieved MR, 35/63 (55·6%) opted for auto-SCT the rest were administered an ATO + all-trans retinoic acid maintenance regimen. The mean (SD) 5-year Kaplan-Meier estimate of overall survival and event-free survival of those who received auto-SCT versus those who did not was 90·3 (5·3)% versus 58·6 (10·4)% (P = 0·004), and 87·1 (6·0)% versus 47·7 (10·3)% (P = 0·001) respectively. On multivariate analysis, failure to consolidate MR with an auto-SCT was associated with a significantly increased risk of relapse [hazard ratio (HR) 4·91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·56-15·41; P = 0·006]. MR induction with ATO-based regimens followed by an auto-SCT in children and young adults with relapsed APL who were treated with front-line ATO-based regimens was associated with excellent long-term survival., (© 2020 The Authors. British Journal of Haematology published by British Society for Haematology and John Wiley & Sons.)