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Our objective was to systematically examine the characteristics of exercise interventions on adherence and dropout in children and adolescents with obesity. PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Lilacs, Scielo, and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and reference lists of relevant articles were searched. We included randomized controlled trials with exercise interventions for pediatric patients with obesity presenting data on dropout and/or adherence. Two reviewers screened the records independently for eligibility with disagreements being resolved by a third reviewer. Twenty‐seven studies with 1268 participants were included. Because of high heterogeneity and poor reporting of adherence, it was not possible to perform a meta‐analysis. Dropout prevalence was calculated, and subgroup analyses comparing different types of exercise and a meta‐regression with potential moderators were performed. We found a dropout rate of 13%. Subgroup analyses did not identify significant differences. The duration of the exercise presented a moderating effect on dropout, suggesting that longer exercise sessions may lead to higher dropout in children and adolescents with obesity. Because of the poor adherence data, it is not clear which exercise characteristics may moderate adherence. To improve the quality of childhood obesity care, it is mandatory that future studies present adherence data. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021290700. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Approximately 20% of US children are obese and these rates are expected to increase. The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) provides meals to millions of students and may influence their body mass index (BMI). This study aimed to investigate whether students who participate in the NSLP have a higher BMI when compared to those that do not. METHODS: Secondary data from the US Census Bureau were analyzed. Kruskal‐Wallis H tests were performed to find associations between NSLP participation and students' BMI. Race and economic stability were included as moderating variables. RESULTS: NSLP participation and respondents that identified as White/Caucasian, African American, and Native American were positively associated with BMI. Lower economic stability was also positively associated with BMI. CONCLUSION: Participation in the NSLP was significantly associated with participants' BMI, race, and economic stability. While a cause‐and‐effect relationship cannot be determined, these results are important given their potential influence on students' long‐term health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The micronutrient adequacy of common fad diets is rarely assessed. We compared a high‐fiber diet [HF] with a low‐carbohydrate diet [LC] to assess their effects on body weight and micronutrient adequacy. One hundred and seventy‐three adult males and females with or without diabetes with a mean body mass index of 36 kg/m2 were randomized to either a HF or LC diet. Differences in anthropometrics, blood lipids, glucose, blood pressure, and micronutrient consumption between groups were assessed after 52 weeks. Differences between groups a priori were assessed using independent t tests and chi‐squared tests. Post hoc differences in nutrient consumption between groups while controlling for gender were assessed using factorial analysis of variance. After 52 weeks, LC dieters (n = 24) retained weight loss better than their HF counterparts (n = 30) (p =.06). LC dieters consumed more vitamin K (mcg) [HF = 124.0 ± 15.0; LC = 220.0 ± 39.1; p =.025] and vitamin B12 (mcg) [HF = 3.1 ± 0.3; LC = 4.1 ± 0.4; p =.026]. The HF group consumed more folate (mcg) [HF = 479.9 ± 34.0); LC = 333.8 ± 22.1; p <.001], magnesium (mg) [HF = 353.1 ± 17.4; LC = 281.1 ± 18.0; p <.001], and iron (mg) [HF = 14.6 ± 0.8; LC = 10.7 ± 0.6; p <.001. Both groups consumed less than the respective EAR for vitamins D and E and less than the AI for potassium. While a LC diet may be more effective for long‐term weight loss, both diets were deficient in micronutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]