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Objective: To assess the impact of treatment with orthodontic aligners (OA) on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) in patients with trisomy 21 (T21) compared to non‐syndromic patients. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 30 patients, both sexes, aged between 11 and 35 years, divided into two groups: T21 (n = 10, patients with T21, treated prospectively) and CONTROL (n = 20, control group, non‐syndromic patients, from the Orthodontic Laboratory of UNOPAR). In both groups, patients were treated with Invisalign orthodontic aligners (Align Technology), following the same treatment parameters. Participants, assisted by their caregivers, when necessary, answered Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) instrument and the patient's guardians answered the Oral Health Scale for People with Down's syndrome (OHDS) instrument, before (T0) and after 30 (T1), 180 (T2), and 365 (T3) days from the start of treatment. Friedman tests with Bonferroni correction and Mann–Whitney tests were used (p <.05). Results: For the OHDS instrument, it was observed that for the eating and communication domains and an overall score, the treatment with OA positively impacted the lives of T21 patients (p <.05). Regarding the OHIP‐14 instrument, the intragroup evaluation showed that in the CONTROL group, there was no significant difference between the evaluated times; while for the T21 group, there was a significant positive impact (p <.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the treatment with aligners positively impacted the OHRQoL of T21 patients, and these results were perceived by caregivers, mainly in relation to issues related to eating and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of sex‐specific differences in phenotypic traits is widely recognized. Yet they are often ignored in studies looking at the impact of global changes on marine organisms, particularly within the context of combined drivers that are known to elicit complex interactions. We tested sex‐specific physiological responses of the cosmopolitan and ecologically important marine copepod Acartia tonsa exposed to combined hypoxia and marine heatwave (MHW) conditions, both of which individually strongly affect marine ectotherms. Females and males were acutely exposed for 5 days to a combination of either control (18°C) or a high temperature mimicking a MHW (25°C), and normoxia (100% O2 sat.) or mild hypoxia (35% O2 sat.). Life‐history traits, as well as sex‐specific survival and physiological traits, were measured. Females had overall higher thermal tolerance levels and responded differently than males when exposed to the combined global change drivers investigated. Females also showed lower metabolic thermal sensitivity when compared to males. Additionally, the MHW exerted a dominant effect on the traits investigated, causing a lower survival and higher metabolic rate at 25°C. However, egg production rates appeared unaffected by hypoxia and MHW conditions. Our results showed that MHWs could strongly affect copepods' survival, that combined exposure to hypoxia and MHW exerted an interactive effect only on CTmax, and that sex‐specific vulnerability to these global change drivers could have major implications for population dynamics. Our results highlight the importance of considering the differences in the responses of females and males to rapid environmental changes to improve the implementation of climate‐smart conservation approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome (BAMS, OMIM #603457) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygous variation in the SMCHD1 gene on chromosome 18p11. Clinically, it is characterized by microphthalmia, absence or hypoplasia of nose, choanal atresia, anosmia, palatal abnormalities, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and cryptorchidism. Here we report a Brazilian patient with a likely pathogenic variation in SMCHD1 gene (c.1418A>T; p.Glu473Val) presenting hemiarhinia associated with short stature and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Due to the clinical variability of BAMS, we considered that hemiarhinia, without microphthalmia, in the present case, can be considered a mild form of BAMS and could be considered for screening of SMCHD1 gene variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Craniofacial microsomia (CFM), also known as the oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum, is a congenital disorder characterized by hypoplasia of the mandible and external ear due to tissue malformations originating from the first and second branchial arches. However, distinguishing it from other syndromes of branchial arch abnormalities is difficult, and causal variants remain unidentified in many cases. In this report, we performed an exome sequencing analysis of a Brazilian family with CFM. The proband was a 12‐month‐old boy with clinical findings consistent with the diagnostic criteria for CFM, including unilateral mandibular hypoplasia, microtia, and external auditory canal abnormalities. A heterozygous de novo nonsense variant (c.713C>G, p.S238*) in PUF60 was identified, which was predicted to be pathogenic in silico. PUF60 has been reported as a causal gene in Verheij syndrome, but not in CFM. Although the boy showed craniofacial abnormalities and developmental delay that overlapped with Verheij syndrome, the facial asymmetry with unilateral hypoplasia of the mandible observed in this case did not match the previously reported phenotypes of PUF60 variants. Our findings expand the phenotypic range of PUF60 variants that cover CFM and Verheij syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Larvae of Hydrotaea are facultative predators of larvae of flies commonly found in poultry farms, chicken and pig waste, and decaying carcasses. One species, the black dump fly, Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann, 1830), coexists with the housefly Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) in these environments and has been employed in the biological control of the housefly in the USA and Germany. To assess the predatory efficacy of H. aenescens larvae on M. domestica larvae, we conducted controlled laboratory experiments in which we selected larvae of different sizes of the larvae and the densities of both predator and prey. We set up the experiment using adult flies from a poultry farm and reared the larvae they produced in our laboratory. Our findings indicate that second‐ and third‐instar H. aenescens larvae effectively suppressed populations of housefly larvae under laboratory conditions, especially when the latter was smaller or the same size as the former. Under these ideal experimental conditions, a single H. aenescens larva consumed up to 29 larvae of M. domestica, potentially leading to a complete eradication of the housefly population at predator–prey density levels of 1:1 and 1:4, but only when considering both the natural mortality rate of M. domestica larvae and the additional mortality caused by H. aenescens larvae. These results corroborate a pattern previously observed in other predatory larvae and have important implications for biological control and integrated pest management programs targeting M. domestica in poultry and swine farms across South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic reprogramming and abnormal glucose metabolism are hallmarks of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Certain oncogenes can promote cancer‐related metabolic changes, but understanding their crosstalk in HNSCC biology and treatment is essential for identifying predictive biomarkers and developing target therapies. Methods: We assessed the value of survivin/BIRC5 as a radioresistance factor potentially modulated by glucose for predicting therapeutic sensitivity and prognosis of HNSCC in a cohort of 32 patients. Additionally, we conducted in vitro experiments to explore the role of survivin/BIRC5 in glucose metabolism concerning radiation response. Results: Tumoral BIRC5 expression is associated with serum glucose and predicts locoregional disease‐free survival and lower BIRC5 mRNA levels are associated with better outcomes. Upregulation of BIRC5 by radiation depends on glucose levels and provokes a pro‐tumoral and radioresistant phenotype in surviving cells. Conclusions: Survivin/BIRC5 might be independently associated with the risk of recurrence in patients with HNSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoplastic composites exhibit improved mechanical performance compared to pure matrices, and the fiber is usually the most influential component of the composite. Recently, studies related to the use of vegetable fibers have grown significantly, but few works report the direct comparative between inorganic and vegetable fibers and fillers as reinforcements. In this work, composites were produced with polystyrene (PS) matrix, reinforced with inorganic fibers (glass), vegetal fibers (kapok), particulate inorganic (CaCO3), and vegetal (wood) fillers. The composites were mixed by a twin‐screw co‐rotating extruder and after processed in an injection‐molding machine. Statistical analyses of density, tensile and flexural strength abrasion resistance were made, along with analyzes of thermal deflection temperature, dynamic mechanical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy were performed on the composites. The main results indicate that all reinforcing agents (vegetal and inorganic fibers and fillers) show a regular trend of increasing the mechanical properties proven by statistical comparison, presenting p < 0.01 that proves a significant increase. By dynamic mechanical analysis, vegetable reinforcements showed a higher coefficient of effectiveness when compared to composites produced with inorganic reinforcements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oculomotricity is a multidimensional domain characterised by a delicate interplay of anatomical structures and physiological processes. This manuscript meticulously dissects the nuances of this interplay, bringing to the fore the integral role of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) and their intricate relationship with the myriad orbital connective tissues as it harmoniously orchestrates binocular movements, ensuring synchronised and fluid visual tracking. Historically, the peripheral oculomotor apparatus was conceptualised as a rudimentary system predominantly driven by neural directives. While widely accepted, this perspective offered a limited view of the complexities inherent in ocular movement mechanics. The twentieth century heralded a paradigm shift in this understanding. With advances in anatomical research and imaging techniques, a much clearer picture of the gross anatomy of the EOMs emerged. This clarity challenged traditional viewpoints, suggesting that the inherent biomechanical properties of the EOMs, coupled with their associated tissue pulleys, play a pivotal role in dictating eye movement dynamics. Central to this revised understanding is the "arc of contact" paradigm. This concept delves deep into the mechanics of eye rotation, elucidating the significance of the point of contact between the EOMs and the eyeball. The arc of contact is not just a static anatomical feature; its length and orientation play a crucial role in determining the effective torque generated by a muscle, thereby influencing the amplitude and direction of eye rotation. The dynamic nature of this arc, influenced by the position and tension of the muscle pulleys, offers a more comprehensive model for understanding ocular kinematics. Previously overlooked in traditional models, muscle pulleys have now emerged as central players in the biomechanics of eye movement. These anatomical structures, formed by dense connective tissues, guide the paths of the EOMs, ensuring that their pulling angles remain optimal across a range of gaze directions. The non‐linear paths resulting from these pulleys provide a more dynamic and intricate understanding of eye movement, challenging two‐dimensional, linear models of orbital anatomy. The implications of these revelations extend beyond mere theoretical knowledge. The insights garnered from this research promise transformative potential in the realm of strabismus surgery. Recognising the pivotal role of muscle pulleys and the "arc of contact" paradigm allows for more precise surgical interventions, ensuring better post‐operative outcomes and minimising the risk of complications. Surgical procedures that previously relied on basic mechanical principles now stand to benefit from a more nuanced understanding of the underlying anatomical and physiological dynamics. In conclusion, this manuscript serves as a testament to the ever‐evolving nature of scientific knowledge. Challenging established norms and introducing fresh perspectives pave the way for more effective and informed clinical interventions in strabismus surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Studies evaluating smoking and periodontal status show controversial results regarding the impact on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQol). The aim was to evaluate the association between OHRQol and periodontal status in patients according to their smoking habit. Methods: Cross‐sectional study with a total of 100 patients (31.44 ± 8.50 years, 55% females) answered the short version of Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) and underwent a periodontal examination. Associations between periodontal status and total mean OHIP‐14 scores related with smoking habit were analysed with Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: Mean percentage of sites with Bleeding on Probing (BOP), Clinical Attachment Loss (CAL) and Number of Teeth were significantly different between current smokers (n = 53) and never (n = 40) or former smokers (n = 7; p < 0.05). There was no significant difference for Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD) in relation to smoking status. A total mean OHIP‐14 score of 13.07 was observed for the entire sample. The corresponding total mean OHIP‐14 scores, for current smokers, never smokers and former smokers, were 15, 10 and 13 (p = 0.280), respectively. The domains social disability and handicap of the OHIP‐14 were worse in current smokers (p = 0.028 and p = 0.026, respectively). Conclusion: Current smoking was associated with a negative influence on OHRQoL in the domain of social disability and handicap. In addition, smokers have worse periodontal status, related to less BOP, greater CAL and fewer teeth than never and former smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products derived from plants can be used as photosensitizers for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) combining key therapeutic strategies for tissue repair while controlling microorganisms' growth. We investigated a standardized extract of pequi peels (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess) as a brownish natural photosensitizer for aPDT using blue light. Three concentrations of the pequi extract (PE; 10, 30, or 90 μg/mL) were tested solely or associated with blue laser (445 nm, 100 mW, 138 J/cm2, 6 J, 60 s). In vitro, we quantified reactive oxygen species (ROS), assessed skin keratinocytes (HaCat) viability and migration, and aPDT antimicrobial activity on Streptococcus or Staphylococcus strains. In vivo, we assessed wound closure for the most active concentration disclosed by the in vitro assay (30 μg/mL). Upon aPDT treatments, ROS were significantly increased in cell monolayers regardless of PE concentration. PE at low doses stimulates epithelial cells. Although PE stimulated cellular migration, aPDT was moderately cytotoxic to skin keratinocytes, particularly at the highest concentration. The antimicrobial activity was observed for PE at the lowest concentration (10 μg/mL) and mostly at PE 10 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL when used as aPDT photosensitizers. aPDT with PE 30 μg/mL presents antimicrobial activity without compromising the initial phases of skin repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of rare earth elements, such as cerium, to austenitic Fe–Mn–Si‐based shape memory alloys has been shown to improve both corrosion resistance and shape recovery. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of Ce on shape recovery are still unclear. This study investigates the influence of the addition of small amounts of Ce (0.18, 0.42, and 0.96 wt%) on the microstructure and shape recovery of an austenitic Fe–13.50Mn–3.98Si–9.54Cr–4.51Ni alloy. Ce additions induce the formation of a large number of Ce‐rich particles, which act as austenitic grain refiners. Both grain refinement and the formation of Ce‐rich particles contribute to the strengthening of the matrix at 0.42 wt% Ce addition. In addition, Ce additions alter the MS temperature, which increases with Ce additions. Total shape recovery improves with 0.18 and 0.42 wt% Ce additions, but decreases with 0.96 wt% Ce addition. The beneficial effect of Ce addition in improving the shape recovery of the austenitic Fe–Mn–Si–Cr–Ni alloy is related to the enhancement of the elastic shape recovery component of the total shape recovery. However, the shape memory recovery due to the shape memory effect always decreases with the increase of the Ce content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sacoglossa sea slugs have garnered attention due to their ability to retain intracellular functional chloroplasts from algae, while degrading other algal cell components. While protective mechanisms that limit oxidative damage under excessive light are well documented in plants and algae, the photoprotective strategies employed by these photosynthetic sea slugs remain unresolved. Species within the genus Elysia are known to retain chloroplasts from various algal sources, but the extent to which the metabolic processes from the donor algae can be sustained by the sea slugs is unclear. By comparing responses to high-light conditions through kinetic analyses, molecular techniques, and biochemical assays, this study shows significant differences between two photosynthetic Elysia species with chloroplasts derived from the green alga Acetabularia acetabulum. Notably, Elysia timida displayed remarkable tolerance to high-light stress and sophisticated photoprotective mechanisms such as an active xanthophyll cycle, efficient D1 protein recycling, accumulation of heat-shock proteins and α-tocopherol. In contrast, Elysia crispata exhibited absence or limitations in these photoprotective strategies. Our findings emphasize the intricate relationship between the host animal and the stolen chloroplasts, highlighting different capacities to protect the photosynthetic organelle from oxidative damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and twin polymerization (TP) of Si(OCH2py)4 (3 a, py=2‐cC5H4N; 3 b, py=3‐cC5H4N; 3 c, py=4‐cC5H4N) is discussed. The solid state structures of 3 b, c were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography showing non‐conventional H‐bonding, forming 2D chains (3 b) or 3D networks (3 c). Thermally induced TP of 3 a–c and their simultaneous polymerization with 2,2'‐spiro‐bi[4H‐1,3,2‐benzodioxasiline] (4) is described. The resulting hybrid materials were characterized by 1H, 13C{1H}, and 29Si{1H} CP MAS NMR spectroscopy confirming the transformation of the SiOCH2 moieties into CH2 groups enabling the formation of the respective polymers. These results were supported by HAADF‐STEM studies, displaying micro‐structuring. Nitrogen‐containing porous carbon materials C_1–C_3 show surface areas of 1300 and 1700 m2 g−1, large pore volumes between 0.6–1.2 cm3 g−1, and nitrogen contents of up to 3.1 at‐%. X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy reveal that pyrrolic, pyridine, and pyridone nitrogen atoms are present. If equimolar amounts of 3 a–c and 4 are simultaneously polymerized in the presence of [Pd(OAc)2] (5), then the Pd nanoparticle‐decorated material Pd@C_3 (900 m2 g−1) was obtained, which showed k values of −0.083 and −0.066 min−1 in the reduction of methylene blue and methyl orange, proving the accessibility of the Pd NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary critiques a scientific paper on the fossil flora of the Azores, pointing out inaccuracies and inconsistencies. The authors dispute the claim that there are no fossil plants on certain islands and provide evidence to the contrary. They also highlight errors in geological maps, taxonomic determinations, and descriptions of geological formations. The critique emphasizes the need for more accurate research, including detailed photographic evidence and replication of results. The authors encourage further study but urge improvements in taxonomy, geological descriptions, and evidence presentation. [Extracted from the article]

In this study, we characterized and compared vegetation types associated with geomorphological units susceptible to distinct flooding levels. Differences in vegetation are related to landform variations. We aimed to 1) characterize the vegetation structure and quantify community compositional differences among landforms and 2) compare landforms soil characteristics and how these correlate with the tree vegetation. The study area is located in the Brazilian Caatinga domain, near the Verde Grande river, a tributary of São Francisco river (14°54′38ʺS, 43°42′53ʺW). We allocated six plots in each of the five landforms sampled (from wettest to driest sites): 1) marginal dike (RF – riparian forest), 2) upper terrace (RWF – riparian wetland forest), 3) lower terrace (WF – wetland forest), 4) lower plain (OFF – occasionally flooded forest) and 5) upper plain (UF – unflooded forest). We ran a non‐metric multidimensional scaling, produced a Venn diagram, and performed a principal component analysis (PCA) on the soil data (compared through a Tukey test at 5% significance after a significant ANOVA). A total of 1422 individuals, 26 families, 70 genera and 89 species were recorded. The NMDS revealed two distinct floristic groups: one group is associated with landforms with assumed higher flood frequency (RF, RWF, WF) and one with less frequently flooded landforms (OFF and UF). The RF, OFF, and UF landforms contained exclusive species (that only occurred in the plots of a particular landform). The species Geofroea spinosa (Fabaceae) was responsible for 70% of the total biomass recorded in the landforms RWF and WF. The soil analysis showed a gradient of soil acidity and fertility related to water saturation, whereby the most frequently flooded plots had the highest acidity values and highest fertility. We found that flood‐related conditions significantly influence tree community structure and species distribution in this floodplain in the Brazilian Caatinga domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To present clinical strategies for prosthetic rehabilitation with complete dentures (CDs) of a Parkinson's disease patient. Case report: An 82‐year‐old patient sought the Department of Dentistry at UFRN, reporting retention dissatisfaction and hamper to the mandibular CD adaptation. Patient‐reported a dry mouth sensation, and exhibited disordered mandibular movements, tremors, and resorbed mandibular ridge. Aiming retention and stability, double molding with zinc enolic oxide impression paste, neutral zone technique, and non‐anatomic teeth were proposed as clinical strategies. At delivery, identification and relief in the supercompression areas were performed to facilitate the acceptance and use of the new dentures. Conclusion: The strategies promoted patient satisfaction regarding retention, stability, and comfort. This treatment may be considered for the rehabilitation of Parkinson's disease patients, favoring the adaptation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The heel is a complex anatomical region and is very often the source of pain complaints. The medial heel contains a number of structures, capable of compressing the main nerves of the region and knowing its anatomical topography is mandatory. The purpose of this work is to evaluate if tibial nerve (TN) and its main branches relate to the main anatomical landmarks of the ankle's medial side and if so, do they have a regular path after emerging from TN. Methods: The distal part of the legs, ankles and feet of 12 Thiel embalmed cadavers were dissected. The pattern of the branches of the TN was registered and the measurements were performed according to the Dellon–McKinnon malleolar-calcaneal line (DML) and the Heimkes Triangle (HT). Results: The TN divided proximal to DML in 87.5%, on top of the DML in 12,5% and distal in none of the feet. The Baxter's nerve (BN) originated proximally in 50%, on top of the DML in 12,5% and distally in 37.5% of the cases. There was a strong and significant correlation between the length of DML and the distance from the center of the medial malleolus (MM) to the lateral plantar nerve (LPN), medial plantar (MPN) nerve, BN and Medial Calcaneal Nerve (MCN) (ρ: 0.910, 0.866, 0.970 and 0.762 respectively, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In our sample the TN divides distal to DML in none of the cases. We also report a strong association between ankle size and the distribution of the MPN, LPN, BN and MCN. We hypothesize that location of these branches on the medial side of the ankle could be more predictable if we take into consideration the distance between the MM and the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using cross‐sectional data from N = 4274 young adults across 16 countries during the COVID‐19 pandemic, we examined the cross‐cultural measurement invariance of the perceived vulnerability to disease (PVD) scale and tested the hypothesis that the association between PVD and fear of COVID‐19 is stronger under high disease threat [that is, absence of COVID‐19 vaccination, living in a country with lower Human Development Index (HDI) or higher COVID‐19 mortality]. Results supported a bi‐factor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling model where items loaded on a global PVD factor, and on the sub‐factors of Perceived Infectability and Germ Aversion. However, cross‐national invariance could only be obtained on the configural level with a reduced version of the PVD scale (PVD‐r), suggesting that the concept of PVD may vary across nations. Moreover, higher PVD‐r was consistently associated with greater fear of COVID‐19 across all levels of disease threat, but this association was especially pronounced among individuals with a COVID‐19 vaccine, and in contexts where COVID‐19 mortality was high. The present research brought clarity into the dimensionality of the PVD measure, discussed its suitability and limitations for cross‐cultural research, and highlighted the pandemic‐related conditions under which higher PVD is most likely to go along with psychologically maladaptive outcomes, such as fear of COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasites are responsible for the most neglected tropical diseases, affecting over a billion people worldwide (WHO, 2015) and accounting for billions of cases a year and responsible for several millions of deaths. Research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has increased in recent years and demonstrated that EVs shed by pathogenic parasites interact with host cells playing an important role in the parasite's survival, such as facilitation of infection, immunomodulation, parasite adaptation to the host environment and the transfer of drug resistance factors. Thus, EVs released by parasites mediate parasite‐parasite and parasite‐host intercellular communication. In addition, they are being explored as biomarkers of asymptomatic infections and disease prognosis after drug treatment. However, most current protocols used for the isolation, size determination, quantification and characterization of molecular cargo of EVs lack greater rigor, standardization, and adequate quality controls to certify the enrichment or purity of the ensuing bioproducts. We are now initiating major guidelines based on the evolution of collective knowledge in recent years. The main points covered in this position paper are methods for the isolation and molecular characterization of EVs obtained from parasite‐infected cell cultures, experimental animals, and patients. The guideline also includes a discussion of suggested protocols and functional assays in host cells [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model‐Based Product Line Engineering (MBPLE) and Variability Management are key enablers of Model‐Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). A MBSE Architecture Framework based on the SysML language has been developed at Airbus Group Level: R‐MOFLT ‐ Requirements, Mission, Operational, Functional, Logical, Technical Analysis. MBPLE4MOFLT is a feature‐based product line engineering framework based on the ISO 26580 (2021) standard, extending R‐MOFLT. This paper defines the methodological foundations of the Airbus MBPLE4MOFLT framework and provides insights into its application in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copro‐parasitological surveys in wildlife face challenges due to the secretive nature of many species and the unknown performance of the diagnostic tests employed. To overcome these issues, we used a combination of hierarchical models (site‐occupancy and N‐mixture models) applied to copro‐parasitological data obtained from fecal samples assigned to the host species by molecular methods in the Iberian ibex in north‐western Iberian Peninsula. The aims were to compare the performance of four diagnostic tests (Mini‐FLOTAC, McMaster, Willis flotation, and natural sedimentation) and to use this methodological approach (molecular analysis with hierarchical models) to better estimate positivity proportion and shedding intensity in a wild ibex population. Pooled fecal samples were collected, and those confirmed by molecular analyses to be the host species in question were included in the study. Hierarchical models confirmed different performances of each diagnostic test, with Mini‐FLOTAC showing higher sensitivity for eimeriid coccidia, Willis flotation (for proportion positive) and McMaster (for shedding intensity) in gastrointestinal Strongylida, and equal performance of MiniFlotac/Willis flotation (for proportion positive) and MiniFlotac/McMaster (for shedding intensity) in Moniezia spp. This study employed a combination of molecular and statistical methods that improved the estimates of prevalence and shedding intensity and allowed us to compare the performance of four diagnostic tests while assessing the effect of covariates. Such improvements are critical to enhancing inference in non‐invasive wildlife copro‐parasitological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is aimed at analyzing the perception of future tourism professionals about the presence of robots in the hospitality industry. It was based on data obtained from undergraduate and master students in tourism and hospitality, through a questionnaire that sought to assess their perceptions regarding hospitality, novelty, culture, robot performance management in the tourism industry, and their willingness to work in a partially robotized environment in the future. The analysis of the perceptions of future tourism and hospitality professionals was performed based on a structural equation model and revealed that perceptions of novelty and performance management have a significantly positive impact on the willingness of participants to work in a partially robot environment in the future. When the intention to use robots in the future is included in the model, this positive effect decreases. The current existing research on the application of artificial intelligence in hospitality and tourism has, mainly, focused on the customer or the hotelier, making it important to understand how generations of future employees in hospitality and tourism view the use of this type of technology, anticipating any future less favorable situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dispersal is a crucial mechanism to living beings, allowing them to reach new resources such that populations and species can occupy new environments. However, directly observing the dispersal mechanisms of widespread species can be costly or even impractical, which is the case for mangrove trees. The influence of ocean currents on mangrove dispersal is increasingly evident; however, few studies mechanistically relate the patterns of population distribution with the dispersal by oceanic currents under an integrated framework. Here, we evaluate the role of oceanic currents on connectivity of Rhizophora mangle along the Southwest Atlantic. We inferred population genetic structure and migration rates, simulated the displacement of propagules and tested our hypotheses with Mantel tests and redundancy analysis. We observed populations structured in two major groups, north and south, which is corroborated by other studies with Rhizophora and other coastal plants. Inferred recent migration rates do not indicate ongoing gene flow between sites. Conversely, long‐term migration rates were low across groups and contrasting dispersal patterns within each one, which is consistent with long‐distance dispersal events. Our hypothesis tests suggest that both isolation by distance and isolation by oceanography (derived from the oceanic currents) can explain the neutral genetic variation of R. mangle in the region. Our findings expand current knowledge of mangrove connectivity and highlight how the association of molecular methods with oceanographic simulations improve the interpretation of the dispersal process. This integrative approach is a cost‐ and time‐efficient strategy to include dispersal and connectivity data into marine protected areas planning and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Drawing on theories of distributive justice and intergroup discrimination, we examined how much distributive justice criterion and racial group membership contribute to bias in healthcare allocation decisions, by testing a theoretical model that specifies perceived stereotypicality and individual responsibility as a serial mediation process in the relationship between disease's contraction controllability (controllable vs. non‐controllable) and bias in medical decision‐making. Method: White Portuguese medical students (N = 213) participated in an online experimental study conducted in two phases. In phase 1, we manipulated the cause of disease contagion and the salience of patient's racial categorization, and measured the stereotypicality of behaviour. In phase 2, we assessed perceived responsibility and likelihood of recommending medical treatment. Results: Controllable (vs. non‐controllable) contraction behaviours in phase 1 were perceived as more stereotypic. As a spillover effect, more stereotypical behaviours in phase 1 predicted more patient's responsibility for their disease in phase 2. Importantly, controllable behaviours of disease contraction in phase 1 negatively affected recommendations for medical treatment in phase 2; and this negative effect was serially mediated by the stereotypicality of behaviour and patient responsibility. Furthermore, patients' skin colour moderated this process, meaning that perceptions of controllable behaviour as more stereotypic were stronger for Black than for White patients. Conclusions: This research shows how stereotyping and social categorization bias allocation decisions through the patient's level of responsibility in decision‐making processes. The findings are discussed in light of principles of distributive justice and the literature on intergroup relations with respect to racial disparities in health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some oral conditions can have psychosocial consequences that affect children's daily life and well‐being. Aim: To create a structural model for the determination of dental caries, molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH), and the impact of these conditions and socioeconomic status on schoolchildren's oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL). Design: A representative cross‐sectional study was conducted in Lavras, Brazil, with 1181 female and male schoolchildren 8–9 years of age. OHRQoL was measured using the Brazilian version of the CPQ8‐10. Clinical examinations were performed by a calibrated dentist for the diagnosis of dental caries (WHO) and MIH (EAPD). Parents/caregivers answered questionnaires addressing the child's medical history and socioeconomic status. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The model revealed that greater MIH severity (β =.874; p <.001) and worse socioeconomic status (β = −.060; p =.001) were associated with a greater number of teeth with caries experience. The higher the number of teeth with caries experience (β =.160; p =.007) and worse socioeconomic status (β = −.164; p <.001), the greater the negative impact on OHRQoL. Conclusion: The model created showed that dental caries and socioeconomic status had a direct negative impact on the OHRQoL of schoolchildren and MIH had an indirect impact mediated by the occurrence of caries experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural expansion and intensification are having a huge impact on plant and arthropod diversity and abundance, affecting food availability for farmland birds. Difficult food access, in turn, can lead to immunosuppression and a higher incidence of parasites. In the studies designed to examine changes in the diet of birds and their parasites, metabarcoding is proving particularly useful. This technique requires mini‐barcodes capable of amplifying the DNA of target organisms from fecal environmental DNA. To help to understand the impact of agricultural expansion on biodiversity, this study sought to design and identify mini‐barcodes that might simultaneously assess diet and intestinal parasites from the feces of farmland birds. The capacity to identify diet and parasites of 2 existing and 3 newly developed mini‐barcodes was tested "in silico" in relation to the behavior of a reference eukaryotic barcode. Among the newly designed mini‐barcodes, MiniB18S_81 showed the higher taxonomic coverage of eukaryotic taxa and a greater amplification and identification capacity for diet and parasite taxa. Moreover, when it was tested on fecal samples from 5 different steppe bird species, MiniB18S_81 showed high taxonomic resolution of the most relevant diet and parasite phyla, Arthropoda, Nematoda, Platyhelminthes, and Apicomplexa at the order level. Thus, the mini‐barcode developed emerges as an excellent tool to simultaneously provide detailed information regarding the diet and parasites of birds, essential for conservation and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palaearctic Erica sect. Chlorocodon, known as the wind‐pollinated besom heaths (WPBH), includes the Macaronesian E. azorica, E. platycodon subsp. platycodon and E. platycodon subsp. maderincola together with the Mediterranean and North African E. scoparia. Despite the broad extant distribution, the mainland fossil record of this section is scarce and poorly preserved and dated, and Macaronesian fossils were so far unknown. Here we discuss the systematic affinities of the first fossils of a WPBH found in Macaronesia, within a 1.3 Ma (Pleistocene, Calabrian stage) Madeira Island fossiliferous deposit. One flower and dissociated seed fossils were found in the same sediment layer, being preserved as coalified compressions with cuticular preservation. Both the flower and seed fossils present unique WPBH characters. The flower fossil is characterised by an exserted, peltate and discoid stigma – an unequivocal adaptation to anemophily, unique within Palaearctic Erica taxa. The seed fossils are of small size, presenting a testa with channelled anticlinal cell‐walls, a characteristic only found in the extant Macaronesian WPBH. Morphological, anatomical, and biometric comparisons of the fossils to extant flowers and seeds suggest that the fossils are related to the Palaearctic E. sect. Chlorocodon, being morphologically close to E. azorica. Here we assign them to E. aff. azorica. These findings suggest a colonisation to Madeira Island prior to 1.3 Ma, corresponding to the oldest and unambiguous WPBH fossils, at least 0.90–1.2 Ma older than the oldest known record. The fossil flower also indicates the presence of anemophilous traits since at least the early Pleistocene. Finally, the presence of a WPBH could suggest the same ecological role in seral communities, important to the establishment of the Madeiran temperate stink‐laurel forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Hepatitis C (HCV) programs face challenges, especially linked to key populations to achieve World Health Organization (WHO) goals of eliminating hepatitis. Médecins Sans Frontières and Mozambique's Ministry of Health first implemented HCV treatment in Maputo, in 2016 and harm reduction activities in 2017. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed routine data of patients enrolled between December 2016 and July 2021. Genotyping was systematically requested up to 2018 and subsequently in cases of treatment failure. Sustainable virological response was assessed 12 weeks after the end of treatment by sofosbuvir‐daclatasvir or sofosbuvir‐velpatasvir. Results: Two hundred and two patients were enrolled, with 159 (78.71%) males (median age: 41 years [interquartile range (IQR): 37.10, 47.00]). Risk factors included drug use (142/202; 70.29%). One hundred and eleven genotyping results indicated genotype 1 predominant (87/111; 78.37%). Sixteen patients presented genotype 4, with various subtypes. The people who used drugs and HIV coinfected patients were found more likely to present a genotype 1. Intention‐to‐treat analysis showed 68.99% (89/129) cure rate among the patients initiated and per‐protocol analysis, 88.12% (89/101) cure rate. Nineteen patients received treatment integrated with opioid substitution therapy, with a 100% cure rate versus 59.37% (38/64) for initiated ones without substitution therapy (p < 0.001). Among the resistance testing performed, NS5A resistance‐associated substitutions were found in seven patients among the nine tested patients and NS5B ones in one patient. Conclusion: We found varied genotypes, including some identified as difficult‐to‐treat subtypes. People who used drugs were more likely to present genotype 1. In addition, opioid substitution therapy was key for these patients to achieve cure. Access to second‐generation direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) and integration of HCV care with harm reduction are crucial to program effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We estimate with UK data a Phillips curve model with backward‐looking and forward‐looking methods of determining inflation expectations and with agents switching between these based on their recent performance. We find that, while on average backward‐looking and forward‐looking methods have about equal weight, there are considerable movements in the weight given to each method. We show this model has better in‐sample fit than other Phillips curve models and this is robust to the methodology chosen. The model out‐of‐sample forecasts on certain dates do better than other Phillips curve models and the Atkeson and Ohanian model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilayered sheets of AA1050 and AA7050 Al alloys produced by hot accumulative roll bonding (ARB) are tested to estimate their forming limit diagrams (FLDs). Sheets processed with preheating at 450 and 500 °C for up to six ARB cycles are submitted to Nakazima tests with an in situ digital image correlation system and tensile tests to analyze the mechanical behavior. X‐ray measurements and electron backscatter diffraction are performed to obtain the crystallographic texture and the mesotexture, respectively, and thus characterize the heterogeneous microstructure. A bimodal grain size distribution is observed in these sheets since AA7050 layers present elongated and fine grain size with nanometric precipitates and AA1050 layers present coarser and equiaxed grains. In addition, texture analysis indicates both rolling and shear components in the sheets. The FLDs show that the forming properties did not follow the expected rule of mixtures when compared with monolithic alloy sheets. Overall, the multilayered AA1050/AA7050 processed by means of ARB at 500 °C presents better formability than that at 450 °C, due to the combination of lower anisotropy measured by the Lankford coefficients r¯ values close to 1 and low normal anisotropy Δr values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Investigating the global epidemiological patterns of Trichinella in pigs is required for accurate recognition and to establishing proper control programmes and preventive measures, as well as to decrease human exposure. Objectives: To obtain a better understanding of the global prevalence of Trichinella in domestic pigs and factors that might influence the prevalence, a systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines were followed. Multiple databases were used to identify literature published between January 2000 and December 2021, representing studies from 1985 to 2021, on Trichinella prevalence in domestic pigs. Prevalence was calculated on a global and country level, by country Human Development Index (HDI), climate, pig management system, and diagnostic test. Results: The global pooled prevalence based on 60 manuscripts representing 32 countries and 65 pig populations was 2.02% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.88–3.62) and the estimated pooled prevalence in different continents ranged from 0.00% to 11.8%. Trichinella was highest in low HDI countries (21.6%; 95% CI: 4.3–47.2), tropical wet climates (20.9%; 95% CI: 10.3–34.1), and non‐intensive pig farming systems (6.1%; 95% CI: 1.0–15.5). Conclusions: While there were regional differences in Trichinella prevalence in domestic pigs, these were likely driven by country HDI and pig farming systems versus climatic factors. Increased biosecurity in outdoor pig production systems, focused meat inspections and promoting awareness could potentially decrease risk of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Spirometra infection is aneglected food‐ and waterborne disease with worldwide distribution. Objectives: The present study aims to estimate the global prevalence of Spirometra species in snakes, frogs, dogs and cats. Methods: Multiple databases (PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched for relevant literatures published up to March 2022. Results: Among 131 data sets (including 113 articles) that met the inclusion, 15 investigations reported Spirometra infection in snakes, 23 in frogs, 41 in dogs and 52 in cats. The pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval) in intermediate hosts and definitive hosts was found to be 0.313% and 0.089%, respectively. Based on continent, the infection was most prevalent in Asia for studies on snakes (0.696%) and frogs (0.181%), while Africa (0.224%) and Oceania (0.203%) were the regions with the highest pooled prevalence rates of the infection in dogs and cats, respectively. Among different diagnostic methods, the highest pooled prevalence was related to morphological method for studies on snakes, frog and cats with rate of 0.665%, 0.189% and 0.104%, respectively. Regarding studies on dogs, the highest pooled prevalence was observed for molecular technique (0.101%). Conclusions: The results presented here revealed the importance of establishing a prevention and control measure focused on protection of aquaculture systems from being contaminated with faeces of dogs and cats, and raising awareness of parasitic zoonotic diseases to decrease the transmission risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Patients in early phases of schizophrenia or mood disorders with psychotic symptoms have a wide array of metabolic abnormalities. We analysed the potential predictive value of uric acid (UA) levels and other metabolic parameters in first‐episode psychosis patients to differentiate between non‐affective and affective psychosis. Methods: Retrospective chart review of all patients referenced to a first‐episode psychosis unit (n = 149), between 2012 and 2017, with available UA levels. Patients included (n = 37) were compared according to the follow‐up diagnosis of schizophrenia or mood disorder. Results: Mood disorder patients presented higher UA levels (p =.030) and lower fasting blood glucose levels (p =.020) compared with schizophrenia patients. The remaining variables did not show significant intergroup differences. Conclusions: Findings in this first‐episode psychosis cohort support previous evidence suggesting higher UA levels as a predictor of affective psychosis and glucose dysfunction as predictive of schizophrenia. Further studies are needed to explore metabolic parameters as possible diagnostic predictors in first‐episode psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Temperature directly influences the survival, development and reproduction of insects and limits their biological activity. The alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica Gyllenhal) is a destructive pest of alfalfa crops in Spain and in most of the alfalfa production countries. The knowledge of how temperature affects the fitness of this pest can be used to predict its activity in current or forecasted environmental conditions and to develop more accurate control strategies. Results: We evaluated the fitness of alfalfa weevil at eight constant temperatures (8–36 °C) at 4 °C intervals by using life tables and models for the description of temperature‐dependent development rates. We found that most of the parameters we studied were temperature dependent. Development was observed at all temperatures. However, postembryonic survival was optimal at 16 °C but very low at 36 °C. Adults did not reproduce at 8, 32 or 36 °C. The highest fecundity and net reproductive rate were observed at 20 °C, but the highest intrinsic rate of increase occurred at 24 °C. We predicted the phenology of the pest based on the heat needed for development, the cumulative degree days from the beginning of October to the end of May, and the day length in the study region. Conclusion: Our prediction was validated using field data reporting the first occurrence of larval instars and adults, revealing that no more than two generations are possible within an annual cycle. In a hypothetical case where average monthly temperatures increase by 1–2 °C, the number of generations would not change. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporary lentic water bodies host biotic assemblages adapted to the transient nature of these freshwater habitats. Fairy shrimps (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) are one of the most important biological components of these unique environments and have a fossil record dating back to the Middle Jurassic (>150 million years).Some anostracan species show a geographically restricted distribution, whereas others are widely dispersed. We aimed to investigate the relationship between different geographic extents and patterns of genetic structure in species of Anostraca. Following this objective, we selected two species with contrasting ranges but overlapping geographic distributions and similar life‐history traits in the study area. We analysed additional information that, from an ecological (e.g. egg‐bank, niche breadth, and pond connectivity) and evolutionary (e.g. crown‐group age of each species) perspective, may explain the obtained phylogeographic patterns.Between 2005 and 2018, we sampled two species of fairy shrimps (309 specimens of Branchipus cortesi and 264 specimens of Tanymastix stagnalis) from 53 temporary ponds of Portugal. We added five other locations from Spain and France to include other European locations for T. stagnalis. Additionally, we also sampled Branchipus schaefferi from two temporary water bodies (Spain and Morocco) to include in the dating analysis.Reconstructed phylogenies based on mitochondrial sequence data indicate the existence of deeply divergent clades with an unequivocal phylogeographic structure in T. stagnalis and shallower divergences in B. cortesi with a less clear geographic correspondence. We found evidence of frequent local and rare long‐distance dispersal events in both species and limited intermediate dispersal, which was more common in B. cortesi. A Bayesian dating analysis using the Branchiopoda fossil record estimated the age of the most recent common ancestors of T. stagnalis and B. cortesi at 32.4 and 12.8 million years, respectively.Haplotype accumulation curves indicated that only a portion of the genetic composition of the species was sampled on each hydroperiod and showed the existence of large, genetically diverse egg banks that remain in the soil. These egg banks represent a genetic reservoir that guarantees the survival of the species because active populations from different hydroperiods may be genetically different and adapt to a changing environment.We hypothesise that the contrasting phylogeographic patterns displayed by the two fairy shrimp species may result from: (1) the earlier age of the most recent common ancestor of T. stagnalis, as older species have more time to accumulate mutations and, thus, are expected to exhibit higher genetic differentiation among populations; (2) slight differences in adult behaviour, life‐history traits and cyst morphologies of T. stagnalis and B. cortesi favouring different animal dispersal vectors with distinct dispersal abilities. Therefore, phylogeographic patterns may be explained by both evolutionary and ecological processes, which operate in different time scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Progression rate is quite variable in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); thus, tools for profiling disease progression are essential for timely interventions. The objective was to apply dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) to establish the influence of clinical and demographic variables on disease progression rate. Methods: In all, 664 ALS patients from our database were included stratified into slow (SP), average (AP) and fast (FP) progressors, according to the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale Revised (ALSFRS‐R) rate of decay. The sdtDBN framework was used, a machine learning model which learnt optimal DBNs with both static (gender, age at onset, onset region, body mass index, disease duration at entry, familial history, revised El Escorial criteria and C9orf72) and dynamic (ALSFRS‐R scores and sub‐scores, forced vital capacity, maximum inspiratory pressure, maximum expiratory pressure and phrenic amplitude) variables. Results: Disease duration and body mass index at diagnosis are the foremost influences amongst static variables. Disease duration is the variable that better discriminates the three groups. Maximum expiratory pressure is the respiratory test with prevalent influence on all groups. ALSFRS score has a higher influence on FP, but lower on AP and SP. The bulbar sub‐score has considerable influence on FP but limited on SP. Limb function has a more decisive influence on AP and SP. The respiratory sub‐score has little influence in all groups. ALSFRS‐R questions 1 (speech) and 9 (climbing stairs) are the most influential in FP and SP, respectively. Conclusions: The sdtDBN analysis identified five variables, easily obtained during clinical evaluation, which are the most influential for each progression group. This insightful information may help to improve prognosis and care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) allows for longer survival for people living with HIV and hence long‐term complications of both disease and treatment are common. Our purpose was to evaluate bone alterations in men living with HIV (MLWH) and receiving cART and to identify associated factors that can be corrected or mitigated. Patients and Design: Thirty MLWH and 36 healthy controls (≥50 years) were studied for areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and body composition (dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry), volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and bone microstructure (high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography [HR‐pQCT]), serum calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, 25(OH)D, testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), glucose, creatinine, and albumin levels. Results: The proportion of patients classified as osteoporosis (according to the lowest aBMD T‐score) was higher among MLWH as compared to controls (17.9% vs. 5.9%, p =.011). The MLWH showed significant alterations in cortical and trabecular bone on HR‐pQCT, which were not associated with the duration of HIV infection or cART. These differences in vBMD and bone microstructure seen in HR‐pQCT persisted in the nonosteoporotic MLWH as compared to nonosteoporotic control subjects. Body mass index (BMI) and fat mass were lower in MLWH and positively associated with total vBMD, cortical bone area, and thickness. E2 and E2/T ratios were lower in MLWH than in controls and significantly correlated with several cortical and trabecular bone parameters. Multivariate regression analysis entering simultaneously age, BMI, and E2 defined that E2 is an independent influence on bone parameters evaluated by HR‐pQCT. Conclusion: MLWH have alterations in bone volumetric density and microstructure when compared with controls, irrespective of aBMD, which are associated with lower E2 and BMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to understand how future employees in the hospitality and tourism industry envision the use of artificial intelligence in the organizations where they wish to work in the future. Through open-ended questions applied to undergraduate and master's students in the area of tourism and hospitality, we capture their opinions when thinking about the partial or total use of robots in hospitality. Despite the increasing implementation of artificial intelligence in hospitality and tourism, existing research mainly focuses on current hoteliers and/or customers. However, anticipating how digital generations expect their future roles in a close engagement with robots allows researchers to predict and focus their attention on future problems. Their statements were subjected to a qualitative content analysis methodology, based on themes and sentiment. Participants expressed a negative view of the presence of robots in hospitality, mostly associated with a fear of job loss. Many also reported that interacting with robots is negative for both staff and customers due to robots' lack of emotions. However, there is some division concerning the impact of robots on service quality: some believe that the service will be more efficient and with fewer failures; others believe that the limitations of robots will lead to worse service. The findings suggest that the acceptability and desirability of robotization may vary depending on the level of robotization in hotels, on the type of customer, and on the level of service provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer envelopes that encase several types of molecules. Their contents mostly reflect their cell origin and possible targets at other locations in the organism and can be modified in pathological conditions to interfere with intercellular communication, thus promoting disease establishment and development. These characteristics, in addition to their presence in virtually all body fluids, make such vesicles ideal for biomarker discovery in human diseases. Here, we describe the effect of different anticoagulants and the combination of two purification methods for isolation and characterization of circulating EVs from blood of chronic Chagas disease (CCD) patients. We illustrated this procedure by studying a population of patients with Chagas disease at the indeterminate chronic stage, in which the Trypanosoma cruzi is very scarce in circulation. EVs were harvested from blood collected without or with different anticoagulants. Protein and nanoparticle tracking analysis was used to measure EVs size and concentration. The EVs were purified by ultracentrifugation, followed by size‐exclusion chromatography and characterized by chemiluminescent enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and dot blot using antibodies that recognized parasite‐derived EVs, such as hyperimmune sera, polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against trans‐sialidase and mucins. In parallel, antibodies against classical human EV markers CD9, CD63, CD81, and CD82, were also analyzed. The results showed that anticoagulants did not interfere with the analyzed parameters and circulating EVs from CCD patients contain T. cruzi antigens and classical human exosomal markers. Overall, our protocol is adequate for the isolation of the total circulating EVs and can serve as an important basis for further studies on biomarker discovery in Chagas' disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: X‐linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR) is a rare genetic disease, often delayed in diagnosis due to the low degree of suspicion and limited access to sophisticated diagnostic tools that confirm the diagnosis, such as genetic testing. Methods: Through a cross‐sectional and observational study, 26 patients with a previously presumptive diagnosis of X‐linked hypophosphatemic rickets (based on clinical history, laboratory findings, and physical examination), were followed for approximately 12 months. During 12 months of follow‐up, only 16 patients underwent genetic testing and enrolled in the study. Previous data were analyzed, such as clinical history (e.g., gender, current age, age of clinical diagnosis, age of admission to hospital, family history, and previous orthopedic surgery), physical exam, imaging tests (e.g., radiological changes) and laboratory tests (e.g., tubular maximum reabsorption rate of phosphate to glomerular filtration rate, alkaline phosphatase, and phosphate levels) at the time of the patient's admission to IEDE and UFRJ, to corroborate and substantiate our research. These data were extracted from the medical records of the patients. Results: Among the 16 patients analyzed by molecular biology techniques, the new generation sequencing (NGS), using DNA samples from oral swabs, we obtained seven variants never previously described, which were verified by Sanger sequencing. Among the seven variants never previously described, the most common coding impact was the nonsense mutation. We found two frameshift, one intronic splicing variant, three nonsense, and one deletion splice junction loss. Among patients with new mutations who presented data in the medical record, 100% showed a reduction in TmP/GFR (average of 1.98 mg/dl), the most sensitive laboratory parameter at the time of diagnosis, as well as serum phosphorus (100% had hypophosphatemia on arrival at the referral hospitals––average of 2.4 mg/dl and median 2.3 mg/dl). We also performed NGS on three mothers of the patients with identified mutations. Among these mothers, only one tested negative for the mutation and no family history was reported as well. This mother had serum phosphate of 3.5 mg/dl (normal range: 2.5–4.5 mg/dl) at the time of genetic test collection. The others had a positive test, low serum phosphorus at the time of the molecular test, in addition to a positive family history. Conclusion: This study describes seven new variants in the PHEX gene and aims to increase the knowledge of the scientific community about the types of mutations involving this gene, increasing information on the genetic basis of this condition, enabling future considerations about genotype–phenotype correlation, in addition to diagnosis accurate and early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary questions the impacts of over‐using technology in medical education and highlights the consideration of digital wellbeing when developing new teaching strategies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyloid‐β peptides (Aβ) accumulate in the brain since early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dysregulate hippocampal synaptic plasticity, the neurophysiological basis of memory. Although the relationship between long‐term potentiation (LTP) and memory processes is well established, there is also evidence that long‐term depression (LTD) may be crucial for learning and memory. Alterations in synaptic plasticity, namely in LTP, can be due to communication failures between astrocytes and neurons; however, little is known about astrocytes' ability to control hippocampal LTD, particularly in AD‐like conditions. We now aimed to test the involvement of astrocytes in changes of hippocampal LTP and LTD triggered by Aβ1–42, taking advantage of L‐α‐aminoadipate (L‐AA), a gliotoxin that blunts astrocytic function. The effects of Aβ1–42 exposure were tested in two different experimental paradigms: ex vivo (hippocampal slices superfusion) and in vivo (intracerebroventricular injection), which were previously validated to impair memory and hippocampal synaptic plasticity, two features of early AD. Blunting astrocytic function with L‐AA reduced LTP and LTD amplitude in hippocampal slices from control mice, but the effect on LTD was less evident, suggesting that astrocytes have a greater influence on LTP than on LTD under non‐pathological conditions. However, under AD conditions, blunting astrocytes did not consistently alter the reduction of LTP magnitude, but reverted the LTD‐to‐LTP shift caused by both ex vivo and in vivo Aβ1–42 exposure. This shows that astrocytes were responsible for the hippocampal LTD‐to‐LTP shift observed in early AD conditions, reinforcing the interest of strategies targeting astrocytes to restore memory and synaptic plasticity deficits present in early AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd2+) is highly harmful to plant growth. Although Cd2+ induces programmed cell death (PCD) in plant cells, Cd2+ stress in whole plants during later developmental stages and the mechanism underlying Cd2+‐mediated toxicity are poorly understood. Here, we showed that Cd2+ limits plant growth, causes intense redness in leaf vein, leaf yellowing, and chlorosis during the R1 reproductive stage of soybean (Glycine max). These symptoms were associated with Cd2+‐induced PCD, as Cd2+‐stressed soybean leaves displayed decreased number of nuclei, enhanced cell death, DNA damage, and caspase 1 activity compared to unstressed leaves. Accordingly, Cd2+‐induced NRPs, GmNAC81, GmNAC30 and VPE, the DCD/NRP‐mediated cell death signalling components, which execute PCD via caspase 1‐like VPE activity. Furthermore, overexpression of the positive regulator of this cell death signalling GmNAC81 enhanced sensitivity to Cd2+ stress and intensified the hallmarks of Cd2+‐mediated PCD. GmNAC81 overexpression enhanced Cd2+‐induced H2O2 production, cell death, DNA damage, and caspase‐1‐like VPE expression. Conversely, BiP overexpression negatively regulated the NRPs/GmNACs/VPE signalling module, conferred tolerance to Cd2+ stress and reduced Cd2+‐mediated cell death. Collectively, our data indicate that Cd2+ induces PCD in plants via activation of the NRP/GmNAC/VPE regulatory circuit that links developmentally and stress‐induced cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The molecular mechanisms regulating follicular development and ensuring primordial follicle activation remain undefined. To help elucidate these mechanisms, this proteomic study of bovine ovarian tissue identified the differential molecular profiles of preantral follicles together with the spatial distribution of the most abundant molecular components in the tissue. Isolated primordial, primary and secondary follicles were individually placed on a MALDI target plate for mass spectral acquisitions, with detection of different m/z ranges. Ovarian tissue was sectioned and analysed in the m/z 400–2,000 range. Results of the first analysis indicated a similarity pattern in the molecular protein profile among different follicular classes in the m/z ranges of 100–1000 and 25,000–200,000, but in the m/z ranges of 800–4000, 4000–20,000 and 15,000–70,000, primary and secondary follicles shared similar clustering profiles which were different from primordial follicles (p <.05). In the second analysis, it was possible to correlate some intense molecular components in the tissue from global mass spectrum with the ions detected in the first analysis. Molecular components at m/z 11,325 (±230) were also detected in primary and secondary follicles in the experiment with isolated follicles, in addition to ions at m/z 4,029 (±120), 13,799 (±70), 5,547 (±9), 15,313 (±200), 7,018 (±40) and 7,663 (±90) which were also intensely detected in primary and secondary follicles. The present proteomic approaches evaluated different mass ranges of preantral follicles in bovine ovarian tissue and also indicated the spatial distribution of the most abundant molecular components. This study hopes to pave the way for future research identifying and characterizing specific proteins involved in follicle activation in bovine follicles, in order to better understand folliculogenesis and potentially improve mammalian follicle culture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]