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Objective: Paediatric trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in those aged 0–14. Anatomical and physiological differences require a specialised approach to paediatric trauma care. Medical imaging, particularly computed tomography (CT) scans, requires specific consideration because of the consequences of radiation exposure in the paediatric population. The present study compares current practice of CT scan ordering in paediatric trauma patients at a regional Australian hospital against consensus guidelines published in the UK. Methods: A retrospective audit of paediatric trauma CT scans referred from the ED from May 2017 to May 2018 was completed. Details relating to CT scan ordering were reviewed and compliance with the Royal College of Radiologists Paediatric trauma protocols, was determined. Descriptive statistics and χ2 tests comparing those that met and did not meet guidelines were performed. Results: A total of 71 CT scans were included with an overall compliance rate of 56.3%. Specific regional compliance was lowest with CT neck at 14%. Patients where a trauma call was initiated were more likely to receive a full body (pan) scan rather than region specific imaging. Compliance improved when paediatric team involvement was documented. Conclusions: Evidence‐based guidelines for CT imaging in paediatric trauma are essential to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure for children. The present study has demonstrated that current practice has the potential to be improved and that decisions should involve a multidisciplinary team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

That is, unnecessarily high costs were incurred for an insufficient conservation outcome, partially because some countries filled their quotas in areas that were not valuable for economic activities rather than targeting biodiversity needs (Venter et al., 2018). Establishing systems of protected areas (PAs) and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) is a key strategy to reversing biodiversity loss (CBD SBSTA, 2021; Maxwell et al., 2020). As the CBD finalizes a framework for a global system of PAs under the GBF, equitable cost-sharing should be prioritized because lower-income countries could be seriously disadvantaged by the short-term direct and opportunity costs. [Extracted from the article]

Models of human dimensions of fisheries are important to understanding and predicting how fishing industries respond to changes in marine ecosystems and management institutions. Advances in computation have made it possible to construct agent‐based models (ABMs)—which explicitly describe the behaviour of individual people, firms or vessels in order to understand and predict their aggregate behaviours. ABMs are widely used for both academic and applied purposes in many settings including finance, urban planning and the military, but are not yet mainstream in fisheries science and management, despite a growing literature. ABMs are well suited to understanding emergent consequences of fisher interactions, heterogeneity and bounded rationality, especially in complex ecological, social and institutional contexts. For these reasons, we argue that ABMs of human behaviour can contribute significantly to human dimensions of fisheries in three areas: (a) understanding interactions between multiple management institutions; (b) incorporating cognitive and behavioural sciences into fisheries science and practice; and (c) understanding and projecting the social consequences of management institutions. We provide simple examples illustrating the potential for ABMs in each of these areas, using conceptual ("toy") versions of the POSEIDON model. We argue that salient strategic advances in these areas could pave the way for increased tactical use of ABMs in fishery management settings. We review common ABM development and application challenges, with the aim of providing guidance to beginning ABM developers and users studying human dimensions of fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are persistent concerns about litigation in the dental and medical professions. These concerns arise in a setting where general dentists are more frequently undertaking a wider range of oral surgery procedures, potentially increasing legal risk.Methods: Judicial cases dealing with medical negligence in the fields of general dentistry (oral surgery procedure) and oral and maxillofacial surgery were located using the three main legal databases. Relevant cases were analysed to determine the procedures involved, the patients' claims of injury, findings of negligence and damages awarded. A thematic analysis of the cases was undertaken to determine trends.Results: Fifteen cases over a 20-year period were located across almost all Australian jurisdictions (eight cases involved general dentists; seven cases involved oral and maxillofacial surgeons). Eleven of the 15 cases involved determinations of whether or not the practitioner had failed in their duty of care; negligence was found in six cases. Eleven of the 15 cases related to molar extractions (eight specifically to third molar).Conclusions: Dental and medical practitioners wanting to manage legal risk should have regard to circumstances arising in judicial cases. Adequate warning of risks is critical, as is offering referral in appropriate cases. Preoperative radiographs, good medical records and processes to ensure appropriate follow-up are also important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Informed consent is the legal requirement to educate a patient about a proposed medical treatment or procedure so that he or she can make informed decisions. The purpose of the study was to examine the current practice for obtaining informed consent for third molar tooth extractions (wisdom teeth) by oral and maxillofacial surgeons in Australia and New Zealand.Methods: An online survey was sent to 180 consultant oral and maxillofacial surgeons in Australia and New Zealand. Surgeons were asked to answer (yes/no) whether they routinely warned of a specific risk of third molar tooth extraction in their written consent.Results: Seventy-one replies were received (39%). The only risks that surgeons agreed should be routinely included in written consent were a general warning of infection (not alveolar osteitis), inferior alveolar nerve damage (temporary and permanent) and lingual nerve damage (temporary and permanent).Conclusions: There is significant variability among Australian and New Zealand oral and maxillofacial surgeons regarding risk disclosure for third molar tooth extractions. We aim to improve consistency in consent for third molar extractions by developing an evidence-based consent form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory complications such as pain, swelling, trismus, infection and alveolar osteitis have an adverse affect on the quality of life of patients after third molar removal. This review presents the current evidence on postoperative strategies to reduce these complications. A literature search was performed to identify articles published in English between 2000 to 2016 using the following keywords: third molar(s), wisdom tooth/teeth, pain, swelling, trismus, infection, alveolar osteitis and dry socket. In total, 221 papers were reviewed. Methods published included analgesics, antibiotics, corticosteroids, mouthwashes, topical gels, cryotherapy and ozone therapy. This review highlights the variability in evidence available and summarizes the findings from best-quality evidence. In conclusion, paracetamol and ibuprofen are efficacious in managing postoperative pain. Corticosteroids and antibiotics should only be used in selected cases. Chlorhexidine reduces alveolar osteitis. The benefits of cryotherapy, postoperative irrigation and ozone gel are yet to be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim of the present study was to compare bacterial load using preoperative rinsing and swabbing techniques for oral surgery with 0.2% chlorhexidine ( CHX). Methods Participants were healthy volunteers undergoing a general anesthetic for the removal of teeth. Participants were randomly allocated to receive 15 mL of 0.2% CHX for 60 s as either a rinse or have their mouths swabbed. Plaque samples were aseptically collected pre- and post-rinsing from the same sites in all patients (the distal surface of all second molar teeth). Results Patients in the swab group had similar bacteria counts before and after the application of CHX (143.4 vs 138.5 colonies, P = 1.000). After rinsing with CHX, there was an eightfold reduction of bacterial load (71 vs 8.8 colonies, P < 0.001). Conclusion The present study demonstrates that the use of CHX as an antimicrobial agent is effective in reducing the overall number of bacterial colonies in the oral cavity. Rinsing is a more effective method of doing this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Because conventional markets value only certain goods or services in the ocean (e.g. fish), other services provided by coastal and marine ecosystems that are not priced, paid for, or stewarded tend to become degraded. In fact, the very capacity of an ecosystem to produce a valued good or service is often reduced because conventional markets value only certain goods and services, rather than the productive capacity. Coastal socio-ecosystems are particularly susceptible to these market failures due to the lack of clear property rights, strong dependence on resource extraction, and other factors. Conservation strategies aimed at protecting unvalued coastal ecosystem services through regulation or spatial management (e.g. Marine Protected Areas) can be effective but often result in lost revenue and adverse social impacts, which, in turn, create conflict and opposition. Here, we describe 'ecomarkets' - markets and financial tools - that could, under the right conditions, generate value for broad portfolios of coastal ecosystem services while maintaining ecosystem structure and function by addressing the unique problems of the coastal zone, including the lack of clear management and exclusion rights. Just as coastal tenure and catch-share systems generate meaningful conservation and economic outcomes, it is possible to imagine other market mechanisms that do the same with respect to a variety of other coastal ecosystem goods and services. Rather than solely relying on extracting goods, these approaches could allow communities to diversify ecosystem uses and focus on long-term stewardship and conservation, while meeting development, food security, and human welfare goals. The creation of ecomarkets will be difficult in many cases, because rights and responsibilities must be devolved, new social contracts will be required, accountability systems must be created and enforced, and long-term patterns of behaviour must change. We argue that efforts to overcome these obstacles are justified, because these deep changes will strongly complement policies and tools such as Marine Protected Areas, coastal spatial management, and regulation, thereby helping to bring coastal conservation to scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have previously demonstrated that the growth of peripheral nervous system axons is strongly attracted towards limb buds and skin explants in vitro. Here, we show that directed axonal growth towards skin explants of Xenopus laevis in matrigel is associated with expression of matrix metalloproteinase ( MMP)-18 and also other MMPs, and that this long-range neurotropic activity is inhibited by the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors BB-94 and GM6001. We also show that forced expression of MMP-18 in COS-7 cell aggregates enhances axonal growth from Xenopus dorsal root ganglia explants. Nidogen is the target of MMPs released by cultured skin in matrigel, whereas other components remain intact. Our results suggest a novel link between MMP activity and extracellular matrix breakdown in the control of axonal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1: Substitution of arginine by glycine at position 389, a frequent ß1-adrenoceptor polymorphism, reduces adenylyl cyclase stimulation by (-)-isoprenaline. ß1-Adrenoceptors mediate the effects of catecholamines and nonconventional partial agonists ((-)-CGP12177) through different sites. We investigated the influence of the 389 polymorphism on ß blocker affinity, as well as on the responses to (-)-isoprenaline and the nonconventional partial agonist (-)-CGP12177 on cyclic AMP levels in CHO cells expressing recombinant Arg389-ß1-adrenoceptors (101?fmol?mg-1 protein) or Gly389-ß1-adrenoceptors (94?fmol?mg-1). 2: The affinity of ß-blockers and partial agonists, estimated from competition binding with (-)-[125I]-cyanopindolol, was not different for Arg389-ß1-adrenoceptors and Gly389-ß1-adrenoceptors. 3: The maximum cAMP increases by (-)-isoprenaline and (-)-CGP12177 at Gly389-ß1-adrenoceptors were reduced by 97 and 46%, but the potencies enhanced 2 and 0.5 log units, respectively, compared to Arg389-ß1-adrenoceptors. The intrinsic activity of (-)-CGP12177 with respect to the (-)-isoprenaline was 0.057 at Arg389-ß1-adrenoceptors and 1.05 at Gly389-ß1-adrenoceptors. 4: We confirm in intact CHO cells that responses to (-)-isoprenaline are markedly reduced at Gly389-ß1-adrenoceptors compared to Arg389-ß1-adrenoceptors. However, the 389 polymorphism reduces considerably less the agonist responses to (-)-CGP12177, indicating that coupling to Gs protein is different for ß1-adrenoceptors activated by catecholamines than for receptors activated by nonconventional partial agonists. The affinity of ß-blockers is conserved across the Arg389Gly polymorphism.British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 142, 51-56. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705753 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights critical aspects of examination, diagnosis and early management of the maxillofacial trauma patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This is the first report of involvement of Australian and New Zealand oral and maxillofacial surgeons in the management of isolated orbital floor blow-out fractures and was conducted to obtain comparisons with the results from a recent similar survey of British oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Methods: A questionnaire survey was sent to all 113 practising members of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons in April 2002 with a second mailout 1 month later. Results: Sixty-nine per cent of the respondents were referred isolated orbital floor blow-out fractures for manage­ment, and just over half of these respondents estimated that 50% or more of the cases went to surgery. The materials most commonly used in orbital floor reconstruction were resorbable membrane for small defects and autologous bone for large defects. Conclusion: As in Britain, management of isolated orbital floor blow-out fractures comprises part of the surgical spectrum for many oral and maxillofacial surgeons in Australia and New Zealand. The management protocol was observed to be very similar between the two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is intended as a step in determining the highest procedures of scholarship in human resource development. This analysis adds to the existing body of literature on excellent sources of HRD scholarship by analyzing proceedings of the Academy of Human Resource Development conferences and reporting on the top institutions according to the number of first-author publications from each institution. In addition, this article provides the most written-about topics in HRD according to the number of papers published on these topics in the AHRD conference symposia. The importance of this analysis is its contribution to identifying criteria for determining outstanding sources of HRD scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1 We compared the potency of 11 clinically available β-blockers as antagonists of the positive inotropic effects of (-)-isoprenaline and CGP12177 on ferret ventricular myocardium. 2 (-)-CGP12177, (-)-pindolol and (-)-alprenolol were non-conventional partial agonists with intrinsic activity of 0.7, 0.2 and 0.1 respectively. 3 All β-blockers antagonized in a concentration-dependent and surmountable manner the positive inotropic effects of both (-)-isoprenaline and CGP12177. The potency of each β-blocker was consistently higher against (-)-isoprenaline than against CGP12177. Two groups of β-blockers were identified. In one group the difference between the pK[sub B] values of blockade against (-)-isoprenaline and CGP12177 was 1.1-1.6 log units ((-)-alprenolol, (-)-pindolol, (-)-bupranolol, nadolol and carvedilol). In the other group the pK[sub B] difference was of 2.1-3.0 log units ((-)-atenolol, metoprolol, bisoprolol, sotalol, (-)-propranolol and (-)-timolol). 4 The β-blockers competed with (-)-[[sup 125]I]-cyanopindolol for binding to ventricular β[sub 1]-adrenoceptors. The binding affinities correlated with the corresponding blocking potencies against (-)-isoprenaline. On average the pK[sub i] values were 0.5 log units smaller than the pK[sub B] values against (-)-isoprenaline but 1.6 log units greater than the pK[sub B] values against CGP12177. 5 In ferret ventricle the effects of (-)-isoprenaline appear to be antagonized by β-blockers through the state of the β[sub 1]-adrenoceptor for which (-)-[[sup 125]I]-cyanopindolol and β-blockers have high affinity. The cardiostimulant effects of CGP12177 appear to be mediated through a low-affinity state of the β[sub 1]-adrenoceptor for which β-blockers have low affinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory building and theory-building research are starting to draw increased attention from HRD scholars. There is a growing recognition of the importance of theory building in maturing thought and practice in HRD. This article examines what is meant by good theory and theory-building research in HRD through a synthesis of the existing literature and a discussion of the core concepts, issues, and challenges associated with theory building in an applied field. It also highlights the importance of embracing multiparadigm research perspectives for stepping up to the task of theory building in the HRD profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Management of orbitozygomatic fractures forms part of the scope of practice of many oral and maxillofacial surgeons. As aspects of management vary among surgeons who treat such injuries, this confidential study was undertaken to examine some of the protocols of Australian and New Zealand oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Results: Eighty-one per cent of the respondents treated orbitozygomatic fractures and on average, each treated approximately 24 cases per year. Also, about one in five cases required orbital floor exploration. Further, the preferred imaging baseline was computed tomography plus plain X-rays, while the preferred implant materials for orbital floor reconstruction were autologous bone and resorbable membrane. The incidence of postoperative retrobulbar haemorrhage was estimated at approximately 1:1000. Conclusion: Most oral and maxillofacial surgeons treat orbitozygomatic injuries as part of their surgical scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports the case of a middle-aged woman who sustained periorbital trauma including an unsuspected penetrating orbital foreign body (FB) injury. Clinical examination; Treatment; Challenge posed by the diagnosis of penetrating orbital FB.