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Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a treatment modality that combines the electroporation of cell membranes with chemotherapy to facilitate the transport of non‐permeant molecules into cells. Several canine and feline studies have shown promising results, suggesting that ECT can be a valid adjuvant or alternative treatment option for some tumours. The objective of this paper is to provide a bibliographic review of the principles and applications of ECT in veterinary medicine and to compare to its use in human medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The therapeutic effect of three polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membranes loaded with electrically conductive materials - carbon nanotubes ( PVA-CNTs) and polypyrrole ( PVA-PPy) - were tested in vivo for neuro-muscular regeneration after an axonotmesis injury in the rat sciatic nerve. The membranes electrical conductivity measured was 1.5 ± 0.5 × 10−6 S/m, 579 ± 0.6 × 10−6 S/m, and 1837.5 ± 0.7 × 10−6 S/m, respectively. At week-12, a residual motor and nociceptive deficit were present in all treated groups, but at week-12, a better recovery to normal gait pattern of the PVA-CNTs and PVA-PPy treated groups was observed. Morphometrical analysis demonstrated that PVA-CNTs group presented higher myelin thickness and lower g-ratio. The tibialis anterior muscle, in the PVA-PPy and PVA-CNTs groups showed a 9% and 19% increase of average fiber size area and a 5% and 10% increase of the 'minimal Feret's diameter,' respectively. No inflammation, degeneration, fibrosis or necrosis were detected in lung, liver, kidneys, spleen, and regional lymph nodes and absence of carbon deposits was confirmed with Von Kossa and Masson-Fontana stains. In conclusion, the membranes of PVA-CNTs and PVA-PPy are biocompatible and have electrical conductivity. The higher electrical conductivity measured in PVA-CNTs membrane might be responsible for the positive results on maturation of myelinated fibers. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1267-1280, 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel (PVA) is a water-soluble synthetic polymer that is commonly used in biomedical applications including vascular grafting. It was argued that the copolymerization of PVA with dextran (Dx) can result in improvement of blood-biomaterial interactions. The focus of this experimental study was to assess that interaction through an in vivo and in vitro evaluation of the coagulation system activation. The thrombogenicity of the copolymer was determined by quantification of platelet adhesion through the lactate dehydrogenase assay, determination of whole blood clotting time, and by quantification of platelet activation by flow cytometry. The thrombin-antithrombin complex blood levels were also determined. The obtained results for the in vitro assays suggested a non-thrombogenic profile for PVA/Dx. Additionally in vivo coagulation and hematological parameters were determined in an animal model after PVA/Dx vascular graft implantation. For coagulation homeostasis assessment, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway's activation was determined by measuring prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Other markers of coagulation and inflammation activation including d-dimers, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein were also assessed. The PVA/Dx copolymer tended to inhibit platelet adhesion/activation process and the contact activation process for coagulation. These results were also confirmed with the in vivo experiments where the measurements for APTT, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein parameters were normal considering the species normal range of values. The response to those events is an indicator of the in vitro and in vivo hemocompatibility of PVA/Dx and it allows us to select this biomaterial for further preclinical trials in vascular reconstruction. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1366-1379, 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel (PVA) is a synthetic polymer with an increasing application in the biomedical field that can potentially be used for vascular grafting. However, the tissue and blood-material interactions of such gels and membranes are unknown in detail. The objectives of this study were to: (a) assess the biocompatibility and (b) hemocompatibility of PVA-based membranes in order to get some insight into its potential use as a vascular graft. PVA was evaluated isolated or in copolymerization with dextran (DX), a biopolymer with known effects in blood coagulation homeostasis. The effects of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the umbilical cord Wharton's jelly in the improvement of PVA biocompatibility and in the vascular regeneration were also assessed. The biocompatibility of PVA was evaluated by the implantation of membranes in subcutaneous tissue using an animal model (sheep). Histological samples were assessed and the biological response parameters such as polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes and macrophage scoring evaluated in the implant/tissue interface by International Standards Office (ISO) Standard 10993-6 (annex E). According to the scoring system based on those parameters, a total value was obtained for each animal and for each experimental group. The in vitro hemocompatibility studies included the classic hemolysis assay and both human and sheep bloods were used. Relatively to biocompatibility results, PVA was slightly irritant to the surrounding tissues; PVA-DX or PVA plus MSCs groups presented the lowest score according to ISO Standard 10993-6. Also, PVA was considered a nonhemolytic biomaterial, presenting the lowest values for hemolysis when associated to DX. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 4262-4275, 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]