Search

Using interleukin 10-deficient ( IL-10-/-) and wild-type mice monoassociated with either the adherent-invasive Escherichia coli UNC or the probiotic E. coli Nissle, the effect of a mild intestinal inflammation on the bacterial proteome was studied. Within 8 weeks, IL-10-/- mice monoassociated with E. coli UNC exhibited an increased expression of several proinflammatory markers in caecal mucosa. Escherichia coli Nissle-associated IL-10-/- mice did not do so. As observed previously for E. coli from mice with acute colitis, glycolytic enzymes were downregulated in intestinal E. coli UNC from IL-10-/- mice. In addition, the inhibitor of vertebrate C-type lysozyme, Ivy, was upregulated on messenger RNA ( mRNA) and protein level in E. coli Nissle from IL-10-/- mice compared with E. coli UNC from these mice. Higher expression of Ivy in E. coli Nissle correlated with an improved growth of this probiotic strain in the presence of lysozyme-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( EDTA). By overexpressing Ivy, we demonstrated that Ivy contributes to a higher lysozyme resistance of E. coli, supporting the role of Ivy as a potential fitness factor. However, deletion of Ivy did not alter the growth phenotype of E. coli Nissle in the presence of lysozyme- EDTA, suggesting the existence of additional lysozyme inhibitors that can take over the function of Ivy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commensal bacteria play a role in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). High intestinal numbers of Escherichia coli in IBD patients suggest a role of this organism in the initiation or progression of chronic gut inflammation. In addition, some E. coli genotypes are more frequently detected in IBD patients than others. We aimed to find out whether gut inflammation in an IBD mouse model is associated with a particular E. coli strain. Intestinal contents and tissue material were taken from 1-, 8-, 16- and 24-week-old interleukin 10-deficient (IL-10–/–) mice and the respective wild-type animals. Caecal and colonic inflammation was observed in IL-10–/– animals from the 8 weeks of life on accompanied by a lower intestinal microbial diversity than in the respective wild-type animals. Culture- based and molecular approaches revealed that animals with gut inflammation harboured significantly higher numbers of E. coli than healthy controls. Phylogenetic grouping according to the E. coli Reference Collection (ECOR) system and strain typing by random-amplified polymorphic DNA and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that all mice were colonized by one single E. coli strain. The strain was shown to have the O7:H7:K1 serotype and to belong to the virulence-associated phylogenetic group B2. In a co-association experiment with gnotobiotic mice, the strain outnumbered E. coli ECOR strains belonging to the phylogenetic group A and B2 respectively. A high number of virulence- and fitness-associated genes were detected in the strain's genome possibly involved in the bacterial adaptation to the murine intestine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gastrointestinal tract of mammals is inhabited by several hundred bacterial species. While the effects of the gut microbiota upon the host have been widely studied, the microbial response to host factors has only recently attracted attention. In order to investigate the influence of the host on the physiology of gastrointestinal bacteria, a simplified model of host–bacteria interaction was created by associating germfree mice with commensal Escherichia coli. Here we demonstrate the feasibility of analysing the bacterial response to the conditions in the digestive system by a proteomics-based approach. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-GE) followed by electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) was used to identify bacterial proteins from caecal and faecal samples. In a set of 60 arbitrarily chosen spots of stably and differentially expressed proteins, 50 different bacterial proteins were identified. Their ascribed functions suggest that the host-associated bacteria adapt their metabolism to the conditions in the intestine by utilizing arginine, asparagine and aspartate as well as glucose/galactose, ribose, maltose, glucuronate, galacturonate and gluconate as substrates. Thirteen proteins not previously detected on 2D-gels and 10 proteins with unknown or poorly characterized physiological function were identified, while the existence of three proteins had so far only been inferred from predictions or by homology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between intestinal epithelial cells and microbes is partly mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Sensing of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by TLR2 and TLR4, respectively, can result in immune system activation and in an exclusion of bacteria from the intestine. To test the impact of these TLRs on bacterial composition, germ-free TLR2/TLR4 double-knock out mice and the corresponding C57BL/10ScSn wild-type mice where associated with fecal bacteria from one single donor mouse. In addition, C3H/HeOuJ and BALB/c mice were used in this study. Fecal bacteria were monitored over 13 weeks with denaturing-gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Colonic bacteria were enumerated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured in caecal samples. No effect of the TLRs on intestinal microbiota composition and SCFA concentrations was observed. However, the microbiota composition as reflected by DGGE band patterns differed between C3H and BALB/c mice on the one hand and C57BL/10 mice on the other hand. Corresponding differences between the mouse strains were also observed in cecal propionic, valeric and i-valeric acid concentrations. No differences between the animals were observed in the numbers of bacteria detected by FISH. We conclude that genetic traits but not TLR2 and TLR4 have an impact on the intestinal microbiota composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]