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ABSTRACT In this article we examine the European Semester as an innovative form of policy coordination, with distinct effects on education and skills policies for Member States. We analyse the Semester's framing of education policy, and examine its manifestations in Spain and Sweden, two countries considered to be different in their approach to education. Drawing on a policy instrumentation approach and interviews with policy actors and documentary analysis, our research suggests that while the Semester has given education policy a significant place within the EU's governance, economic rationales for education are clearly dominant in the process. Still, we identify underpinning logics that strengthen the social and educational perspectives represented in the Semester, although these are still treated as productive forces for labour market integration. In addition, there is a strengthening of collaboration between the European Commission and Member States, but also tensions between different parts of the Commission over the definition and direction of education policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is some consensus on the claim that imagination as suppositional thinking can have epistemic value insofar as it's constrained by a principle of minimal alteration of how we know or believe reality to be – compatibly with the need to accommodate the supposition initiating the imaginative exercise. But in the philosophy of imagination there is no formally precise account of how exactly such minimal alteration is to work. I propose one. I focus on counterfactual imagination, arguing that this can be modeled as simulated belief revision governed by Laplacian imaging. So understood, it can be rationally justified by accuracy considerations: it minimizes expected belief inaccuracy, as measured by the Brier score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross‐temporal grounding is a type of grounding whereby present facts about the past (for example that Caesar was alive) are explained in terms of past facts (for example that Caesar is alive) rather than in terms of other present facts. This paper lays the foundations for a theory of cross‐temporal grounding. After introducing the general idea of a type of grounding connecting facts to past facts, we offer two arguments that past‐directed facts require cross‐temporal grounds—the 'argument from intimacy' and the 'argument from past explanation'. We then go on to show that cross‐temporal grounding statements can be understood as instances of a type of explanation which is perfectly legitimate and intelligible, even if somewhat unusual. Finally, we explain how the logic of grounding can be extended to accommodate cross‐temporal grounding statements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research considering men, boys, and the concept of caring masculinities has proliferated in the last five years, although attention has predominantly been given to privileged men's practices of care in the private realm. In this article, we explore caring masculinities among working‐class men in the United Kingdom employed in blue‐collar work, highlighting the possibilities for transformation and change stemming from men in the margins. Drawing on narrative biographical interviews, we analyze in‐depth case studies from two men. Their biographies illustrate practices and an ethos of care interwoven throughout both paid‐work and other aspects of their lives, drawing attention to how caring dispositions are formed through histories of care throughout the lifecourse for working‐class men. We also consider how care can circulate in workplaces that have been considered "low on care", and how these men draw on working‐class values of care and solidarity to challenge logics of capital at work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, large‐scale IT systems play a central role in the management of European borders. These systems not only support and enable the management of mobility but also require expert management as complex data infrastructures. Drawing on fieldwork carried out at the headquarters of the European Union Agency for the Operational Management of Large‐Scale IT Systems in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (eu‐LISA), this article engages with growing calls to explore the politics of data infrastructure management. Focusing on the expert discourses and practices of eu‐LISA, I show that, in line with a logic of service, it seeks to establish its legitimacy and authority as the manager of data infrastructures by sharing its expertise with its stakeholders. By attending to a logic of service, I show that the management of data infrastructures is neither exclusively depoliticising nor politicising; rather, it is often simultaneously both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active/passive distinction, once a hallmark of classical metaphysics, has largely been discarded from contemporary thought. The revival of powers theory has not seen an equally vigorous rehabilitation of the real distinction between active and passive powers. I begin an analysis and vindication with a critique of E.J. Lowe's discussion. I then argue that the active/passive problem is a metaphysical one, not a logical or logico‐linguistic one, and so logic is impotent to solve it. Following this is a discussion of the rights and wrongs of Aristotle's and Aquinas's (identical) defence of the distinction. We will see that one main part of their analysis is a bright red herring while the other part contains the solution to the problem. I then state and clarify the key Scholastic principle concerning action and passion, which I call the Fundamental Thesis – one that will appear scandalous to contemporary ears, yet from which we can derive the tools needed to understand action and passion in the right way. I end with a definition of what I call the Minimal Metaphysical Agent, where the formulation is to be understood as an epistemic criterion for identifying agent and patient in a given causal interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wittgenstein and the logical positivists attempted to explain logical necessity in terms of linguistic conventions. It is often thought that their respective accounts have been conclusively refuted by objections from Quine, Dummett and others. We argue that this verdict is premature. Several of the most popular anti‐conventionalist arguments fail, partly because they misconstrue the idea of truth by convention in Wittgenstein and/or logical positivism. Correctly understood, conventionalism claims that, given certain linguistic conventions, some sentences are unconditionally true, that is true irrespective of how the world happens to be. This claim is difficult to deny, and the corresponding conventionalism about logical necessity remains a viable position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present times, Radio‐Frequency Identification (RFID) systems have seen a significant rise in their usage. There has been an increasing interest in developing even lighter RFID protocols suitable for resource‐constrained environments. Ensuring security and privacy remain critical challenges in RFID‐based systems. Recently proposed lightweight authentication schemes, namely LRSAS+ and LRARP+, are ideally suited for constrained devices. However, this article investigates these schemes and reveals certain vulnerabilities: LRSAS+ is susceptible to tag impersonation, desynchronization, and traceability attacks, while LRARP+ can fall prey to traceability and secret disclosure attacks. An enhanced version of these authentication systems is proposed that tackles their inherent weaknesses by leveraging the χper$\chi per$ function. To verify the security of the proposed scheme, a formal analysis is conducted using Gong–Needham–Yahalom logic (GNY logic) and an automated security protocol verification tool, ProVerif. The improved scheme's effectiveness is also compared with multiple contemporary lightweight systems. The results indicate that the enhanced scheme not only meets the security requirements for lightweight authentication schemes but also achieves this with minimal computational overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an artificially intelligent Flash ADC with enhanced resolution from 4 to 10 bits. Unlike conventional approaches, this artificial intelligence (AI)‐based architecture avoids the use of many number of comparators in the Flash ADC when the ADC's resolution changes from 4 to 10 bits. This work initially gets the digital output of a 4‐bit existing Flash ADC as a training data set and then uses these 4‐bit output bits and sends to resolution enhancement logic (REL) block to vary its resolution without increasing the hardware complexities. After simulation, it is observed that the proposed ADC is of SNR of 24.13 dB for 4‐bit Flash ADC designed in SCL 180 nm CMOS technology and increases from 36.89 to 60.70 dB for 6 to 10‐bit resolution, respectively. The sampling frequency of the proposed architecture ranges from 3.6 to 1.04 GHz for a change in resolution from 4 to 10 bits. The FoM of 235 fJ/conv‐step in the training phase is obtained, and it varies from 56 to 20.3 fJ/conv‐step in the next phase of the testing and the prediction. The estimated area of the proposed 4‐to‐10‐bit variable resolution Flash ADC is 235.23×301.67 μm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to anti‐exceptionalism about logic (AEL), logic is not as exceptional in terms of its epistemology and subject matter as has been conventionally thought. Whereas logic's epistemology has often been considered distinct from those of the recognised sciences, in virtue of being both non‐inferential and a priori, it is in fact neither. Logics are justified on the basis of similar mechanisms of theory‐choice as theories in the sciences, and further the sources of evidence which inform these theory choices are (at least) not wholly a priori. In this first part of a two‐part entry on AEL, we trace these epistemological elements of AEL back to Quine's naturalism and evidential holism, but then highlight important differences between the motivations and commitments of Quine's version of AEL and those within the contemporary literature. This demonstrates the need to assess contemporary anti‐exceptionalist positions on their own merits, rather than treating them as mere reincarnations of Quine's evidential holism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher‐order metaphysicians take facts to be higher‐order beings, i.e., entities in the range of irreducibly higher‐order quantifiers. In this paper, I investigate the impact of this conception of facts on the debate about the reality of tense. I identify two major repercussions. The first concerns the logical space of tense realism: on a higher‐order conception of facts, a prominent version of tense realism, dynamic absolutism, turns out to conflict with the laws of (higher‐order tense) logic. The second concerns our understanding of the positions occupying this logical space: on a higher‐order conception of facts, an attractive interpretation of the central tense realist notion of ‘facts constituting reality’ becomes unavailable. I discuss these results in the context of the more general project of higher‐order metaphysics and the (meta)metaphysics of time, drawing out their implications for the nature of the disputes both between realists and anti‐realists about tense and between different tense realist factions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Synthetic biology has the potential to revolutionize biotechnology, public health, and agriculture. Recent studies have shown the enormous potential of plants as chassis for synthetic biology applications. However, tools to precisely manipulate metabolic pathways for bioproduction in plants are still needed.We used bacterial allosteric transcription factors (aTFs) that control gene expression in a ligand‐specific manner and tested their ability to repress semi‐synthetic promoters in plants. We also tested the modulation of their repression activity in response to specific plant metabolites, especially phenylpropanoid‐related molecules. Using these aTFs, we also designed synthetic genetic circuits capable of computing Boolean logic operations.Three aTFs, CouR, FapR, and TtgR, achieved c. 95% repression of their respective target promoters. For TtgR, a sixfold de‐repression could be triggered by inducing its ligand accumulation, showing its use as biosensor. Moreover, we designed synthetic genetic circuits that use AND, NAND, IMPLY, and NIMPLY Boolean logic operations and integrate metabolite levels as input to the circuit.We showed that biosensors can be implemented in plants to detect phenylpropanoid‐related metabolites and activate a genetic circuit that follows a predefined logic, demonstrating their potential as tools for exerting control over plant metabolic pathways and facilitating the bioproduction of natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new stable diarylnitroxide with two 2‐pyridyl groups in the ortho‐positions of the phenyl rings, in the close vicinity to the NO fragment, was obtained. Conformational flexibility of the molecule provides stimuli‐responsive reversible on/off switching of the intramolecular interactions, stabilizing the oxidized and reduced states of the nitroxide (due to the n‐π* interaction and the intramolecular H‐bonding, respectively) and giving rise to novel properties. The intrinsic electrofluorochromism of the oxoammonium cation rigidified by the intramolecular N−O bond between the pyridyl lone pair and the O atom was first disclosed. Structural simplicity and facile synthesis of the diarylnitroxide make it promising for creating novel types of redox‐switchable molecular logic gates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Port‐Royal Logic, Arnauld and Nicole argue that eloquence plays a crucial role in the cultivation of the art of thinking. In this essay, we demonstrate that Arnauld and Nicole's reflections on eloquence exemplify the need to reconceive the larger framework in which Cartesian theories of ideas operate. Instead of understanding epistemic agents as solitary thinkers who pursue their intellectual goals without the influence of others, our analysis shows that for Arnauld and Nicole thinking well was an intersubjective discursive activity that unfolds between complexly organized persons. Central to this activity is the ability to gauge the affective and associative tendencies of interlocutors and to communicate accordingly. This ability is required to enable speakers to deal constructively with problems arising from the context sensitivity of language, the influences of the passions, and the audience's capacity to decipher meaning in the communication of ideas that facilitate understanding and knowledge. By drawing attention to communication, affect, and association in the Port‐Royal Logic, we show that there is a significant connection between thinking and expressing oneself well in the early modern period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA is commonly employed as a substrate for the building of artificial logic networks due to its excellent biocompatibility and programmability. Till now, DNA logic circuits are rapidly evolving to accomplish advanced operations. Nonetheless, nowadays, most DNA circuits remain to be disposable and lack of field programmability and thereby limits their practicability. Herein, inspired by the Configurable Logic Block (CLB), the CLB‐based erasable field‐programmable DNA circuit that uses clip strands as its operation‐controlling signals is presented. It enables users to realize diverse functions with limited hardware. CLB‐based basic logic gates (OR and AND) are first constructed and demonstrated their erasability and field programmability. Furthermore, by adding the appropriate operation‐controlling strands, multiple rounds of programming are achieved among five different logic operations on a two‐layer circuit. Subsequently, a circuit is successfully built to implement two fundamental binary calculators: half‐adder and half‐subtractor, proving that the design can imitate silicon‐based binary circuits. Finally, a comprehensive CLB‐based circuit is built that enables multiple rounds of switch among seven different logic operations including half‐adding and half‐subtracting. Overall, the CLB‐based erasable field‐programmable circuit immensely enhances their practicability. It is believed that design can be widely used in DNA logic networks due to its efficiency and convenience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A popular and enduring approach to the liar paradox takes the concept of truth to be inconsistent. Very roughly, truth is an inconsistent concept if the central principles of this concept (taken together) entail a contradiction, where one of these central principles is Tarski's T‐schema for truth: a sentence S is true if and only if p, (where S says that p). This article targets a version of Inconsistentism which: retains classical logic and bivalence; takes the truth‐predicate "is true" to pick out a property (and determine a non‐empty extension relative to a given world); and holds that liar sentences exhibit a certain kind of indeterminacy in truth‐value. Call such a view Modest Inconsistentism since it is somewhat more conservative in its outlook than various other forms of Inconsistentism. Such a modest view has its attractions: we retain the thesis that the liar sentence is meaningful; we get to respect the claims that there are truths and that there is a property of truth; we get to keep classical logic and bivalence; and, prima facie, no strengthened liar paradox is in the offing. The main aim in this paper is to show that Modest Inconsistentism, despite its initial attractions, is in deep trouble—because it does, after all, give rise to a strengthened liar paradox. We shall also see that there are related kinds of theory which are also subject to the same worry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negation is widely thought to be uniquely captured by the usual extensional Boolean connective in the setting of classical logic. However, there has been recent interest in a modal approach to negation. This essay examines the problem of modal negation with an Husserlian phenomenological lens. I argue that the Husserlian approach to negation contains an ambiguity which points to a pluralism about negation. On this view, negation begins its life as a modal notion with nonclassical properties, and the question of classical negation is a question of its demodalization. I reconstruct a phenomenological legitimation of the demodalization, but I remain skeptical about its wider prospects. Nevertheless, the phenomenological‐modal approach to negation answers the skepticism about the very possibility of debates about negation and gives valuable insight into the fundamental nature of the problem. The argument should be of interest both to those who are specifically interested in Husserl's logic and the relationship of phenomenology to intuitionistic (and other nonclassical) logics, as well as to philosophers of logic more generally interested in obtaining different angles on the problem of negation from a systematic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay aims to shed new light on the theoretical pertinence of classical Indian logic and epistemology in Benedetto Croce's criticism of Western Aristotelian and modern logic. As a matter of fact, Croce gave a positive and extraordinarily enterprising evaluation of "Indian Logic" in his review of Hermann Jacobi's Indische Logik (1905) and in his book Logic as the Science of the Pure Concept (1996 [1909]). Yet Croce's significant and considerable evaluation of "Indian Logic" has remained neglected until today. This essay tries to clear the field of some prejudices that misled scholarly research on Croce and Indian philosophy, and it glosses in detail the "neglected" judgment on "Indian Logic" in Croce's Logic. In doing so, it critically discusses some epistemological questions starting from Croce's philosophy, such as the character of "natural induction," the relationship between language and thought, and the connection between historical languages and logical forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phrase "action‐reaction" has been frequently reiterated in public speeches by Malaysian leaders, formal documents, and behind‐the‐scenes discussions. This article contends that this expression operates as a manifestation of Malaysian policymakers' comprehension of the security dilemma and their strategic assessment of their position within a security ecosystem. As part of the interconnected web of relationships among regional actors, any disturbance has the potential to draw Malaysia, as a small state, into an extended cycle of crises. This article draws on Malaysia's conduct in the South China Sea (1970–2023). To mitigate risks, in alignment with various scholarly perspectives, Malaysia adopts a hedging strategy involving tradeoffs and contingency plans. Beyond hedging, a more proactive perspective is also emphasized: when Malaysia identifies affordances or opportunities to act within the security ecosystem, it endeavors to leverage them for its benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stochastic computing is a non‐traditional computing approach that utilizes stochastic bitstreams to represent numerical values. This representation enables the implementation of circuits using basic logic gates, named stochastic circuits. This work proposes a versatile architecture with correlated input bitstreams for biased accumulation. The design offers a notable reduction in the reliance on random number generators, resulting in lower hardware costs and higher computing accuracy when compared with the existing designs. Experimental results show that the application of Gaussian smoothing has a reduction in area by at least 45% and an improvement in peak signal‐to‐noise ratio of at least 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In‐memory computing significantly reduces workload and energy cost of data access in the traditional von Neumann computing architecture. Using various memristors, stateful logic is developed to realize in‐memory computing. However, memristors have encountered critical issues in terms of device variation and reliability, and therefore, fundamental device solutions are required to realize practical stateful logic. In this study, NAND, NOR, and half‐adder stateful logic operations of gated silicon diodes with a p+–n–p–n+ structure are demonstrated to achieve in‐memory computing. Gated diodes have bistable, steep switching, and quasi‐nonvolatile memory characteristics, enabling reliable stateful logic operation. The uniformity of their device characteristics overcomes the inherent stochastic characteristics of memristors that are widely researched for stateful logic. The sequential multiread logic operation simplifies the complex state logic scheme. In particular, a nondestructive half‐adder operation can be executed in five sequential steps using six parallel diodes. Thus, the stateful logic of gated diodes can be a potential building block for in‐memory computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable human resource management (HRM) is critical to sustainable corporate development. However, there is little systematic research examining the determinants of sustainable HRM adoption. We fill this void by identifying and introducing a configurational approach to examine when firms adopt sustainable HRM. Based on institutional theory, we develop a typology of institutional contexts associated with sustainable HRM adoption. We posit that institutional conditions in configuration facilitate firms' adoption of sustainable HRM. Thus, we hypothesize a primary institutional configuration where institutional support, institutional quality, and institutional infrastructure combine to promote the adoption of sustainable HRM. We further propose alternative types of configurations conducive to the adoption of sustainable HRM by introducing two organizational conditions: strategic leadership support and resource slack. A fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis on data from 57 cases in China supports our hypotheses. We find that the combination of institutional conditions promotes the adoption of highly sustainable HRM, and the two alternative types provide functional substitutes for the primary type: (a) strategic leadership support substitutes for the combination of institutional support and institutional infrastructure, and (b) resource slack substitutes for institutional infrastructure. We build an institutional configurational model to advance a holistic understanding of the theoretical drivers of sustainable HRM, contributing to the research on sustainable HRM, institutional theory, leadership, and resource slack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The excessive power usage in modern digital equipment is triggered by memory arrays, mainly including Static Random‐Access Memory (SRAM) chips. Many scientists are working to create an SRAM cell that is fast, highly stable, and uses little power. However, the traditional SRAM cells have instability and read/write failure at scaled technology nodes. This study proposes a Differential Power Schmitt‐Trigger Logic 9 Tcompute SRAM (DPSTL‐9 TCSRAM) cell design with high read‐and‐write stability and low energy consumption. In SRAM cells, the sensing amplifier (SA), pre‐charge circuit, row decoder, and column decoder are the primary operational elements. Through the use of a single‐bitline (SBL) configuration and a one‐sided Schmitt‐trigger (ST) inverter (STI), the proposed deisgn cell achieves an outstanding read stability performance. In this work, the differential Power Generation (DPG) technique is employed to improve the architecture's writing capacity. The standard AND gates are combined with Schmitt‐trigger logic AND gates to improve noise tolerance while consuming less power and taking up less space. Instead of using a power‐gating mechanism, this research focuses on modifying a power delay product (PDP) circuit to increase the cell's read‐and‐write operation efficiency. The modified decoupled SA plays a major role in the access time and provides significant benefits in terms of read latency. Tanner EDA Tool platform version 16.0 can be used to execute the specified design. The performance metrics of stability, area, latency, and power analysis are examined, and also, the Monte Carlo simulation and reliability simulation are conducetd to show the efficacy of the proposed design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While such epistemic rules as 'If you perceive that X, you ought to believe that X' and 'If you have outstanding testimony that X, you ought to believe that X' seem to be getting at important truths, it is easy to think of cases in which they come into conflict. To avoid classifying such cases as dilemmas, one can hold either that epistemic rules have built‐in unless‐clauses listing the circumstances under which they don't apply or, alternatively, that epistemic rules are contributory. This paper explores both responses from a formal perspective, drawing on a simple defeasible logic framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I analyze the evolution of Husserl's view on the normativity of logic and the corresponding changes in his phenomenological analysis of judgment. Initially, in the Prolegomena, Husserl claimed that the laws of pure logic are ideal and acquire normative status only as a result of application. Later, however, he revised this position and claimed that the same laws are at once ideal and normative. Sections 1 and 2 present textual evidence for attributing such a change of position to Husserl, which is not generally acknowledged in the literature. Section 3 critically examines Husserl's early position, with specific attention to the model of instantiation. Sections 4–6 identify three key stages in the development of Husserl's theory of judgment that lead to the normative conception of pure logic: (1) the critique of the dissociation of ideal content and assertive force; (2) the rejection of the instantiation model of proposition and the development of a new account in terms of identification; (3) the genetic‐phenomenological interpretation of proposition and the elaboration of the three‐layer structure of pure logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After Evangelos Christou (1923–1956) studied philosophy at King's College, Cambridge, with Wittgenstein and others, he earned a doctorate at the Jung Institute in Zürich. He then returned home to Alexandria, near which he died in a car crash. The Logos of the Soul, published posthumously, argued for a psychology that would be neither a natural scientific psychology, devoted to causal analyses, nor a philosophical discipline that analysed mental events. Psychology would be an autonomous science of the soul, an unknown distinct from body and mind. Science deals with bodies and behaviours; philosophy with the mental concepts and acts. Psychology deals with "psychological experience". Dreams and fantasies can be sources of psychological experience, but so can perceptual acts and mental acts. Meaning occurs when something encounters an ego or self in a psychological experience. Observation in psychology is participant observation, akin to witnessing of a drama. Psychological methods, such as psychotherapy, are both means of discovery and means of becoming. Christou's work brought together Jung's analytical psychology and mid‐century British philosophy in order to stake out the ground for psychology that would be an empirical analysis of psychological experience and a logical analysis of the concepts used in that psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a class of global finite‐time stabilization problem for high‐order stochastic nonlinear systems with multiple unknown control directions is studied. In order to solve the difficulties caused by the unknown control directions and at the same time, the system is required to converge to the origin in a limited time. Therefore, a new switching mechanism based on the Lyapunov‐like function is proposed. By adding a power integral technique and utilizing sign function, a finite‐time switching controller is designed. The controller parameters need to be adjusted online according to the proposed switching logic. It is rigorously proved that the designed controller can make the system state converge probabilistically to the origin in a finite‐time. A simulation example shows the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Concurrent software needs to be maintained over time, and the differences between continuous versions tend to be localized. The expense that simply reapplying standard model checking techniques to the new version as they evolve may be infeasible. The existing methods reuse partial state‐space to reduce the scope. However, it is obviously costly to analyze on the explosive interleaving space of the evolving concurrent programs. The conservative change‐impact analysis methods without considering the specific property and leveraging the verified result from the prior version often results in exploring redundant state‐space irrelevant to this property. Moreover, the impact of the deleted elements needs to be analyzed on old version, and their impact needs to be mapped to new version, bringing some dispensable costs. In this paper, we propose a change‐aware model checking method based on program dependence net (PDNet) for linear temporal logic (LTL). We first propose an incremental modeling method to construct a PDNet of new version by modification rules. Then, we propose a reuse checking algorithm to judge whether the verified result can be reused based on the PDNet slice. Finally, we implement change‐aware model checking tool (DAMER) and validate the advantages of our methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C.S. Peirce offered an evaluation of Bentham's philosophy to the effect that on some points Bentham's performance was of great value, but essentially, he was 'a shallow logician' confined to analysis of 'lower motive'. This paper argues that Bentham's logic is deeply metaphysically based, multi‐levelled, and comprehensive. There are at least three constituent parts in his utilitarian logic: the first is his ontology, with its distinction between real and fictitious entities, and with pain and pleasure constituting the core real entities; the second is his reductionism in, and analytical view of, simple and complex pleasures and pains; the third is the distinction between private ethics and public ethics. Bentham's logic is staunchly based on empiricism and truth and he developed a pragmatic utilitarian solution to overcome the potential impasse of Hume's scepticism through a mechanism of reflection. Even the doctrines of belief and abduction embraced and developed by Peirce are contained in Bentham's utilitarian logic. Bentham would certainly take Peirce's philosophy as ipse dixitism. Peirce was not in fact a serious reader of Bentham and failed to employ the distinction between argument and argumentation in his study of Bentham's logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local backlight dimming (LBD) technology has attracted significant interest for liquid crystal displays. In automotive, notebook PC, and virtual reality applications, LBD should treat the trade‐off between power saving and visual quality enhancement. However, it requires the cost of the high logic complexity to consider the optimal solution at a higher resolution of the image. This paper proposes the adaptive local backlight dimming control, which can reduce the power consumption of backlight and improve the quality of the display. The proposed method analyzes an image contents with a low complexity algorithm, and it applies a local boosting to achieve a target intensity in backlight control. In performance evaluation using FPGA test system, the designed local dimming processor achieved 7.54% higher power‐saving rate with visual quality enhancement in high‐contrast region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial ion transport systems have emerged as an important class of compounds that promise applications in chemotherapeutics as anticancer agents or to treat channelopathies. Stimulus‐responsive systems that offer spatiotemporally controlled activity for targeted applications remain rare. Here we utilize dynamic hydrogen bonding interactions of a 4,6‐dihydroxy‐isophthalamide core to generate a modular platform enabling access to stimuli‐responsive ion transporters that can be activated in response to a wide variety of external stimuli, including light, redox, and enzymes, with excellent OFF‐ON activation profiles. Alkylation of the two free hydroxyl groups with stimulus‐responsive moieties locks the amide bonds through intramolecular hydrogen bonding and hence makes them unavailable for anion binding and transport. Triggering using a particular stimulus to cleave both cages reverses the hydrogen bonding arrangement, to generate a highly preorganized anion binding cavity for efficient transmembrane transport. Integration of two cages that are responsive to orthogonal stimuli enables multi‐stimuli activation, where both stimuli are required to trigger transport in an AND logic process. Importantly, the strategy provides a facile method to post‐functionalize the highly active transporter core with a variety of stimulus‐responsive moieties for targeted activation with multiple triggers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the problem of communication protocols between leaders and its followers for motion planning in an initially partially known environment. In this setting, the leader observes the environment information to satisfy its own local objective and and the follower completes its own local objective by estimating the states of the leader and communicating with the leader to update its knowledge about the environment when it is necessary, where the local objectives can be expressed in temporal logic. A verifier construction is built first to contain all possible communication protocols between the leaders and the followers. Then, a two‐step synthesis procedure is proposed to capture all feasible communication protocol that satisfy the local objectives for the leader and follower, respectively. In the first step, a sub‐verifier is synthesized to satisfy the objective of the follower. In the second step, based on the obtained sub‐verifier, an iterative algorithm is proposed to extract communication protocols such that the objectives of the leader and follower are satisfied, respectively. A running example is provided to illustrate the proposed procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with the problem of dynamic event‐triggered prescribed performance control for nonlinear systems under signal temporal logic tasks. By utilizing the method of prescribed performance control, the constrained plant can be transformed into an unconstrained one, and a dynamic event‐triggered feedback control law is generated for the transformed system to ensure that the signal temporal logic specification is satisfied. A dynamic event‐triggered mechanism is designed to guarantee the event‐triggered stability, safety and complex specification. Besides, Zeno phenomenon is definitely avoided. Compared with the continuous‐time feedback controller, the event‐triggered controller has proven to be effective in reducing sensing, communication and computation costs. Finally, two simulations are given to illustrate the effectiveness of theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I theorize invasion as a sociocognitive phenomenon grounded in conceptual relations between the social statuses of "in" and "out." Pulling invasion out of its ordinary and historically physical context, I explore how people share similar ways of envisioning invasions across a wide variety of domains in social life. To demonstrate this, I employ the qualitative concept‐driven comparative method of trans‐level analysis, tracing common mental models of invasion in the cases of the body, the home, and the nation‐state. Drawing from a sample of 42 in‐depth interviews as well as discourse and policy materials, I find that people envision invasion to take four basic forms: entry and existence, contamination, theft, and domination. Offering the concept of invasion subversion, I explore the highly contestable nature of invasions and the semiotic strategies of marking and unmarking that people leverage to challenge and reinforce arrangements between "in" and "out." Ultimately, I show that invasions foreground social order and make visible the tacit rules of inclusion and exclusion that shape it. This study advances and extends the study of inclusion and exclusion to cognitive sociological terrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the ways in which Detroit Eviction Defense (DED) and other activist organisations employ a logic of care to argue for Black Detroiters' right to define who may claim home and place in the city. The article uses the foreclosure case of longtime Detroiter Lela Whitfield to examine the ways in which DED successfully resists eviction by arguing publicly that legitimate claims to land and home should be based on how one cares for it-in terms of stewardship, in terms of relationships on and with places, and based on how one uses it. This essay argues that this logic of care has roots in a Black radical tradition and in the particular conditions of racial capitalism in Detroit. Ultimately, DED and other Detroiters offer care as an alternate logic to resist "racial banishment" and establish alternate place-claiming logics in the context of urban housing crisis, austerity, and financialisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show how Niklas Luhmann's concept of self‐organization can be formalized using fuzzy logic. This approach is based on the shared assumptions of systems theory and fuzzy logic and focuses on natural language expression and the complexity of social processes. It involves modelling the operations of the system in relation to the fuzziness of the environment, that is, the transformation of environmental stimuli in gradual uncertainty to binary codes of communication. Based on these operations, it is possible to formalize their unified pattern, which shows the observation of past operations and the simultaneous observation of the environment. An example is given of the formalization of restaurant self‐organization in the Czech Republic during the Covid‐19 pandemic. The model illustrates and explains how the restaurant system reduces lockdown as an environment, in other words, how the system stabilizes its behaviour in a complex pandemic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article gives an explanation of how recent results on ambiguity logics are relevant to the linguistic and philosophical theory of ambiguity. To this aim, some fundamental definitions and results are explained. We formulate and provide evidence for three main hypotheses: Firstly, ambiguity is not a vague notion. Secondly, in (explicit) reasoning with ambiguity, we always have to consider the parameter ±trust. Thirdly, ambiguous propositions exist, but they cannot have the same rights and properties as unambiguous propositions; rather they should be considered "second class". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, formal methods significantly facilitate the specification and verification of security requirements in requirement engineering, which can reduce requirement errors in the early stage of system development. Extracting formal specifications from security requirements and then evaluating the quality of the requirements are regarded as a promising solution to ensure software quality. Propositional projection temporal logic (PPTL) with a strong mathematical basis and full regular expressiveness is a suitable language for formal specifications. Inspired by natural language processing and text mining techniques, this paper designs and implements a tool, namely, NL2PPTL, to generate formal coarse‐grained and fine‐grained specifications in terms of PPTL formulas automatically. In specific, the grammatical production rules are defined to construct the syntax tree, and then, the formula is obtained by post‐order traversal of the tree. The satisfiability of the PPTL specifications can be checked utilizing PPTLSAT. In addition, the state transformation model is constructed from fine‐grained specifications, so as to discover scope conflicts and verify the security properties of the requirement case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumfitt has given two arguments that in unilateralist verificationist theories of meaning, truth collapses into correct assertibility. In the present paper I give similar arguments that show that in unilateral falsificationist theories of meaning, falsehood collapses into correct deniability. According to bilateralism, meanings are determined by assertion and denial conditions, so the question arises whether it succumbs to similar arguments. I show that this is not the case. The final section considers the question whether a principle central to Rumfitt's first argument, 'It is assertible that A if and only if it is assertible that it is assertible that A', is one that bilateralists can reject, and concludes that they cannot. It follows that the logic of assertibility and deniability, according to a result by Williamson, is the little known modal logic K4 studied by Sobociński. The paper ends with a plaidoyer for bilateralists to adopt this logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In "Sidgwick on Bentham: the 'Double Aspect' of Utilitarianism", Schofield argued that Bentham did not regard his psychological theory as part of his utilitarianism and that natural benevolence is at his disposal to mitigate the problem of the "double aspect" of utilitarianism. This paper argues that Bentham regarded his psychological theory as part of his utilitarianism and that, in a manner quite distinct from an internal, benevolence approach, he took advantage of self‐preference and thus adopted a self‐preference and artificial means‐based approach, thereby still maintaining an internal approach supported by external, institutional contrivance. In so doing, he argued first that self‐preference could add to the greatest happiness; second, that benevolence would tend to facilitate the achievement of the greatest happiness, with the consequence that he endorsed the artificial cultivation of benevolence; and third, that the artificial means of the junction‐of‐interests‐prescribing principle should be adopted to bridge the gap between self‐preference and the greatest happiness. Sidgwick failed to appreciate the depth and sophistication of Bentham's logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agencies involved in generating regulatory policies promote evidence‐based regulatory impact assessments (RIAs) to improve the predictability of regulation and develop informed policy. Here, we analyze the epistemic foundations of RIAs. We frame RIA as reasoning that connects various types of knowledge to inferences about the future. Drawing on Stephen Toulmin's model of argumentation, we situate deductive and inductive reasoning steps within a schema we call the impact argument. This approach helps us identify inherent uncertainties in RIAs, and their location in different types of reasoning. We illustrate the theoretical section with impact assessments of two recent legislative proposals produced by the European Commission. We argue that the concept of "evidence‐based regulatory impact assessment" is misleading and should be based on the notion of "regulatory impact assessment as evidential reasoning," which better recognizes its processual and argumentative nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi‐responsive smart molecular system is constructed using a newly synthesized Salen molecule, 1,3‐bis((E)‐2,3,4‐trimethoxy benzylideneamino) propan‐2‐ol (TMBP), to selectively recognize the presence and absence of Cu2+ ions aided by another selective metal ion, Zn2+. The emission efficiency of the non‐emissive probe is selectively and significantly enhanced in presence of Zn2+, while the improved emission of probe‐Zn2+ complex is completely quenched upon interaction with Cu2+. Thus, the probe acts as a reporter molecule for the selective detection of Cu2+ in the co‐presence of Zn2+. Comprehensive spectroscopic studies indicate that Zn2+ ion‐coordination significantly reduces the flexibility of the Schiff base unit and the extent of photoinduced electron transfer which in turn enhance the fluorescence intensity. While Cu2+, a d9 system, induces paramagnetic quenching over the enhanced emission through stable ground‐state complexation and metal‐ligand charge transfer. The spectroscopic results are translated into the designing of a multifunctional smart‐molecular system that could function as YES, NOT, INHIBIT, PASS 0, TRANSFER and NOT TRANSFER logic gates. Finally, a blueprint of a smart molecular device is proposed to present the relay sensing of Zn2+ and Cu2+ through logical outputs that would work in‐sync with the spectroscopic results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the concept of epistemic akrasia, which refers to situations where individuals hold beliefs that they acknowledge to be irrational. The author presents cases that challenge the assumption that akratic beliefs are always irrational, including instances where akratic beliefs can be rational from the individual's perspective. The article also explores different arguments and principles related to the rationality of akrasia, ultimately concluding that akratic beliefs may not necessarily be problematic and that individuals should not be criticized for holding such beliefs. [Extracted from the article]

Approaching Martin Luther King Jr. as a constructive political theorist, I present a synthetic view of his thought that is able to make cogent and compelling sense of prominent concepts and lines of reasoning in his writings. I contend that King's political thought, which is grounded in his moral, metaphysical, and theological convictions, is best understood as structurally teleological and oriented to the construction of an inclusive, democratic community as its end. To make this case and fill out the picture of his view, I offer an analysis of King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" and argue that his account of nonviolence, which provides the key to understanding his political thought, ought to be understood as operating within and on behalf of this teleological vision by patterning what I term dialogical relations between persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to refresh scholarly discussions about Luther's Christology, his discourse on Christ is analyzed in the present article with reference to his humanist background and texts, where he attacks scholasticism, philosophy, and logic and seems to promote a new theological methodology and novel ways of speaking about Christ the man‐God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for data movement and energy consumption in physically separate von Neumann architectures, where the processor and memory are distinct entities, highlights the severity of the memory‐wall problem. Thus, memristor‐based logic‐in‐memory (LiM) has garnered significant interest as it is a paradigm that enables both logic and memory functionalities to be performed within a single device. Ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) have the advantages of low energy consumption and high scalability; thus, they are particularly appropriate for use as analog memristors in LiMs. Precise and accurate programming of the analog resistance states in FTJs is essential to achieve an efficient memristor‐based LiM design. However, existing switching models for FTJs cannot completely consider the ferroelectric domain switching, which challenges multi‐bit LiM operations. This particularly applies in cases involving updates from one intermediate resistance state (IRS) to another IRS, such as transitioning from State 01 to 10 in 2‐bit LiM. In this study, a novel phenomenon associated with domain switching is observed in the IRS of an HZO FTJ device and applied it to an LiM implementation. These findings can contribute to the operational accuracy and update rules of not only FTJ‐based LiMs but also other FTJ applications, such as crossbar arrays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes from the perspective of Service‐Dominant Logic how value is generated through supply chain integration. The inclusion of the Service‐Dominant Logic together with the Transaction Costs Economy and the Resource Based View allows exploring ways of explaining the generation of value that have been seldom studied. In particular, the role of specific resources, governance form, and information sharing are analyzed in the Spanish mining and manufacture of nonmetallic mineral products industry. The hypotheses generated are tested with structural equation modeling. The sample size was 276 cases. The findings support the importance of governance form and relation‐specific resources as operant resources, as well as the importance of the latter in amplifying the governance form's effect. Five operant resources are identified: information sharing, governance form, relation‐specific resources, trust, and relational commitment. These resources outline three ways of value generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how national judges' reasoning in the preliminary ruling procedure varies depending on the prescriptive clarity of European Union (EU) legal frameworks. Drawing on the logic of appropriateness and the logic of expected consequences, this article formulates hypotheses regarding judges' motivational patterns. Interviews with Swedish judges generate findings that partly corroborate these hypotheses. The findings show that when EU legal frameworks are clear, judges express a mix of considerations, including references to EU rules, expected politico‐strategic outcomes and professional norms. When the clarity of the frameworks is low, judges mainly motivate their decisions by invoking professional norms. In light of these findings, the article proposes a revision of the compliance pull explanation that takes into account how not only formal EU rules but also informal norms of appropriate professional conduct may influence the actions of national judges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We focus on the persistence principle over weak interpretability logic. Our object of study is the logic obtained by adding the persistence principle to weak interpretability logic from several perspectives. Firstly, we prove that this logic enjoys a weak version of the fixed point property. Secondly, we introduce a system of sequent calculus and prove the cut‐elimination theorem for it. As a consequence, we prove that the logic enjoys the Craig interpolation property. Thirdly, we show that the logic is the natural basis of a generalization of simplified Veltman semantics, and prove that it has the finite frame property with respect to that semantics. Finally, we prove that it is sound and complete with respect to some appropriate arithmetical semantics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper deals with a purely syntactic analysis of infinitary logic with infinite sequents. In particular, we discuss sequent calculi for classical and intuitionistic infinitary logic with good structural properties based on sequents possibly containing infinitely many formulas. A cut admissibility proof is proposed which employs a new strategy and a new inductive parameter. We conclude the paper by discussing related issues and possible themes for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]