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Developing cost‐effective and high‐active electrocatalysts is vital to enhance the electrocatalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, traditional pyrolysis methods require complicated procedures, exact temperatures, and long reaction times, leading to high costs and low yields of electrocatalysts in potential industrial applications. Herein, a rapid and economic laser‐induced preparation strategy is proposed to synthesize three bimetallic sulfide/oxide composites (MMoOS, M=Fe, Co, and Ni) on a nickel foam (NF) substrate. A focused CO2 laser with high energy is applied to decompose Anderson‐type polyoxometalate (POM)‐based precursors, enabling the creation of abundant heteropore and defective structures in the MMoOS composites that have multi‐components of MS/Mo4O11/MoS2. Remarkably, owing to the structural interactions between the active species, FeMoOS shows superior electrocatalytic performance for OER in an alkaline medium, exhibiting a low overpotential of 240 mV at 50 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 79 mV dec−1, and good durability for 80 h. Physical characterizations after OER imply that partially dissolved Mo‐based species and new‐formed NiO/NiOOH can effectively uncover abundant active sites, fasten charge transfer, and modify defective structures. This work provides a rapid laser‐induced irradiation method for the synthesis of POM‐derived nanocomposites as promoted electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accumulation of senescent cells is thought to play a crucial role in aging‐associated physiological decline and the pathogenesis of various age‐related pathologies. Targeting senescence‐associated cell surface molecules through immunotherapy emerges as a promising avenue for the selective removal of these cells. Despite its potential, a thorough characterization of senescence‐specific surface proteins remains to be achieved. Our study addresses this gap by conducting an extensive analysis of the cell surface proteome, or “surfaceome”, in senescent cells, spanning various senescence induction regimes and encompassing both murine and human cell types. Utilizing quantitative mass spectrometry, we investigated enriched cell surface proteins across eight distinct models of senescence. Our results uncover significant changes in surfaceome expression profiles during senescence, highlighting extensive modifications in cell mechanics and extracellular matrix remodeling. Our research also reveals substantive heterogeneity of senescence, predominantly influenced by cell type and senescence inducer. A key discovery of our study is the identification of four unique cell surface proteins with extracellular epitopes. These proteins are expressed in senescent cells, absent or present at low levels in their proliferating counterparts, and notably upregulated in tissues from aged mice and an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. These proteins stand out as promising candidates for senotherapeutic targeting, offering potential pathways for the detection and strategic targeting of senescent cell populations in aging and age‐related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of curdlan on the textural and sensory qualities of frozen steamed bread (FSB), as well as water state and starch properties during freezing. The results showed that incorporation of curdlan improved the springiness and resilience, while it reduced the hardness and chewiness of FSB. The quality deterioration of FSB was largely caused by the growth and recrystalisation of ice crystals. However, incorporation of curdlan mitigated this adverse impact by regulating water state. Specifically, it increased water content, inhibited water migration, and significantly decreased freezable water content. Additionally, curdlan also decreased starch relative crystallinity, which hindered its retrogradation and thus maintained the overall quality of FSB. Notably, inclusion of 0.5% curdlan exhibited optimal effectiveness in improving quality as evidenced by the highest sensory score obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic progressive vascular disease characterized by abnormal pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure. The major structural alteration during PH is pulmonary vascular remodelling, which is mainly caused by the imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary vascular cells. Previously, it was thought that apoptosis was the only type of programmed cell death (PCD). Soon afterward, other types of PCD have been identified, including autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and necroptosis. In this review, we summarize the role of the above five forms of PCD in mediating pulmonary vascular remodelling, and discuss their guiding significance for PH treatment. The current review could provide a better understanding of the correlation between PCD and pulmonary vascular remodelling, contributing to identify new PCD‐associated drug targets for PH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has indicated that hydrogen decreases the fracture toughness of gas‐transmission pipeline steels. This study produced two values of fracture toughness for the X65 steel in the Dampier Bunbury natural gas‐transmission pipeline in air (JQ of 590 and 778 kJ m−2; equivalent to KQ of 369 and 487 MPa√m$\sqrt{} \text{m}$) and two essentially American Society for Testing of Materials–valid values of fracture toughness of KJ1C of 150 and 189 MPa√m$\sqrt{} \text{m}$ for X65 subjected to in situ hydrogen charging thought to be equivalent to a hydrogen gas pressure of 200 bar. The fracture toughness for hydrogen‐charged specimens was lower than in air. The large spread of the fracture toughness in air was attributable to the fact that these JQ values were dependent on testing details. The spread of fracture toughness values in hydrogen was attributed to the variability of fracture toughness in hydrogen under these hydrogen‐charging conditions. There was considerable stable crack growth. The energy for stable crack growth increased with crack length. The fractography in the presence of hydrogen showed significant ductility, consistent with hydrogen‐assisted plastic fracture. The values of fracture toughness in air and with hydrogen were consistent with literature values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyproheptadine hydrochloride (CYP) is a typical antihistamine with antiserotonergic, blocking H1 receptor, anticholine, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐allergic effects. To investigate the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and excretion, the liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) method was established and validated the CYP concentrations in the plasma of beagle dogs and the biological matrix of mice. CYP was quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and widely distributed to various tissues. The area under the curve (AUC)0–t and peak concentration of CYP were increased with the dose after administration. At the equal dose, the bioavailability of intramuscular injection in mice and beagle dogs was 81.1% and 79.1%. The tissue distribution experiments suggested that CYP would not accumulate for a long time in vivo. CYP levels in tissues peaked after 15 min of injection, and the drug concentrations in the kidney and lung were higher than those in other tissues. For excretion, the cumulative urinary excretion of CYP within 156 h after intramuscular injection in mice accounted for (1.2 ± 0.1)% of the total administration dose. The feces excretion of the drug prototype was below the lower limit of quantitation. High sensitivity and strong specificity are observed based on the established method of LC‐MS/MS, which was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion studies of CYP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The active distribution network (ADN) can obtain measurement data, estimate system states, and control distributed energy resources (DERs) and flexible loads to ensure voltage stability. However, the ADN is more vulnerable to cyber attacks due to the recent wave of digitization and automation efforts. In this article, false data injection (FDI) attacks are focused on and they are classified into two types, that is, type I attacks on measurement data and type II attacks on control commands. After studying the impact of these two FDI attacks on the ADN, a new threat is revealed called coordinated FDI attack, which can maximize the voltage deviation by coordinating type I and type II FDI attacks. From the attacker's perspective, the scheme of CFDI is proposed and an algorithm is developed to find the optimal attack strategy. The feasibility of CFDI attacks has been validated on a smart distribution testbed. Moreover, simulation results on an ADN benchmark have demonstrated that CFDI attacks could cause remarkable voltage deviation that may deteriorate the stability of the distribution network. Moreover, the impact of CFDI attacks is higher than pure type I or type II attacks. To mitigate the threat, some countermeasures against CFDI attacks are also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

REPAT (response to pathogen) is an immune‐associated gene family that plays important roles in insect immune response to pathogens. Although nine REPAT genes have been identified in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) currently, their functions and mechanisms in the immune response to pathogens still remain unclear. Therefore, SfREPAT38, a pathogen response gene (REPAT) of S. frugiperda, was characterised and its function was analysed. The results showed that SfREPAT38 contains a signal peptide and a transcription activator MBF2 (multi‐protein bridging factor 2) domain. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that SfREPAT38 was highly expressed in the sixth‐instar larvae (L6) and was the highest in expression in the midgut of L6. We found that the expression of SfREPAT38 could be activated by challenge with four microbial pathogens (Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae, Spodoptera exigua nuclearpolyhedrosis and Escherichia coli), except 12 h after E. coli infection. Furthermore, the SfREPAT38 expression levels significantly decreased at 24, 48 and 72 h after SfREPAT38 dsRNA injection or feeding. Feeding with SfREPAT38 dsRNA significantly decreased the weight gain of S. frugiperda, and continuous feeding led to the death of S. frugiperda larvae from the fourth day. Moreover, SfREPAT38 dsRNA injection resulted in a significant decrease of weight gain on the fifth day. Silencing SfREPAT38 gene down‐regulated the expression levels of immune genes belonging to the Toll pathway, including SPZ, Myd88, DIF, Cactus, Pell and Toll18W. After treatment with SfREPAT38 dsRNA, S. frugiperda became extremely sensitive to the B. thuringiensis infection, and the survival rate dramatically increased, with 100% mortality by the eighth day. The weight of S. frugiperda larvae was also significantly lower than that of the control groups from the second day onwards. In addition, the genes involved in the Toll signalling pathway and a few antibacterial peptide related genes were down‐regulated after treatment. These results showed that SfREPAT38 is involved in the immune response of S. frugiperda larvae through mediating Toll signalling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, it can also cause immune‐related adverse events (irAEs). This study aimed to develop a clinically practical animal model of irAEs using BALB/c mice. Methods: Subcutaneous tumors of mouse breast cancer 4T1 cells were generated in inbred BALB/c mice. The mice were treated with programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) and cytotoxic t‐lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA‐4) inhibitors once every 3 days for five consecutive administration cycles. Changes in tumor volume and body weight were recorded. Lung computed tomography (CT) scans were conducted. The liver, lungs, heart, and colon tissues of the mice were stained with hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) staining to observe inflammatory infiltration and were scored. Serum samples were collected, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of ferritin, glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase (ALT), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Mouse liver and lung cell suspensions were prepared, and changes in macrophages, T cells, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory (Treg) cells were detected by flow cytometry. Results: Mice treated with PD‐1 and CTLA‐4 inhibitors showed significant reductions in tumor volume and body weight. The tissue inflammatory scores in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group. Lung CT scans of mice in the experimental group showed obvious inflammatory spots. Serum levels of ferritin, IL‐6, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, and ALT were significantly elevated in the experimental group. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a substantial increase in CD3+T cells, Treg cells, and macrophages in the liver and lung tissues of mice in the experimental group compared with the control group, and the change trend of MDSCs was opposite. Conclusions: The irAE‐related animal model was successfully established in BALB/c mice using a combination of PD‐1 and CTLA‐4 inhibitors through multiple administrations with clinical translational value and practical. This model offers valuable insights into irAE mechanisms for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is commonly affected by fruit rot, leading to reduction in yield and economic loss. In 2022, 144 symptomatic cherry fruit were randomly collected from 11 orchards in Yantai city. A total of 107 fungal strains were isolated and classified into eight species based on morphological and multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis, including Alternaria alternata/tenuissima species complex (79.44%), Fusarium lateritium species complex (FLSC) (9.34%), F. verticillioides (2.80%), F. incarnatum (2.80%), F. proliferatum (1.87%), Diaporthe eres (1.87%), Botryosphaeria dothidea (0.94%), and Nothophoma quercina (0.94%), wherein A. alternata/tenuissima species complex was the most dominant genus. All fungal isolates showed aggressiveness on both wounded and unwounded cherry fruit, wherein D. eres exhibited the strongest virulence, and F. verticillioides had the lowest pathogenicity. This work systematically studied the fungal pathogens related to cherry fruit rot and first reported D. eres, B. dothidea, F. verticillioides, F. incarnatum, and N. quercina as the causal agents associated with cherry fruit rot in China. The results of this study will be helpful to get a better understanding about the causal agents of cherry fruit rot in China and provide a theoretical basis for the field control of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patient adherence status to the newly introduced family‐based Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection control and management strategy remains unclear, so are its influencing factors. We aim to investigate family members' adherence and its influencing factors during the family‐based H. pylori infection management practice for related disease prevention. Materials and Methods: Based on our previously family‐based H. pylori survey in 2021, 282 families including 772 individuals were followed up 2 years after the initial survey to compare if the investigation and education might improve family member's adherence. The participant's adherence to H. pylori infection awareness, retest, treatment, publicity, gastroscopy, and hygiene habits were followed up, and their influencing factors were also analyzed. Results: The overall participant's adherence to recommendations on H. pylori awareness, retest, treatment, publicity, gastroscopy, and hygiene habits were 77% (187/243), 67.3% (138/205), 60.1% (211/351), 46.5% (107/230), 45.6% (159/349), and 39.1% (213/545), respectively; and all showed improvements compared with their prior survey stages. The top reasons for rejection to treatment, retest, and gastroscopy were forgetting or unaware of H. pylori infection (30.3%), busy (32.8%), and asymptomatic (67.9%), respectively. Independent risk factor for low adherence to treatment was occupation (e.g., staff: OR 4.49, 95% CI 1.34–15.10). Independent favorable factors for treatment adherence were individuals at the ages of 18–44 years (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04–0.89) and had a large family size (e.g., four family members: OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.06–0.41); for retest adherence, it was individuals at the ages of 60–69 years (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.06–0.97); for gastroscopy adherence, it was individuals at the age of 60–69 years (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.28–0.75), and with gastrointestinal symptoms (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.36–0.90). Conclusions: Family‐based H. pylori management increases individual adherence to treatment, retest, and awareness, and there are also improved adherence to gastroscopy, publicity, and personal hygiene recommendations; further efforts are required to enhance the individual adherence rate for related disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought has a devastating impact, presenting a formidable challenge to agricultural productivity and global food security. Among the numerous ABC transporter proteins found in plants, the ABCG transporters play a crucial role in plant responses to abiotic stress. In Medicago sativa, the function of ABCG transporters remains elusive. Here, we report that MsABCG1, a WBC‐type transporter highly conserved in legumes, is critical for the response to drought in alfalfa. MsABCG1 is localized on the plasma membrane, with the highest expression observed in roots under normal conditions, and its expression is induced by drought, NaCl and ABA signalling. In transgenic tobacco, overexpression of MsABCG1 enhanced drought tolerance, evidenced by increased osmotic regulatory substances and reduced lipid peroxidation. Additionally, drought stress resulted in reduced ABA accumulation in tobacco overexpressing MsABCG1, demonstrating that overexpression of MsABCG1 enhanced drought tolerance was not via an ABA‐dependent pathway. Furthermore, transgenic tobacco exhibited increased stomatal density and reduced stomatal aperture under drought stress, indicating that MsABCG1 has the potential to participate in stomatal regulation during drought stress. In summary, these findings suggest that MsABCG1 significantly enhances drought tolerance in plants and provides a foundation for developing efficient drought‐resistance strategies in crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disease recurrence perception plays a key role in disease management and subsequent disease recurrence prevention. However, there are no specific tools for assessing disease recurrence perception in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by alternating remission and recurrence. To develop and validate an instrument for measuring disease recurrence perception of patients with IBD, the study was conducted in two steps: (1) instrument development and (2) psychometric tests. A total of 623 patients with IBD participated in the study. The common sense model of illness self‐regulation (CSM) was used as a framework for instrument development. The administered version contained 48 items intended to be relevant to at least one of the six dimensions of the model. Based on preliminary analyzes, 12 items were deleted leaving 36 items for more detailed psychometric and factor analyzes. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the total 36‐item instrument was 0.915. The content validity indexes at item and scale levels were satisfactory. The test‐retest reliability of the total instrument was 0.870. Exploratory principal components analysis (n = 278) was used to identify six components congruent with intended CSM constructs that accounted for 62.6% of total item variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (n = 345) found acceptable fit for the six factor measurement model (χ2/df = 1.999, GFI = 0.846, NFI = 0.855, IFI = 0.922, TLI = 0.910, CFI = 0.921, RMSEA = 0.054). Overall, the DRPSIBD demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity to warrant further development as a measure of disease recurrence perception of patients with IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In vitro cell culture is crucial for predicting the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2‐NP). However, assessing the toxicity of TiO2‐NPs in sturgeon remains difficult given the lack of sufficient cell lines. We established and characterized the first hepatocyte cell line from Acipenser schrenckii liver tissue (ASL). This ASL cell line proliferated well in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium at 25°C and 10% fetal bovine serum. ASL cells with a chromosome number of 244 were successfully transfected with the pEGFP‐N3 plasmid. The ASL cell line's origin was verified as A. schrenckii through mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase I and mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing. Using the ASL cell line as an in vitro model, we found that TiO2‐NP exposure decreased the viability and promoted the damage of ASL cells (96‐h LC50 = 331.8 μg mL−1). Increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels in ASL cells suggested oxidative stress under TiO2‐NP exposure. We also observed dysregulation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. By detecting calcium ions and mitochondrial membrane potential indicators, we found that the apoptotic pathway induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress played a major role at low concentrations of TiO2‐NP‐induced stress. Both mitochondria‐mediated and endoplasmic reticulum stress promoted apoptosis under increasing TiO2‐NP concentrations. In conclusion, the ASL cell line established in this study is a useful in vitro model for toxicological studies of TiO2‐NP exposure in fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was reported that the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway is involved in the regulation of aerobic glycolysis and that brain glycolytic dysfunction results in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Icariin (ICA), an active component extracted from Epimedii Folium, has been reported to produce neuroprotective effects in multiple models of AD, but its underlying mechanism remains to be fully described. We aimed to investigate the protective effects of ICA on animal and cell models of AD and confirm whether the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway has functions in the neuroprotective function of ICA. The 3 × Tg‐AD mice were treated with ICA. HT22 cells, the Aβ25‐35 peptide and Dickkopf‐1 (DKK1) agent (a specific inhibitor of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway) were used to further explore the underlying mechanism of ICA that produces anti‐AD effects. Behavioral examination, western blotting assay, staining analysis, biochemical test, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were applied. We first demonstrated that ICA significantly improved cognitive function and autonomous behavior, reduced neuronal damage, and reversed the protein levels and activities of glycolytic key enzymes, and expression of protein molecules of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, in 3 × Tg‐AD mice back to wild‐type levels. Next, we further found that ICA increased cell viability and effectively improved the dysfunctional glycolysis in HT22 cells injured by Aβ25‐35. However, when canonical Wnt signaling was inhibited by DKK1, the above effects of ICA on glycolysis were abolished. In summary, ICA exerts neuroprotective effects in 3 × Tg‐AD animals and AD cellular models by enhancing the function of glycolysis through activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: The development of efficient and sustainable methods to obtain spirocyclic compounds is of significance as these structures are widely found in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Herein, we disclose an electrochemical dearomative spirocyclization of N‐acyl sulfonamides in a continuous‐flow cell. The reaction is simple and efficient without external catalysts or supporting electrolytes and could be applied in a decagram‐scale synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Adolescents and young adults are the main target population for human papillomavirus (HPV). The study aimed to investigate school students' HPV vaccination intentions and explore the contributing factors from a socio‐ecological perspective. Design: A questionnaire survey was conducted in three secondary schools and three colleges in China. Sample: A total of 1756 students aged 14–22 years participated in this study. Among the 1756 participants, 182 students have received the HPV vaccine. For the remaining 1574 students, we analyzed their HPV vaccination intentions and the influencing factors. Measurements: Survey items for sociodemographics, knowledge and awareness of HPV, sexual intercourse and sexual knowledge, subjective socioeconomic status, self‐efficacy, eHealth literacy, perceived social support from family, and the availability of HPV vaccine information were measured. Results: Only 182 (10.4%) had received the HPV vaccine among the 1756 participants. Among the remaining 1574 students, the majority of the students (1403, 89.1%) were willing to receive the HPV vaccine. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that students who were female, had lower self‐efficacy, scored higher on sexual knowledge, believed vaccination preventing related diseases, worried about side effects after vaccination, thought oneself at risk of contracting HPV, had higher family support, knew the availability of the HPV vaccine in Mainland China from healthcare institutions, and with family residence in rural areas were more willing to receive the HPV vaccine. Conclusions: Students had high HPV vaccination intentions while had low vaccination rate. Intrapersonal, interpersonal and institutional or community factors predicted HPV vaccination intention. Public health nurses in communities and schools could target the modifiable factors to promote students' HPV vaccine uptake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the clinical effectiveness of nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (NMV‐r) on short‐term outcome and the risk of postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection (PASC) among pediatric patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This retrospective cohort study used the TriNetX research network to identify pediatric patients between 12 and 18 years with COVID‐19 between January 1, 2022 and August 31, 2023. The propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to match patients receiving NMV‐r (NMV‐r group) with those who did not receive NMV‐r (control group). Two cohorts comprising 633 patients each (NMV‐r and control groups), with balanced baseline characteristics, were identified using the PSM method. During the initial 30 days, the NMV‐r group showed a lower incidence of all‐cause hospitalization, mortality, or ED visits (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.546, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.372–0.799, p = 0.002). Additionally, the NMV‐r group had a significantly lower risk of all‐cause hospitalization compared with the control group (HR = 0.463, 95% CI: 0.269–0.798), with no deaths occurring in either group. In the 30–180‐day follow‐up period, the NMV‐r group exhibited a non‐significantly lower incidence of post‐acute sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (PASC), encompassing symptoms such as fatigue, cardiopulmonary symptoms, pain, cognitive impairments, headache, dizziness, sleep disorders, anxiety, and depression, compared to the control group. This study underscores the potential effectiveness of NMV‐r in treating high‐risk pediatric patients with COVID‐19, demonstrating significant reductions in short‐term adverse outcomes such as emergency department visits, hospitalization, or mortality within the initial 30‐day period. Additionally, NMV‐r shows promise in potentially preventing the development of PASC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: The development of efficient and sustainable methods to obtain spirocyclic compounds is of significance as these structures are widely found in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Herein, we disclose an electrochemical dearomative spirocyclization of N‐acyl sulfonamides in a continuous‐flow cell. The reaction is simple and efficient without external catalysts or supporting electrolytes and could be applied in a decagram‐scale synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family Limacodidae belongs to the superfamily Zygaenoidea, which includes 1672 species commonly referred to as slug moths. Limacodidae larvae are major pests for many economically important plant species and can cause human dermatitis. At present, the structure of the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome), phylogenetic position, and adaptive evolution of slug moths are poorly understood. Herein, the mitogenomes of Parasa lepida, Phlossa conjuncta, Thosea sinensis, and Setora sinensis were sequenced and compared with other available mitogenome sequences to better characterize the mitogenomic diversity and evolution of this moth family. The mitogenomes of P. lepida, P. conjuncta, T. sinensis, and S. sinensis were confirmed to be circular in structure with lengths of 15,575 bp, 15,553 bp, 15,535 bp, and 15,529 bp, respectively. The Limacodidae mitogenomes exhibited similar nucleotide composition, codon usage, RNA structure, and control region patterns, indicating the conservation of the mitogenome in the family Limacodidae. A sliding window, Ka/Ks, and genetic distance analyses revealed that the atp8 and nad6 genes exhibited the highest levels of variability and the most rapid evolutionary rates among the 13 protein‐coding genes (PCGs) encoded in these Limacodidae mitogenomes, suggesting that they may offer value as candidate DNA markers. The phylogenetic analysis recovered the overall relationship as Tortricoidea + (Sesiidae + (Zygaenoidea + (Cossoidea/+Choreutoidea + (others)))). Within Zygaenoidea, Limacodidae was recovered as monophyletic, and the phylogenetic relationships were recovered as (Phaudidae + Zyganidae) + Limacodidae in all six phylogenetic trees. The analysis indicated that P. lepida, P. conjuncta, T. sinensis, and S. sinensis are members of the Limacodidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: The asymmetric partial reduction of 1,3‐diketones stands as a straightforward pathway to access optically active β‐hydroxyketones. In this paper, an asymmetric Piers‐type hydrosilylation of 2,2‐difluoro‐1,3‐diketones was successfully realized by using a frustrated Lewis pair of chiral borane and tricyclohexylphosphine as a catalyst, delivering a variety of α,α‐difluoro‐β‐hydroxyketones in high yields with up to 99% ee. Significantly, no over‐reduced diol products were observed even with an excess amount of silanes. The product can be conveniently converted to α,α‐difluoro‐β‐hydroxyester or 1,3‐anti‐diol via an oxidation with m‐CPBA or a reduction with DIBAL‐H without obvious loss of ee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two colossal global challenges remain energy scarcity and environmental pollution, having evolved into problems that human society cannot ignore. Therefore, developing a material with efficient electromagnetic (EM) interference shielding and electrocatalytic properties has become imperative in promoting sustainable development and establishing environmental protection systems. Herein, a heterodimensional structure is prepared by assembling 3D spirally grown VS2 with 2D FeCo‐LDH, which precisely manipulates macroscopic EM and electrochemical characteristics through defect and interface engineering. The results show that the heterodimensional structure presents an efficient shielding effectiveness of 30.2 dB at 18 GHz. Heterodimensional structure exhibits a low overpotential of 279 mV, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a desirable stability. In addition, based on the unique electrochemical properties and EM response characteristics of the material, a special protective helmet is innovated. The helmet incorporating an autonomous oxygen supply, advanced pressure surveillance, and dynamic stealth supports a more exhaustive safeguard for missions amidst noxious gases, and situations necessitating clandestine operations. This research provides a new idea for the development of multifunctional EM active materials, showing great application prospects in the fields of aerospace engineering, energy, and EM security protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are characterized by sensorimotor and psychological dysfunction, with evidence revealing the implication of a dysfunctional central nervous system. Previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have reported brain alterations in TMD, but most studies focused on either structure or function by a single modality of MRI and investigated static functional connectivity (FC) in TMD. By combining structural and functional MRI data, the present study aimed to identify brain regions with structural abnormalities in TMD patients and examine static and dynamic FC seeded by these regions to investigate structural brain alterations and related disrupted FC underlying the pathophysiology of TMD. Methods: We recruited 30 TMD patients and 20 healthy controls who underwent 3.0 T MRI scanning with T1‐weighted images using a three‐dimensional magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient‐echo sequence and resting state functional images using a gradient‐echo echo‐planar imaging sequence. Cortical thickness, volume, surface area, and subcortical volume were calculated, where brain areas with significant structural between‐group differences were treated as seeds for static and dynamic FC analyses. Results: In this preliminary study, we found between‐group alterations in sensorimotor regions including decreased cortical thickness in the right sensorimotor cortex as well as decreased volume in the left putamen and associated reduced dynamic FC with the anterior midcingulate cortex; and alterations in emotion processing and regulation regions including decreased volume/surface area in the left posterior superior temporal gyrus and associated increased dynamic FC with the precuneus in TMD patients than controls, having all p < 0.05 with corrections for multiple comparisons. Conclusion: Our findings of structural and functional abnormalities in brain regions implicated in sensorimotor and emotional functions provided evidence for the biopsychosocial model of TMD and facilitated our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism underlying TMD. The associations between neuroimaging results and clinical measurements of TMD warrant further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon replication fork stalling, the RPA-coated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) formed behind the fork activates the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, concomitantly initiating Rad18-dependent monoubiquitination of PCNA. However, whether crosstalk exists between these two events and the underlying physiological implications of this interplay remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that during replication stress, ATR phosphorylates human Rad18 at Ser403, an adjacent residue to a previously unidentified PIP motif (PCNA-interacting peptide) within Rad18. This phosphorylation event disrupts the interaction between Rad18 and PCNA, thereby restricting the extent of Rad18-mediated PCNA monoubiquitination. Consequently, excessive accumulation of the tumor suppressor protein SLX4, now characterized as a novel reader of ubiquitinated PCNA, at stalled forks is prevented, contributing to the prevention of stalled fork collapse. We further establish that ATR preserves telomere stability in alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) cells by restricting Rad18-mediated PCNA monoubiquitination and excessive SLX4 accumulation at telomeres. These findings shed light on the complex interplay between ATR activation, Rad18-dependent PCNA monoubiquitination, and SLX4-associated stalled fork processing, emphasizing the critical role of ATR in preserving replication fork stability and facilitating telomerase-independent telomere maintenance. Synopsis: The exact molecular interplay between ATR activation and Rad18-dependent PCNA monoubiquitination, along with the broader physiological implications of this interaction, remain unclear. This study reveals that ATR restricts Rad18-mediated PCNA monoubiquitination to maintain replication fork and telomerase-independent telomere stability. ATR phosphorylates human Rad18 at Serine 403 in response to replication stress. ATR restrains excessive SLX4 accumulation at stalled forks by phosphorylating Rad18. SLX4 recognizes monoubiquitinated PCNA to promote fork collapse. ATR preserves telomere stability in ALT cells by restricting Rad18-mediated PCNA monoubiquitination and excessive SLX4 accumulation at telomeres. Replication stress induced phosphorylation of Rad18 restrains excessive SLX4 nuclease accumulation at stalled forks and ALT telomeres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium (Li)‐metal batteries are promising next‐generation energy storage systems. One drawback of uncontrollable electrolyte degradation is the ability to form a fragile and nonuniform solid electrolyte interface (SEI). In this study, we propose the use of a fluorinated carbon nanotube (CNT) macrofilm (CMF) on Li metal as a hybrid anode, which can regulate the redox state at the anode/electrolyte interface. Due to the favorable reaction energy between the plated Li and fluorinated CNTs, the metal can be fluorinated directly to a LiF‐rich SEI during the charging process, leading to a high Young's modulus (~2.0 GPa) and fast ionic transfer (~2.59×10−7 S cm−1). The obtained SEI can guide the homogeneous plating/stripping of Li during electrochemical processes while suppressing dendrite growth. In particular, the hybrid of endowed full cells with substantially enhanced cyclability allows for high capacity retention (~99.3 %) and remarkable rate capacity. This work can extend fluorination technology into a platform to control artificial SEI formation in Li‐metal batteries, increasing the stability and long‐term performance of the resulting material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric neoplasm is a high‐mortality cancer worldwide. Chemoresistance is the obstacle against gastric cancer treatment. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed to promote malignant progression. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. The mitokine growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a significant biomarker for mitochondrial disorder and is activated by the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway. The serum level of GDF15 was found to be correlated with the poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients. In this study, we found that high GDF15 protein expression might increase disease recurrence in adjuvant chemotherapy‐treated gastric cancer patients. Moreover, treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors, especially oligomycin (a complex V inhibitor) and salubrinal (an ISR activator), respectively, was found to upregulate GDF15 and enhance cisplatin insensitivity of human gastric cancer cells. Mechanistically, it was found that the activating transcription factor 4‐C/EBP homologous protein pathway has a crucial function in the heightened manifestation of GDF15. In addition, reactive oxygen species‐activated general control nonderepressible 2 mediates the oligomycin‐induced ISR, and upregulates GDF15. The GDF15–glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor family receptor a‐like–ISR–cystine/glutamate transporter‐enhanced glutathione production was found to be involved in cisplatin resistance. These results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction might enhance cisplatin insensitivity through GDF15 upregulation, and targeting mitokine GDF15–ISR regulation might be a strategy against cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Elevated urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UACR) was associated with increased mortality in general population and diabetic patients. However, whether the association remains similar in the subjects with different status of glucose metabolism was unclear. The optimal level of UACR in predicting mortality also remained unknown. This study aims to investigate the relationship between UACR with all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in population with different status of glucose metabolism and explore the predictive cutoff point of UACR. Methods: Six thousand three hundred and eighty‐six community‐dwelling individuals aged ≥45 years were enrolled and followed for an average of 5.3 years. Cox proportional hazards model was performed to analysis the association of baseline UACR and all‐cause as well as cardiovascular mortality according to the status of glucose metabolism. Receiver operating characteristic curve was plotted to explore the optimal predictive cutoff point of UACR. Results: With UACR increasing, both the prevalence of all‐cause and cardiovascular death increased. Cox analyses showed baseline UACR independently predicted the risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in the patients with prediabetes mellitus (pre‐DM) and diabetes mellitus (DM) but not in subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). When divided by quartiles of UACR, the cumulative survival rate decreased acrossing the quartiles. Compared to the subjects with lowest quartile of UACR, participants with UACR ≥7.40 mg/gCr had a higher risk of all‐cause mortality, and participants with UACR ≥16.60 mg/gCr had an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in all hyperglycemia subjects. The optimal predictive cutoff point of UACR was about 17 mg/gCr. Conclusion: UACR was an independent predictor of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in population with pre‐DM and DM but not in the subjects with NGT. The optimal predictive cutoff point of UACR is about 17 mg/gCr, which was far below the diagnostic cutoff point of microalbuminuria. Earlier interventions of albuminuria should be initiated from very early stage of hyperglycemia to reduce the burden of death in all patients whose glucose metabolism are impaired. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The clinical effects of multivessel interventions in patients with unstable angina/non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI), multivessel disease (MVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of intervention in non‐culprit lession(s) among this cohort. Methods: We consecutively included patients diagnosed with UA/NSTEMI, MVD and CKD between January 2008 and December 2018 at our centre. After successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), we compared 48‐month overall mortality between those undergoing multivessel PCI (MV‐PCI) through a single‐procedure or staged‐procedure approach and culprit vessel‐only PCI (CV‐PCI) after 1:1 propensity score matching. We conducted stratified analyses and tests for interaction to investigate the modifying effects of critical covariates. Additionally, we recorded the incidence of contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) to assess the perioperative safety of the two treatment strategies. Results: Of the 749 eligible patients, 271 pairs were successfully matched. Those undergoing MV‐PCI had reduced all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR): 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48–0.67). Subgroup analysis showed that those with advanced CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) could not benefit from MV‐PCI (P = 0.250), and the survival advantage also tended to diminish in diabetes (Pinteraction < 0.01; HR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.65–1.45). Although the staged‐procedure approach (N = 157) failed to bring additional survival benefits compared to single‐procedure MV‐PCI (N = 290) (P = 0.460), it showed a tendency to decrease the death risk. CIN risks in MV‐PCI and CV‐PCI groups were not significantly different (risk ratio = 1.60, 95% CI = 0.94–2.73). Conclusion: Among patients with UA/NSTEMI and non‐diabetic CKD and an eGFR > 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, MV‐PCI was associated with a reduced risk of long‐term death but did not increase the incidence of CIN during the management of MVD compared to CV‐PCI. And staged procedures might be a preferable option over single‐procedure MV‐PCI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The rapid recognition of epigenetic manipulation's potential in restricting cancer cell capabilities spurred translational initiatives, including histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Clinical trials on multiple myeloma (MM) demonstrated substantial benefits of HDACis, coupled with promising outcomes from cytokine‐induced killer cell (CIK) immunotherapy. Intriguingly, the unexplored synergy of HDACis and CIK cell immunotherapy in MM prompted our study. Methods: We examined clinically relevant HDACis (panobinostat/LBH589 and romidepsin) alongside CIK cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells across diverse MM cell lines (U266, RPMI8226, OPM‐2 and NCI‐H929). Utilising various in vitro methodologies, we investigated how HDACis enhance CIK cell lysis of myeloma cells through NKG2D/NKG2D ligand interactions. Results: The results of our analysis indicated several key findings. (1) Enhanced cytotoxicity of CIK cells in MM cells when combined with HDACis. (2) Significant increase in apoptosis, suggesting HDACis and CIK may together enhance apoptotic effects in specific MM cell lines. (3) Elevated IFN‐γ secretion and alterations in granzyme B secretion because of the independent activity of HDACis. (4) Notably, HDACis increased the expression of MICA/B and ULBP2, crucial for inducing antitumor cytotoxicity of NKT cells. Validation through NKG2D receptor blocking in CIK cells with a purified mouse antihuman NKG2D antibody further supported our findings. Conclusions: Our analyses provide sufficient evidence to consider this clinically forgotten instance (HDACis‐CIK cell combination) as a therapeutic priority for MM treatment. Furthermore, we suggest that NKG2D/NKG2D‐ligand interactions activating NK/NKT cells may contribute to enhanced myeloma cell lysis in response to HDACis treatment by CIK cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron single‐atom nanozymes represent a promising artificial enzyme with superior activity owing to uniform active sites that can precisely mimic active center of nature enzymes. However, current synthetic strategies are hard to guarantee each active site at single‐atom state. In this work, an erythrocyte‐templated strategy by utilizing intrinsic hemin active center of hemoglobin as sing‐atom source for nanozyme formation is developed. By combining cell fixation, porous salinization, and high‐temperature carbonization, erythrocytes are successfully served as uniform templates to synthesize nanozymes with fully single‐atom FeN4 active sites which derived from hemin of hemoglobin, resulting in an enhanced peroxidase (POD)‐like activity. Interestingly, the catalytic activity of erythrocyte‐templated nanozyme (ETN) shows dependence on animal species, among which murine ETN performed superior catalytic efficiency. In addition, the as‐prepared ETNs display a honeycomb‐like network structure, serving as a sponge to accelerate hemostasis based on the interactions with prothrombin and fibrinogen. These features enable ETN to effectively kill methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by combining POD‐like catalysis with near‐infrared (NIR) induced photothermal effect, and subsequently suitable to promote wound healing. This study provides a proof‐of‐concept for facile fabrication of multifunctional nanozymes with uniform single‐atom active sites by utilizing intrinsic iron structure characteristics of biogenic source like erythrocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with neuropsychiatric disorders often exhibit a combination of clinical symptoms such as autism, epilepsy, or schizophrenia, complicating diagnosis and development of therapeutic strategies. Functional studies of novel genes associated with co-morbidities can provide clues to understand the pathogenic mechanisms and interventions. NOMO1 is one of the candidate genes located at 16p13.11, a hotspot of neuropsychiatric diseases. Here, we generate nomo1−/− zebrafish to get further insight into the function of NOMO1. Nomo1 mutants show abnormal brain and neuronal development and activation of apoptosis and inflammation-related pathways in the brain. Adult Nomo1-deficient zebrafish exhibit multiple neuropsychiatric behaviors such as hyperactive locomotor activity, social deficits, and repetitive stereotypic behaviors. The Habenular nucleus and the pineal gland in the telencephalon are affected, and the melatonin level of nomo1−/− is reduced. Melatonin treatment restores locomotor activity, reduces repetitive stereotypic behaviors, and rescues the noninfectious brain inflammatory responses caused by nomo1 deficiency. These results suggest melatonin supplementation as a potential therapeutic regimen for neuropsychiatric disorders caused by NOMO1 deficiency. Synopsis: Nomo1 deficiency results in autism-like behavior in zebrafish, associated with brain immune responses and disturbed serotonin/melatonin metabolism. Rescue experiments suggest that melatonin supplementation may be a potential therapeutic regimen for neuropsychiatric disorders caused by NOMO1 deficiency. Nomo1−/− zebrafish display autism-like behavior. Nomo1 deficiency causes brain immune responses, affects the Habenular nucleus and pineal gland, and decreases asmt expression. Melatonin rescues the repetitive behavior and hyper-locomotion of nomo1−/− fish. Nomo1 deficiency results in autism-like behavior in zebrafish, associated with brain immune responses and disturbed serotonin/melatonin metabolism. Rescue experiments suggest that melatonin supplementation may be a potential therapeutic regimen for neuropsychiatric disorders caused by NOMO1 deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to explore the diagnostic efficiency of the Demetics for breast lesions and assessment of Ki‐67 status. Material: This retrospective study included 291 patients. Three combined methods (method 1: upgraded BI‐RADS when Demetics classified the breast lesion as malignant; method 2: downgraded BI‐RADS when Demetics classified the breast lesion as benign; method 3: BI‐RADS was upgraded or downgraded according to Demetrics' diagnosis) were used to compare the diagnostic efficiency of two radiologists with different seniority before and after using Demetics. The correlation between the visual heatmap by Demetics and the Ki‐67 expression level of breast cancer was explored. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, and area under curve (AUC) of diagnosis by Demetics, junior radiologist and senior radiologist were 89.5%, 83.1%, 0.863; 76.9%, 82.4%, 0.797 and 81.1%, 89.9%, 0.855, respectively. Method 1 was the best for senior radiologist, which increased AUC from 0.855 to 0.884. For junior radiologist, Method 3 was the best method, improving sensitivity (88.8% vs. 76.9%) and specificity (87.2% vs. 82.4%). Demetics paid more attention to the peripheral area of breast cancer with high expression of Ki‐67. Conclusion: Demetics has shown good diagnostic efficiency in the assisted diagnosis of breast lesions and is expected to further distinguish Ki‐67 status of breast cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas and causes stratospheric ozone depletion. While the emissions of N2O from soil are widely recognized, recent research has shown that terrestrial plants may also emit N2O from their leaves under controlled laboratory conditions. However, it is unclear whether foliar N2O emissions are universal across varying plant taxa, what the global significance of foliar N2O emissions is, and how the foliage produces N2O in situ. Here we investigated the abilities of 25 common plant taxa, including trees, shrubs and herbs, to emit N2O under in situ conditions. Using 15N isotopic labeling, we demonstrated that the foliage‐emitted N2O was predominantly derived from nitrate. Moreover, by selectively injecting biocide in conjunction with the isolating and back‐inoculating of endophytes, we demonstrated that the foliar N2O emissions were driven by endophytic bacteria. The seasonal N2O emission rates ranged from 3.2 to 9.2 ng N2O–N g−1 dried foliage h−1. Extrapolating these emission rates to global foliar biomass and plant N uptake, we estimated global foliar N2O emission to be 1.21 and 1.01 Tg N2O–N year−1, respectively. These estimates account for 6%–7% of the current global annual N2O emission of 17 Tg N2O–N year−1, indicating that in situ foliar N2O emission is a universal process for terrestrial plants and contributes significantly to the global N2O inventory. This finding highlights the importance of measuring foliar N2O emissions in future studies to enable the accurate assigning of mechanisms and the development of effective mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The asymmetric reduction of 1,2‐diketones for the synthesis of optically active 1,2‐diols, especially 1,2‐anti‐diols, remains a formidable challenge. In this paper, we describe the first highly stereoselective hydrosilylation of unsymmetrical vicinal diketones with PhSiH3 by using a chiral frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) catalyst, giving a variety of 1,2‐diaryl‐1,2‐anti‐diols in high yields with excellent d.r. values and up to 97 % ee. The chiral FLP catalyst exhibits the ability to control regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantioselectivites concurrently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) have garnered significant attention among the most promising energy storage devices due to their high theoretical energy densities and availability of charge carrier sources. However, the large volume expansion of the hostless anode and Na dendrite protrusion destabilize the solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI), meanwhile the irreversible depletion of Na+ ions would compromise the coulombic efficiency and lead to the unsatisfactory cation utilization during the repetitive cycling. Hitherto, a series of optimization strategies are proposed to promote SMB cation utilization, including homogenizing the cation influx toward the metallic substrate, regulating the composition of the SEI layer, and suppressing the volume propagation of metallic deposition. Most of these methods, however, are still based on empirical attempts and lack the systematic study to elucidate the interplay between the structural evolution of the electrodes and the cation utilization degree on the device level. Therefore, this review aims to consolidate the understanding of critical factors that promote the cycling efficiency and their correlations through the performance assessment on the device level. By leveraging operando characterization techniques, the future studies seek to emphasize the pivotal characteristics at multiple scales that contribute to the enhanced cation utilization degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An environmentally friendly and efficient electrochemical chlorination of thiophenes has been developed. The monochlorination, dichlorination and trichlorination of thiophenes are selectively achieved. Notably, the reaction has the merits of mild conditions, excellent functional group tolerance, high yields and selectivity, and the capacity for scale‐up, thus providing a synthetically useful alternative to access mono‐ and polychlorinated thiophenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkali metal‐doped boron clusters have captured much attention because of their novel electronic properties and structural evolution. In the study of RbBn0/− (n = 2–12) clusters, the minimum global search of the potential energy surface and structure optimization at the level of PBE1PBE by using the CALYPSO method and Gaussian package coupled with DFT calculation; the geometrical structures and electronic properties are systematically investigated. At n = 8, the ground‐state structures are composed of an Rb atom above B atoms, forming a structurally stable pagoda cone. By stability analysis and charge transfer calculation, the RbB8− cluster shows more stability. It found that s‐p hybridization between Rb atom and B atoms as well as s‐p hybridization between B atoms is one of the reasons for the outstanding stability exhibited in the RbB80/− clusters by using DOS and HOMO–LUMO orbital contour maps. The chemical bonding of the RbB80/− groups was analyzed by using the AdNDP method, and B atoms with larger numbers readily form multi‐center chemical bonds with the Rb atom. From the results of the bonding analysis, the interaction between the Rb atom and B atoms strengthens the stability of the RbB80/− clusters. It is hoped that this work provides a direction for experimental manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first study to explore the effectiveness of emotionally focused couple therapy (EFT) for depressive symptoms and relationship distress among couples in Taiwan. This one‐arm pragmatic trial assessed the clinical outcomes of 17 couples using multilevel modeling to investigate changes in depressive symptoms and relationship distress throughout treatment. Over half of the participants were moderately depressed and moderately distressed at baseline. Multilevel models revealed decreased depressive symptoms over time, with a small increase toward the end of treatment. However, no significant changes were observed in relationship distress over time. The study was limited by the low "dose" of EFT (M = 7 sessions) received by participants and the small sample size (n = 17). A comprehensive discussion of the findings from a cultural perspective was provided. Future research is needed to further examine the effectiveness of EFT for couples in Taiwan and Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More and more research has started to investigate the effect of peritoneal dialysis treatment on the incidence of pericatheter wound complications in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This meta‐study evaluated the effect of emergency peritoneal dialysis (EPD) with conventional peritoneal dialysis (CPD) in patients with catheter‐related complications. We looked up 4 databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and Web of Science, and analysed the data with RevMan 5. There were a total of 15 studies with 3034 participants. While the quality of the research included was fairly good, the evidence was mediocre. In the meta‐analyses, the risk of leak in the conduit with PD was very high (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.72, 3.59, p < 0.00001). However, for those treated with urgent medical method prior to initiation of PD, the risk for peritonitis, catheter dysfunction and bleeding was similar compared with CPD. Based on limited information, immediate initiation of PDs is advised in order to increase the quality of life for people in urgent need, except if there is no consideration for loss of fluid. The low quality of the evidence is holding up the evidence. This research, however, is also informative because of the large number of available data. Consequently, additional high quality, large, randomized controlled studies are required to establish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human amniotic epithelial stem cells (hAESCs) are regarded as potential alternatives to keratinocytes (KCs) used for skin wound healing. Light is an alternative approach for inducing stem cell differentiation. Opsins (OPNs), a family of light‐sensitive, G protein‐coupled receptors, play a multitude of light‐dependent and light‐independent functions in extraocular tissues. However, it remains unclear whether the light sensitivity and function of OPNs are involved in light‐induced differentiation of hAESCs to KCs. Herein, we determine the role of OPNs in differentiation of hAESCs into KCs through cell and molecular biology approaches in vitro. It is shown that mRNA expression of OPN3 in the amniotic membrane and hAESCs was higher than the other four primary OPNs by RT‐qPCR analysis. Changes in OPN3 gene expression had a significant impact on cell proliferation, stemness and differentiation capability of hAESCs. Furthermore, we found a significant upregulation of OPN3, KRT5 and KRT14 with hAESCs treated at 3 × 33 J/cm2 irradiation from blue‐light LED. Taken together, these results suggest that OPN3 acts as a positive regulator of differentiation of hAESCs into KCs. This study provides a novel insight into photosensitive OPNs associated with photobiomodulation(PBM)‐induced differentiation in stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of the study is to observe the anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative stress effects of metformin on bleomycin (BLM)‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Methods: Mice with BLM‐induced pulmonary fibrosis were treated with pirfenidone, metformin, pirfenidone plus metformin and the NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI). Pathological changes and hydroxyproline (HPO) levels were examined in the lung tissue of mice with pulmonary fibrosis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels in lung tissue were determined. Results: Compared with pirfenidone, pirfenidone plus metformin could reduce alveolar damage and collagen fibre deposition and alleviate BLM‐induced pulmonary fibrosis. Lung HPO levels were significantly lower in the PFD + MET group than in the BLM group (p < 0.05). SOD levels in the lungs of mice were increased in the PFD + MET group than in the BLM group (p < 0.05). Metformin and pirfenidone plus metformin can reduce MDA levels (p < 0.05). Pirfenidone plus metformin could reduce HPO levels, increase SOD levels, and reduce MDA levels in the lungs of mice. There was a significant correlation between the HPO level and the Ashcroft score (r = 0.520, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Metformin enhanced the antifibrotic effects of pirfenidone on BLM‐treated mice. Moreover, these findings provide an experimental basis for examining whether metformin can improve the antifibrotic effects of pirfenidone on patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). It has broad therapeutic prospects for patients with IPF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies suggested that tropical sea surface salinity (SSS) can influence tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) through mixing and entrainment and thus it may be a signal for El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction. This paper explores the influence of SSS on ENSO spring predictability barrier (SPB) using an empirical dynamic model ‐ Linear Inverse Model (LIM). By coupling and decoupling SSS in the LIM, we find that tropical Pacific SSS plays a significant role in weakening both Central‐Pacific and Eastern‐Pacific ENSO SPB. The evolution of optimal initial structure also shows the importance of SSS dynamics in ENSO. We found an SSS mode that plays the dominant role in SSS impacting ENSO prediction. By the analysis of lead‐lag correlation, we find that this mode can induce easterlies during the spring, which finally leads to a La Niña‐like SST pattern in the winter through zonal advective and thermocline feedbacks. Plain Language Summary: The spring predictability barrier (SPB) is a phenomenon of forecast skill reduction of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) when it comes to the boreal spring, regardless of the initial month. Sea surface salinity (SSS) can influence sea surface temperature by altering sea surface density and thus it may be a signal for ENSO prediction. Using a linear dynamical model, we find that SSS plays an important role in improving the forecast skill of ENSO and weakening SPB. We further find that SSS can induce the easterlies during the spring, which finally leads to a La Niña‐like SST pattern. Our study suggests that SSS can be used to predict ENSO about 1 year later. Key Points: A linear dynamical model suggests that taking sea surface salinity (SSS) into consideration can strongly weaken Central‐Pacific and Eastern‐Pacific El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) spring predictability barrier (SPB)A new SSS mode is found to be important for weakening ENSO SPBThe SSS mode can predict ENSO events about 1 year earlier by inducing sea surface temperature and wind anomalies in the early spring [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperbranched polyethyleneimines (PEIs) with multiple layered structures and high density of terminal amino groups have shown great potential for applications in biomedicine, sensors, and catalysis. In this work, a kind of dendronized hyperbranched PEIs (DHPs) is synthesized by modification of PEIs with dendritic oligoethylene glycols (OEGs). These DHPs not only inherit the characteristic thermoresponsive behavior from the OEG dendrons, but also show low cytotoxicity and switchable encapsulation capacities. Their thermoresponsive behavior is found to be mainly dependent on the coverage and amphiphilicity of dendritic OEGs, solution pH, and NaCl concentration. Moreover, DHPs exhibit advantages in thermally‐switchable complexation with guest molecules because of their adjustable crowding effect from the densely packed OEG chains. In addition, these DHPs can also be used as nanoreactors, which can reduce metal ions into metal nanoparticles in a convenient way. In virtue of these peculiarities, it is believed that these dendronized hyperbranched PEIs with smart properties can be used as promising scaffolds in drug‐controlled release and nanoreactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence shows that the enzyme human cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is associated with cancer; indeed, it is shown to play a key role in the occurrence of many cancers. Therefore, the molecular imaging of CYP1A1 in cells is of great significance for revealing the process of cancer development. Herein, a chemosensor, DCBEM, is reported that is able to selectively recognize CYP1A1 and achieve long‐term labeling of the enzyme through an enzymolysis cascade reaction. The design of DCBEM relies on the reaction between the highly electrophilic intermediate (quinone methide) and the enzyme, which forms a fluorescent label with CYP1A1 via covalent bonding. The chemosensor reveals excellent specificity toward CYP1A1 and achieves high‐resolution monitoring of cell migration with a strong retention capacity in vivo (up to 4 days). Further, using DCBEM, the pathways of invasion of colon cancer and breast cancer cells are successfully visualized in living mice. This method of labeling enzymes provides a simple and efficient way to render ordinary fluorescent chemosensors suitable for the long‐term tracking of cancer cells, for which such molecular tools are currently lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]