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In eukaryotes, methylation of histone H3 at lysine 4 (H3K4me) catalyzed by the complex of proteins associated with Set1 (COMPASS) is crucial for the transcriptional regulation of genes and the development of organisms. In Monascus, the functions of COMPASS in establishing H3K4me remain unclear. This study first identified the conserved COMPASS core subunits MpSet1 and MpSwd3 in Monascus purpureus and confirmed their roles in establishing H3K4me2/3. Loss of MpSet1 and MpSwd3 resulted in slower growth and development and inhibited the formation of cleistothecia, ascospores, and conidia. The loss of these core subunits also decreased the production of extracellular and intracellular Monascus pigments (MPs) by 94.2%, 93.5%, 82.7%, and 82.5%, respectively. In addition, RNA high‐throughput sequencing and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) showed that the loss of MpSet1 and MpSwd3 altered the expression of 2646 and 2659 genes, respectively, and repressed the transcription of MPs synthesis‐related genes. In addition, the ΔMpset1 and ΔMpswd3 strains demonstrated increased sensitivity to cell wall stress with the downregulation of chitin synthase‐coding genes. These results indicated that the COMPASS core subunits MpSet1 and MpSwd3 help establish H3K4me2/3 for growth and development, spore formation, and pigment synthesis in Monascus. These core subunits also assist in maintaining cell wall integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experiment, changes in properties of α‐lactalbumin (α‐LA)‐tea saponin (TS) complex were analysed and compared after two heating temperature (65 °C for 30 min and 90 °C for 10 min). The results showed that thermal treatment can improve foaming ability, DPPH radical scavenging ability, digestibility, degree of hydrolysis and bioaccessibility of α‐LA‐TS complex. Furthermore, the addition of TS was beneficial to the foaming ability and DPPH radical scavenging ability after digestion of α‐LA and has a certain inhibitory effect on the in vitro digestibility. This study provided a theoretical basis for the application of α‐LA‐TS complex in heat‐processed food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy products are nutritious and are increasingly consumed as an important dietary component in China. Exploring the factors that affect the nutritional quality of dairy products and ensuring their safety have become the main focus of dairy research. The composition of metabolites in dairy products is large and complex. The levels and types of metabolites vary according to various factors in the process from factory to human dining table. Therefore, metabolites might be used to assess the nutritional value, traceability and authenticity, and physiological function of dairy products. This review's main goal is to introduce the most recent developments and applications of metabolomics as an efficient tool for comprehensively characterising the composition and dynamic changes of metabolites in the area of food science and nutrition research in the process of getting dairy products from factory to human. The examples are taken from the most relevant metabolomics work published from 2018 to 2022, focusing on potential marker metabolites and metabolic mechanisms related to dairy product quality, authenticity/traceability and dairy intake monitoring. The future direction of metabolomics in the field of dairy science was also discussed. This information will provide a reference for the further application of metabolomics technology to Chinese dairy products to develop their quality, safety and nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The protein–polyphenol interaction mechanism has always been a research hotspot, but their interaction is affected by heat treatment, which is widely applied in food processing. Moreover, the effects of microwave or water‐bath heating on the protein–polyphenol interaction mechanism have been not clarified. The pasteurization condition (65 °C, 30 min) was selected to compare the effects of microwave or water bath on binding behavior, structure, and cell proliferation between α‐lactalbumin (α‐LA) and safflower yellow (SY), thus providing a guide for the selection of functional dairy processing conditions. Results: Microwave heat treatment of α‐LA–SY resulted in stronger fluorescence quenching than that of conventional heat treatment. Moreover, the binding constant Ka of all α‐LA–SY samples was augmented significantly after microwave or water bath treatment, and microwave‐heated α‐LA–SY showed the maximum Ka. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that microwave heating resulted in more ordered structures of α‐LA into its disordered structures than water bath heating. However, the ferric reducing antioxidant power and chroma value of α‐LA–SY were more reduced by microwave heating than by water bath heating. Moreover, microwave heating facilitated the cell proliferation of α‐LA–SY compared with water bath treatment. Conclusion: It was demonstrated that microwave heating promoted interaction between α‐LA and SY more than water bath heating did. Microwave heat treatment was a safe and effective way to enhance the binding affinity of α‐LA to SY, being a potential application in food industry. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of human genome sequencing and techniques such as intestinal microbial culture and fecal microbial transplantation, newly discovered microorganisms have been isolated, cultured, and researched. Consequently, many beneficial probiotics have emerged as next-generation probiotics (NGPs). Currently, "safety," "individualized treatment," and "internal interaction within the flora" are requirements of a potential NGPs. Furthermore, in the complex ecosystem of humans and microbes, it is challenging to identify the relationship between specific strains, specific flora, and hosts to warrant a therapeutic intervention in case of a disease. Thus, this review focuses on the progress made in NGPs and human health research by elucidating the limitations of traditional probiotics; summarizing the functions and strengths of Akkermansia muciniphila, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides fragilis, Eubacterium hallii, and Roseburia spp. as NGPs; and determining the role of their intervention in treatment of certain diseases. Finally, we aim to provide a reference for developing new probiotics in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are a kind of prebiotic. Previous studies concerning the effect of FOS on intestinal microbiota have focused on Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. However, the presence of other FOS‐utilizing bacteria makes it necessary to investigate the quantitative changes in these bacterial species in the intestine after FOS intake. In this study, the composition of cecal and fecal microbiota was analyzed using MiSeq sequencing, and the abundance of FOS‐utilizing bacteria was detected using quantitative polymerase chain reaction after the oral administration of FOS. RESULTS: Species‐specific primers for FOS‐utilizing bacteria were designed with superior amplification efficiency for quantification. After FOS intervention, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum in feces increased to 17.37% and the abundance reached 2.28 × 1010 CFU g−1. The abundance of Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium breve did not change significantly. Whereas the abundance of Ligilactobacillus murinus decreased, that of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus remained at approximately 104 CFU g−1. CONCLUSION: Species‐specific primers for FOS‐utilizing bacteria were successfully developed, and we confirmed that FOS significantly increased the relative abundance and the abundance of B. pseudolongum in mice, while decreasing the proportion of Lactobacillus. The detection of these species using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed the same results. Further investigations are needed to reveal the response of the intestinal microbiota to different FOS compositions. These techniques will contribute to future studies about the composition and dynamics of the intestinal microflora. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mafb plays a significant role in the development and differentiation of various organs, tissues and cells. Nevertheless, its role in the control of external genital cell proliferation and function in the mechanism of hypospadias remains unknown. In this study, the expression of Mafb in foreskin fibroblasts was inhibited by siRNA. The Cell Count Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay showed cell proliferation increased after transfection, and the number of cells entered the S phase significantly increased via flow cytometry. Both mRNA and protein levels of cyclin E, cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were significantly upregulated in the siRNA group. Meanwhile, twenty‐five prepuce tissue samples were collected from hypospadias repair surgery. These samples were divided into two groups: the severe and mild groups. Normal prepuce tissue specimens were obtained during circumcision as the normal control. The upregulated expression of cyclin E, CDK2 and PCNA and downregulated Mafb expression were observed in the hypospadias group. This study reveals for the first time that the reduction in Mafb promotes the foreskin fibroblast proliferation. Thus, downregulated Mafb expression may cause hypospadias by upregulating CDK2, cyclin E and PCNA. These findings can shed new light on the embryonic development of the urethra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of probiotics on gingival inflammation and oral microbiota in patients suffering from plaque‐induced gingivitis. PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and EMBASE were electronically searched until December 2020. The quality of included studies was assessed with the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool. The differences were expressed as weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95% of confidence interval (95% CI). I2 test was performed to evaluate the heterogeneity of the studies. All analyses were performed using Review Manager (version 5.3). Eleven randomized and controlled trials were included, enrolling 554 patients. All comparisons displayed that oral probiotics had no significant improvement in the Gingival Index (GI), Plaque Index (PI), and bleeding on probing (BOP) of patients with plaque‐induced gingivitis. In terms of microecology, no significant difference in the volumes of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), the concentration of IL‐1β, and the counts of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) were found between the probiotic group and the placebo group. There exists no clear evidence that oral probiotics have positive effect on gingival inflammation and oral microecological environment of patients with plaque‐induced gingivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) have been identified as important prebiotics. Previous studies have found that they can significantly promote the proliferation of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum in the mouse intestine. However, it is still unclear which other bacteria in the mouse intestine can utilize FOS, and the differences in the ability to utilize FOS. In this study, the bacteria capable of utilizing FOS were isolated from mice feces and their ability to utilize FOS was compared. Draft genome sequencing was also applied to explain the differences in FOS utilization at the gene levels. RESULTS: A total of 15 species were isolated from mouse feces and 13 species were able to utilize fructofuranosylnystose (GF2). Eleven species could utilize nistose (GF3), but not Enterococcus hirae and Lactobacillus reuteri. In contrast, 1‐kestose (GF4) was hardly utilized. The enzyme activity determination and draft genome sequencing‐based analyses revealed that all isolated species used the phosphotransferase system or permease system to transport FOS into the cells before hydrolysis by β‐fructofuranosidase. Although β‐fructofuranosidase exists in all strains, there are big differences in the corresponding coding genes between bifidobacteria and non‐bifidobacteria. CONCLUSION: Compared with the other isolates, Bifidobacterium species exhibited higher enzyme activity and shorter generation time, leading to a stronger ability to utilize FOS. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral lesions are important clinical manifestations of chronic graft‐verse‐host disease (cGVHD). However, the oral characteristics of cGVHD mouse model are not yet clear. This study aims to demonstrate oral histopathological and immunological characteristics of a xenogeneic cGVHD mouse model. Materials and methods: 2.5 × 106, 5.0 × 106, 7.5 × 106, and 10.0 × 106 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) were intravenously transplanted into NCG mice to induce cGVHD. After transplantation, clinical observations were recorded. Tissue samples from salivary glands and oral mucosa were stained with H&E, Masson Trichrome, and immunofluorescence, and the histopathology of oral tissues was scored according to our modified criteria. Results: NCG mice showed signs of cGVHD onset after transplantation. The oral histopathological lesion incidences in each group were 37.50%, 50.00%, 62.50%, and 75.00%, respectively. Oral histopathological lesion incidence and histopathological scores were positively correlated with the amount of infused hPBMCs. Epithelial atrophy, epithelial cells vacuolar degeneration, and basal cells liquefaction denaturation were observed in oral mucosa, and acinar destruction and collagen deposition were observed in the salivary glands. Human CD45+, CD4+, CD8+, IL‐17+, and FoxP3+ cells infiltrated into oral tissues. In the 5.0 × 106 hPBMCs group, oral histopathological changes mainly began between days 30 and 45 post‐transplantation, and became more severe after day 45. The oral histopathological scores also gradually increased. Conclusion: Inflammation in oral mucosa epithelium and salivary glands, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells dominating infiltration are the main oral features in the xenogeneic cGVHD mouse model. The severity of oral histopathological lesions shows a dose and time correlation. These may be helpful to oral cGVHD research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast detection of 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furfural (HMF) in food industry is vital because of its toxicity and mutagenicity. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with black phosphorene (BP) nanosheets was prepared and coated with Nafion to improve stability. The electrode has excellent electrochemical stability and current response for HMF electroreduction. The good linear relationship is in the concentration range of 0.1–10 μg/mL with the detection limit of 0.012 μg/mL. HMF electroreduction is a diffusion‐controlled process involving two electrons and two protons. The sensor was successfully applied to the measurement of HMF in milk with the recovery values of 92.92 %–96.33 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the case study conducted on serum and salivary cytokines among patients with oral cGVHD after Allo-HSCT. Topics of discussion includes Chronic graft-versus-host disease, an alloimmune and autoimmune disease, causes illness and death after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

The association between diet and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been confirmed. However, the role of protein consumption in IBD remains controversial. This research aimed to explore the effects of milk‐based protein (MBP), potato protein (PP), and mixed protein (MP) on the recovery of mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced ulcerative colitis (UC). MP alleviated UC symptoms through reducing colon shortening and tissue damage, decreasing neutrophil infiltration, maintaining the mucous layer integrity, and suppressing the expression of TNF‐α, IL‐17A, IL‐6, and IL‐1β. MBP and PP decreased the colon shortening and IL‐1β levels but PP increased the MUC2 expression. Additionally, the gut microbial structure and composition were altered after different proteins supplement. Compared to DSS‐treated mice, MP‐treated mice showed that increased abundances in Coprococcus and Bifidobacterium and decreased abundances in Sutterella, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia. MBP increased the proportion of Bifidobacterium and reduced Sutterella, but PP increased Ruminococcus and Bifidobacterium and decreased Adlercreutzia. Correspondence analysis of gut microbial composition to determine the effects of protein diets on immune response and pathological characteristics also verified the interaction between gut microbiota and alleviation of colitis. These results provide a theoretical basis for the selection of raw materials for clinical enteral nutrition preparations and potential use for potato protein wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monascus spp. and its rice fermentation products have been used as food colorants and flavor enhancers, as well as for meat preservation and wine brewing in the Asia for centuries. A novel application of Monascus purpureus in semi‐soft cheese making was introduced in this paper. The changes in the dynamics of the microbiota during cheese ripening were investigated in this study using high through‐put methods. The most dominant bacterial genus was determined to be Lactococcus, and the dominant fungal genus was Monascus. Also, some other genera were detected in the red cheese samples, such as Leuconostoc. Samples of the Cheese were analyzed using dynamic oscillating rheology and the result indicated an elastic solid character rheological behavior. It was observed that the level of citrinin produced by Monascus and other fungal genera in the examined Cheese samples was lower than that produced in the red yeast rice. Furthermore, the mevinolin and γ‐ aminobutyric acid were also presence in Cheese samples. Therefore, the results of this study suggested that M. purpureus has positive effects on cheese making processes. Novelty impact statement: A Novel Application of Monascus in Semi‐Soft Cheese making has been introduced by our investigated team, which is referred to as Red Cheese. The processing of the Red Cheese has been researched and introduced in this paper. The nutrient content, texture, microbiota, and some other features were also tested in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although estrogen deficiency has been proposed as a risk factor for oral mucosal inflammatory diseases in post-menopausal women, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 17β-estradiol (E2) on the inflammatory response stimulated by interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in human oral mucosal epithelial cells (hOMECs) and its possible mechanism.Methods: Primary hOMECs were obtained from female infants and cultured in keratinocyte growth medium. The hOMECs at second passage were collected and stimulated by 10-7  mol/L ICI182,780 or 10-7  mol/L G1 for 1 hour, E2 (10-7  mol/L, 10-8  mol/L, 10-9  mol/L) for 36 hour, 100 ng/mL IL-1β for 12 hours, respectively. Human beta-2 defensin (hBD-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-α, IL-6, IL-8, estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ), and G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) mRNA levels and protein levels were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western Blot (WB), respectively.Results: Expression of hBD-2 and inflammatory cytokines increased after IL-1β stimulation, which was down-regulated by E2 pre-treatment. With ICI182,780, the suppression of E2 on hBD-2 mRNA was attenuated. With G1, the mRNA expression and protein expression of hBD-2 were reduced.Conclusion: Pre-treatment of hOMECs with E2 at physiological concentrations inhibited the IL-1β-induced expression of hBD-2 and inflammatory cytokines. The protective effects of E2 suggest its potential use treating oral inflammatory diseases in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is a nitrogen‐containing compound, which is widely used as a nutraceutical and pharmaceutical. In our previous work, we constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain for the biosynthesis of GlcNAc by engineering the central carbon metabolism. However, nitrogen is also required for the synthesis of GlcNAc. Hence, it is necessary to simultaneously coordinate the carbon and nitrogen metabolism to improve production of GlcNAc. In this work, we attempted to enhance GlcNAc production in B. subtilis by increasing supply of precursors N‐acetylglucosamine 6‐phosphate (GlcNAc6P) and glutamate. The expression of a key enzyme, GlcNAc6P N‐acetyltransferase (GNA1), was enhanced by engineering the promoter and ribosome binding site to enhance the production of GlcNAc6P. Next, we examined the effect of different nitrogen sources on GlcNAc synthesis. We observed that urea can promote nitrogen assimilation for GlcNAc synthesis. The glutamate synthesis was improved by deleting the two endogenous glutamate dehydrogenase genes (rocG and gudB) and by integrating one exogenous glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh). This strategy enhanced the intracellular glutamate and glutamine by 69.8% and 46.9%, respectively. The synergetic engineering of central carbon and nitrogen metabolisms increased the GlcNAc titer from 14.0 to 22.2 g/L in the shaker flask. Hence, our study demonstrated the importance of carbon and nitrogen metabolism coordination in the production of nitrogen‐containing compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interaction between three flavonoids, i.e., Luteolin (LTL), Quercetin (QCT), and Naringenin (NGN) and bovine lactoferrin (BLF) at pH 7.4 was investigated by fluorescence quenching spectra, synchronous fluorescence spectra, and UV-visible absorption spectra. The results indicate the fluorescence of BLF quenched by Luteolin (LTL), Quercetin (QCT), and Naringenin (NGN) via static quenching. The main force between QCT and LTL with BLF was van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds. Electrostatic interactions played a major role in the binding process of interaction between NGN and BLF. Synchronous fluorescence was used to study the conformational changes of BLF. The values of binding constant (Ka) and number of binding sites (n) at different temperatures (300K, 305K, 310K) were also calculated, respectively. The results of corresponding thermodynamic parameters as well as binding distance between BLF and LTL, QCT, or GNG were obtained. These results implied that Luteolin (LTL), Quercetin (QCT), and Naringenin (NGN) could provide important guides for compound quantity (e.g., medicine dosage) and the design of new compounds (or drugs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantitative relationships among chemical composition, storage temperature, and texture of cheese were not fully understood. In this study, the effects of composition and temperature on textural properties of eight common varieties of sliced cheese were examined. The textural properties of sliced cheeses, including firmness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, springiness, chewiness, and resilience, were measured by texture profile analysis after storage at 4 and 25°C for 4 h. Multivariate logistic regression models were established to describe the quantitative relationships of textural properties (dependent variables) to chemical composition and storage temperature (independent variables) of sliced cheeses. Results showed that protein, fat, moisture, and sodium chloride contents as well as storage temperature significantly affected the texture of sliced cheeses (P<0.05). In particular, fat in the dry matter and moisture in the nonfat substances were negatively correlated with firmness of sliced cheeses (P<0.05). As storage temperature rose from 4 to 25°C, the average values of firmness, chewiness, and resilience substantially declined by 42%, 45%, and 17%, respectively (P<0.05). This study provided reference data for adjusting chemical composition and storage temperature of common cheese products to obtain favorable texture for Chinese consumers, which thereby facilitated the localization of cheese industry in Chinese market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the dynamic changes in Th1, Th2, Tc1, and Tc2 of HIV/AIDS patients during the first year of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and to explore their relationship with oral and systemic opportunistic infections, a cohort study was carried out among HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi, China. Ninety HIV/AIDS patients and 30 healthy controls (HC) were included. The enrolled HIV/AIDS patients were examined at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months of HAART. On each visit, oral and systemic opportunistic infections were recorded, oral Candida load and plasma viral load (VL) were counted, differential T-cell counts and flow cytometric analysis of T-cell subsets were performed. During the first year of HAART, the total number of opportunistic infections decreased steadily with the change in oral candidiasis (OC) most representatively. A significant Th1→Th2 switch (Th1/Th2 ratio 0.23 ± 0.12, HC 1.45 ± 0.38) and slight Tc1→Tc2 shift (Tc1/Tc2 ratio 0.93 ± 0.29, HC 1.13 ± 0.33) were found at baseline, and both received slow mitigation after HAART. LgCFU and clinical OC were correlated positively with both LgVL and clinical stage ( P < 0.05) at baseline. LgCFU was also correlated positively with clinical stage at all four time points ( P < 0.05). In multiple factor analysis, Th1 was confirmed to be correlated negatively with LgVL (Std.B = −0.295, P = 0.025) and LgCFU (Std.B = −0.227, P < 0.001) at baseline. After HAART, LgCFU and clinical stage were only correlated negatively with CD4 when all factors were included. These results suggest that oral candidiasis and oral Candida load could be useful clinical markers in the evaluation of HIV/AIDS patients. Th1 may play an important role against oral and systemic opportunistic infections. Tc1 and Tc2 both showed positive roles in the control of viremia without HAART. J. Med. Virol. 87:1158-1167, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART) as an effective therapy for immune reconstruction among patients with HIV/ AIDS might have influence on oral Candida status. We investigated oral Candida carriage, distribution, and antifungal susceptibility dynamically during the first year of HAART among adult HIV-infected patients in Guangxi, China. Methods Forty-five adult HIV-infected patients who received their first year HAART in the AIDS clinic of the Guangxi Center for Disease Control ( CDC) and 31 healthy individuals were recruited. Clinical information and oral examinations were obtained. Oral rinses taken from patients at baseline, 3, 6, 12 months during HAART, respectively, were cultured, and Candida species were identified following standard microbiological techniques. In vitro antifungal susceptibilities were tested by the broth microdilution method. Results The oral Candida load decreased gradually in the 45 patients with HIV/ AIDS during the first year of HAART ( P < 0.050). Among 176 Candida isolates, Candida albicans (114/176) was the predominant species, and Candida parapsilosis (23/62) was the most common non- albicans species. We found the frequency of resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole of Candida isolated from our samples increased ( P < 0.05) after 12 months of HAART. In addition, the frequency of C. albicans isolates resistant to fluconazole and itraconazole was on the rise ( P < 0.05). Conclusions The Candida load decreased with increased CD4+ T cell counts, and C. albicans was still the prevailing species. Further, a trend toward more frequent in vitro resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole was observed. Our results provide reference for treatment and prevention of oral candidiasis among this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]