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High‐voltage electric pulse rock breaking has excellent potential for exploiting deep geothermal resources. Numerous researchers have conducted experimental studies on this topic, particularly in rock mechanics, where the breakdown occurs. However, there has been limited scholarly research on drilling fluid. Therefore, the study focuses on the drilling fluid suitable for electric pulse drilling, considering the characteristics of electric pulse rock breaking, which differ from traditional rock breaking. The study focused on the impact of various drilling fluid parameters on the effectiveness of electric impulse rock breaking using red sandstone as the experimental material. This was investigated using the finite element method, and indoor electric rock‐breaking tests were conducted in a drilling fluid environment. The results indicate that the plasma channel mainly grows in the permeable layer of the drilling fluid, resulting in shallow rock breaking depth in the drilling fluid environment. The pore permeated by drilling fluid guides the growth of the plasma channel. The higher the conductivity of the drilling fluid, the closer the ion channel of rock breaking by electric pulse is to the rock surface. This results in a smaller crushing volume and shallower damage depth, which is more detrimental to rock breaking by an electric pulse. The viscosity of drilling fluid can impede the breakdown to some extent. In this paper, the influence of drilling fluid parameters on electro‐pulse rock‐breaking technology is preliminarily studied, which has significant reference value for the selection of actual drilling fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yigong San (YGS) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula used for pediatric anorexia, chronic atrophic gastritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. In this study, the excretion of eight main compounds, including liquiritin; isoliquiritin; hesperidin; ginsenosides Rb1, Re, and Rg1; and atractylenolides I and II, in rat urine, feces, and bile, was investigated by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that the cumulative excretion rates of the compounds in rat urine, feces, and bile were 0.018–1.15%, 0.024–19.89%, and 0.0025–0.72%, respectively. Among the eight compounds detected, liquiritin was the richest in urine, and ginsenosides Re and Rg1 and atractylenolide I were mainly found in feces and bile. In summary, the main components of YGS are excreted via multiple approaches. Liquiritin is mainly through urine, whereas isoliquiritin; hesperidin; ginsenosides Rb1, Re, and Rg1; and atractylenolides I and II are mainly through feces. The excretion of these compounds in bile is usually positively correlated with that in feces. This study lays a foundation for further pharmacological research and application of YGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an exceptional nitrate reduction to ammonia catalyst is reported, enabled by BO2− anion induction effects combining heterogeneous branching architecture‐driven mass transport enhancement strategies. The implantation of the BO2− anion can inductively enhance the electron cloud density and electron transmission paths of intrinsic catalysts, makes electron more active to improve the conductivity, regulates the adsorption and desorption rates of intermediates by space barrier effect, reduces the binding energy of the electron and 3d orbital of Ni in NiFe(BO2)O(OH), thereby lowing the transform free energy of the determining *NO3 to *HNO3 step. 3D hollow sea urchin lattice heterogeneous branching structure can self‐drive generate differentiated micro convection intervals, which will be beneficial for improving mass transfer dynamics especially localized disturbance mass transfer effect of catalyst for nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) catalysis process. Amazingly, the as‐prepared 3D NiFe metaborate oxyhydroxide hollow bionic sea urchins lattice catalyst has a high NH3 rate 6.27mmol·h−1·cm−2 with 98.7% Faradaic efficiency at low ‐0.25V(vs RHE) NO3RR potential. Moreover, the catalytic activity of this highly stable catalyst decreases only slightly over 100 h at ultra‐high 1500mA·cm−2 current. This work breaks through the bottleneck that plagues the performance improvement of non Cu‐based high‐current NO3RR catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining the dictator game (DG) and the ultimatum game (UG), this study recruited 546 Chinese children (321 boys, aged 9–12 years) as distributors, and found that both peer comparison and social value orientation (SVO) significantly influenced children's distributive fairness from late childhood to early adolescence. Results showed that as the unfairness of peer proposals increased, participants decreased the amount of gold coins distributed to the receiver in both tasks, revealing a peer comparison effect. This effect was more pronounced for adolescents than for children in both tasks. In addition, participants' fair distribution behaviors in the DG showed a three‐way interaction effect of SVO, grade, and peer comparison. Specifically, for proselfs, children were not influenced by peers and consistently proposed self‐interested distributions, whereas adolescents exhibited a peer comparison effect; for prosocials, both children and adolescents were influenced by peers, but children decreased the amount of their distributions only when they saw peers make extremely unfair distributions, whereas adolescents decreased the amount of their distributions when they saw peers make both mildly and extremely unfair distributions. This study highlights the importance of social environment and personal trait in shaping children's fair distribution behavior during the transition from late childhood to early adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D transition metal carbide/nitride (MXene) show significant potential for fabricating flexible wearables due to its outstanding electroactive characteristic. However, the complex processes in rheology regulation and easy agglomeration of MXene nanosheets hinder their applications as inks for homogeneous printing and coating. Herein, an electroactive gel‐ink with a low concentration of MXene (20 mg mL−1) using poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as a dopant and conductive binder is developed. The dopamine‐involved modification and PEDOT:PSS doping together promote the formation of ordered lamellar structure of MXene nanosheets, and in turn the nanosheets can regulate the interconnected electronic structure of PEDOT:PSS, which enables the transition from micellar to linear structures. Through adjusting the combination ratio of dopamine‐modified MXene (MD) to PEDOT:PSS, the viscosity of MXene inks (MDP) is tunable within 1–104 Pa·s to realize scalable printing and other processing. Screen‐printing with MDP gel‐ink endows textiles with excellent conductive stability while retaining the inherent wearability of the original fabric. With high conductivity (109.6 S m−1) and low mid‐infrared emissivity (0.34), the decorated textiles exhibit remarkable multi‐protective abilities. This work provides a novel strategy for formulating versatile MXene inks that will facilitate the large‐scale fabrication of high‐performance personal wearable multi‐protective textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high‐voltage electric pulse fracturing (HVEPF) technology represents a novel and highly promising approach in rock fracturing. The investigation of thermal damage inflicted upon rocks by high‐voltage electrical pulses under multi‐physical field coupling is of great significance in the development of deep geothermal energy. This study establishes a damage model for rocks under electric fragmentation conditions by integrating electric field, heat transfer field, and solid mechanics field. Based on the developed damage model, the insulating properties, temperature variations, and forms of damage of rocks during electric fracturing are explored. Subsequently, the influence of voltage on rock damage status is investigated. The findings reveal that damage to the rock does not occur immediately after electrical breakdown; rather, it increases with the growth of current and temperature within the breakdown channel. Initial damage occurs at the ends of the breakdown channel, followed closely by damage in the central region of the channel. The predominant form of damage in rocks is tensile failure, with shear failure playing a secondary role, and the volume of damage increases with voltage. These results elucidate the characteristics of rock damage during electric fracturing, providing valuable insights for the engineering application of electric fracturing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with a high‐fat diet, leading to a decline in quality of life and significant health impairment. 7‐Hydroxyflavone (7‐HY) is a flavonoid known for its anti‐inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidant effects. This study aims to assess the ameliorative effects of 7‐HY on NAFLD induced by a high‐fat diet and elucidate underlying mechanisms. Oleic acid/palmitic acid‐induced HepG2 cells and C57BL/6 mice on a high‐fat diet were utilized as in vitro and in vivo models. In animal experiments, 7‐HY was utilized as a dietary supplement. The 15‐week in vivo experiment monitored body weight, body fat percentage, glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and metabolic indexes. Commercial kits assessed triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol levels in cells, liver tissue, and blood. Discovery Studio identified potential targets of 7‐HY, compared with NAFLD‐associated targets in the GeneCards database. Results indicated 7‐HY mitigated fat accumulation, hepatic steatosis, and oxidative stress induced by a high‐fat diet. Furthermore, 7‐HY showed potential efficacy in ameliorating abnormal glucose metabolism and promoting energy metabolism. Reverse target finding and molecular docking demonstrated a robust interaction between 7‐HY and serine/threonine kinase 24 (STK24). Subsequent experimental results confirmed 7‐HY's ability to inhibit TG deposition in HepG2 cells through interaction with STK24. In conclusion, 7‐HY demonstrated the capacity to alleviate high‐fat diet‐induced NAFLD, presenting a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for wearable electronics has driven the development of flexible thermoelectric (TE) generators which can harvest waste body heat as a renewable power source. Despite carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns have attracted significant attention as a promising candidate for TE materials, challenges still exist in improving their TE efficiency for commercial applications. Herein, we developed high performance CNT/polyaniline (PANI) yarns by engineering the coating of polyaniline emeraldine base (PANIeb), in which CNT yarns were firstly coated by PANIeb layer and further doped by HCl vapor treatment. With the incorporation of PANIeb, σ and S were simultaneously increased to 1796 S cm−1 and 74.8 μV K−1 for CNT/PANIeb 4–2d fibers, respectively. Further HCl vapor treatment induced greatly increased σ to 3194 S cm−1, but maintained be 83 % value before doping, giving rise to the highest power factor of 1224 μW m−1K−2, higher than pristine CNT yarns of 576 μW m−1K−2. Combining outstanding high TE performance and bending durability, a flexible TE generator was constructed to deliver high out power of 187 nW with temperature gradients of about 30 K. These results demonstrate the potential promise of high‐performance CNT/PANI‐HCl yarns to harvest waste body heat for sustainable power supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains uncertain. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of HPV 16 in patients with ESCC and its impact on theirprognosis. HPV 16 was detected using FISH, and TP53 status was evaluated via immunohistochemistry. The factors influencing prognosis were ananalyzed using the Log‐rank test and Cox regression analyses. Among 178 patients with ESCC, 105 and 73 patients were categorized into concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and postoperative chemoradiotherapy (POCRT) cohorts, respectively. Among 178 patients, 87 (48.87%) tested positive for HPV 16. Log‐rank tests revealed that the overall survival (OS) of patients with ESCC who were HPV 16‐positive was longer than that of those who were HPV 16‐negative (median OS: 57 months vs. 27 months, p < 0.01**). HPV 16 infection and TP53 mutation status were identified as independent events. The OS of patients with mutant TP53 who were HPV 16‐positive was longer than that of those who were HPV 16‐negative in both CCRT and POCRT cohorts (p = 0.002** for CCRT cohorts and p = 0.0023** for POCRT cohorts). Conversely, HPV 16 infection had no effect on OS in the wild‐type TP53 subgroup (p = 0.13 and 0.052 for CCRT and POCRT cohorts, respectively). As a conclusion, the positive rate of HPV 16 in ESCC in this study was 48.87% (87/178). Among the patients with ESCC who had TP53 mutation, those who were HPV 16‐positive exhibited a better prognosis than those who were HPV 16‐negative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Secondary hypertension is often caused by activation of complex multi‐organ endocrine systems, while renin activity indicated by angiotensins (Angs), aldosterone (ALD) and cortisol (COR) in such systems are generally accepted as its diagnostic markers. As antibody‐based methods cannot offer comparable quantification for these biomarkers, a liquid chromatography (LC)–tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)‐based approach was developed to quantify them simultaneously and accurately. Methods: Five different beads for magnetic solid‐phase extraction (MSPE) were evaluated towards their enrichment efficiency for these biomarkers. An LC system with optimized elution gradient and a triple‐quadrupole MS with tuned parameters were coupled to quantitatively monitor the extracted analytes. The method performance was further examined such as linearity, precision, stability, recovery rate and matrix effect. Based on the developed method, the abundance of Ang II, ALD and COR in plasma was measured and the quantification was compared with that derived from commercial ELISA kits. Results: As compared with other MSPEs, Angs, ALD and COR were highly enriched by the HLB magnetic beads with satisfactory recoveries. These analytes were simultaneously quantified by LC/MS/MS and all the method parameters for quantification were well matched with the requirements of clinical testing. Comparison of the quantitative results derived from ELISA and LC/MS/MS exhibited that the two methods offered basically comparable values with Pearson r values at 0.896, 0.895 and 0.835, respectively. The stability test for plasma Angs at room temperature indicated that the abundance of Ang II was relatively stable within 3 h, whereas that of Ang I and Ang 1–7 was time‐dependently changed. Conclusions: Coupling of HLB beads and LC/MS/MS thus enables simultaneous quantification of a set of biomarkers related to secondary hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient conversion and storage of solar energy for chemical fuel production presents a challenge in sustainable energy technologies. Metal nitrides (MNs) possess unique structures that make them multi‐functional catalysts for water splitting. However, the thermodynamic instability of MNs often results in the formation of surface oxide layers and ambiguous reaction mechanisms. Herein, we present on the photo‐induced reconstruction of a Mo‐rich@Co‐rich bi‐layer on ternary cobalt‐molybdenum nitride (Co3Mo3N) surfaces, resulting in improved effectiveness for solar water splitting. During a photo‐oxidation process, the uniform initial surface oxide layer is reconstructed into an amorphous Co‐rich oxide surface layer and a subsurface Mo−N layer. The Co‐rich outer layer provides active sites for photocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (POER), while the Mo‐rich sublayer promotes charge transfer and enhances the oxidation resistance of Co3Mo3N. Additionally, the surface reconstruction yields a shortened Co−Mo bond length, weakening the adsorption of hydrogen and resulting in improved performance for both photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (PHER) and POER. This work provides insight into the surface structure‐to‐activity relationships of MNs in solar energy conversion, and is expected to have significant implications for the design of metal nitride‐based catalysts in sustainable energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Excessive influx of manganese (Mn) into the brain across the blood–brain barrier induces neurodegeneration. CYP1B1 is involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) that affects vascular homeostasis. We aimed to investigate the effect of brain CYP1B1 on Mn‐induced neurotoxicity. Method: Brain Mn concentrations and α‐synuclein accumulation were measured in wild‐type and CYP1B1 knockout mice treated with MnCl2 (30 mg/kg) and biotin (0.2 g/kg) for 21 continuous days. Tight junctions and oxidative stress were analyzed in hCMEC/D3 and SH‐SY5Y cells after the treatment with MnCl2 (200 μM) and CYP1B1‐derived AA metabolites (HETEs and EETs). Results: Mn exposure inhibited brain CYP1B1, and CYP1B1 deficiency increased brain Mn concentrations and accelerated α‐synuclein deposition in the striatum. CYP1B1 deficiency disrupted the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and increased the ratio of 3, 4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) to dopamine in the striatum. HETEs attenuated Mn‐induced inhibition of tight junctions by activating PPARγ in endothelial cells. Additionally, EETs attenuated Mn‐induced up‐regulation of the KLF/MAO‐B axis and down‐regulation of NRF2 in neuronal cells. Biotin up‐regulated brain CYP1B1 and reduced Mn‐induced neurotoxicity in mice. Conclusions: Brain CYP1B1 plays a critical role in both cerebrovascular and dopamine homeostasis, which might serve as a novel therapeutic target for the prevention of Mn‐induced neurotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Frozen storage often leads to quality deterioration of surimi‐based products. At present, most of the research focuses on improving the quality of surimi products by adding cryoprotectants, and there are few studies available on preparation technology. Therefore, the effects of different gelation‐freezing treatments, high temperature heating‐freezing treatment (HF), low temperature heating‐high temperature heating‐freezing treatment (LHF) and low temperature heating‐freezing‐high temperature heating treatment (LFH) on the quality changes of surimi gels containing hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (HPDSP) during frozen storage were investigated. RESULTS: With the extension of frozen storage time, the quality of surimi gel in all groups decreased, but the quality of surimi gel with HPDSP was better than that of surimi gel without HPDSP. Compared with HF and LHF, the change range of breaking force, hardness, gumminess, whiteness and disulfide bond content of HPDSP‐surimi gel treated with LFH was the least during the frozen storage. In the reheating process of LFH, HPDSP could absorb the water lost during freezing. Therefore, the change in the transverse relaxation time of HPDSP‐surimi gels treated with LFH was smaller, with more immobile water and less free water and P22 of 96.81% and P23 of 0% at 16 weeks. In addition, the breaking deformation, cohesiveness, resilience, springiness and protein composition of surimi gels with and without HPDSP treated with HF, LHF and LFH did not change significantly during frozen storage. CONCLUSION: The combination of LFH and HPDSP could effectively reduce the quality change of surimi gel during frozen storage. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus, is an effective therapy for patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy, yet, its mechanism of action remains elusive. Adenosine kinase (ADK), a key negative regulator of adenosine, is a potential modulator of epileptogenesis. DBS has been shown to increase adenosine levels, which may suppress seizures via A1 receptors (A1Rs). We investigated whether DBS could halt disease progression and the potential involvement of adenosine mechanisms. Methods: Control group, SE (status epilepticus) group, SE‐DBS group, and SE‐sham‐DBS group were included in this study. One week after a pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus, rats in the SE‐DBS group were treated with DBS for 4 weeks. The rats were monitored by video‐EEG. ADK and A1Rs were tested with histochemistry and western blot, respectively. Results: Compared with the SE group and SE‐sham‐DBS group, DBS could reduce the frequency of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) and the number of interictal epileptic discharges. The DPCPX, an A1R antagonist, reversed the effect of DBS on interictal epileptic discharges. In addition, DBS inhibited the overexpression of ADK and the downregulation of A1Rs. Conclusion: The findings indicate that DBS can reduce SRS in epileptic rats via inhibition of ADK and activation of A1Rs. A1Rs might be a potential target of DBS for the treatment of epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases‐1 (TIMP‐1) regulates the proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), playing an important role in the homeostasis of the extracellular matrix. Beyond its well‐known role in tissue maintenance, TIMP‐1 has been associated with multiple MMP‐independent cytokine‐like functions. The protein structure of TIMP‐1, with two distinct domains, one interacting with MMPs and another able to bind multiple partners, provides a rationale for this multifunctionality. The identification of CD63 as a cell surface receptor for TIMP‐1, able to mediate intracellular signaling through the Erk/MAPK axis, provided a molecular basis for the role of TIMP‐1 in cellular signaling. However, several lines of evidence suggest that TIMP‐1 may be able to associate with many interaction partners, thus attaining multiple functions. To enable the identification of previously unknown interaction partners that may underpin the core cellular functions of TIMP‐1, known as well as unknown, we performed a yeast two‐hybrid screening using a mammary gland complementary DNA (cDNA) library. We report here the identification of multiple interactors, including MHC class II‐associated invariant chain γ (CD74). We verified that CD74 interacts with TIMP‐1 in breast cancer cells and that this interaction contributes to cellular internalization of TIMP‐1 and mediates intracellular signaling through the Akt signaling axis in breast cancer cells. These data provide new insights into the complex nature of the functions of TIMP‐1 and their potential mechanistic basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immune system takes part in most physiological and pathological processes of the body, including the occurrence and development of cancer. Immunotherapy provides a promising modality for inhibition and even the cure of cancer. During immunotherapy, the immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells induced by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, phototherapy, bioactive materials, and so forth, triggers a series of cellular responses by causing the release of tumor‐associated antigens and damage‐associated molecular patterns, which ultimately activate innate and adaptive immune responses. Among them, the ICD‐induced biomaterials attract increasing conditions as a benefit of biosafety and multifunctional modifications. This Review summarizes the research progress in biomaterials for inducing ICD via triggering endoplasmic reticulum oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell membrane rupture and discusses the application prospects of ICD‐inducing biomaterials in clinical practice for cancer immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of the study was to explore and validate the consensus of orthodontic experts on the assessment of orthodontic treatment outcomes based on subjective and objective analysis. Materials and Methods: The research consisted of two parts: the exploration and verification of expert consensus. First, a sample of 108 cases randomly selected from six dental schools in China were evaluated by 69 orthodontic experts and measured by researchers based on post‐treatment study casts and lateral cephalograms, respectively. Then, through statistical analysis, the objective indicators significantly correlated with experts' subjective evaluations were selected, their weights were determined, and the critical values of satisfactory, acceptable and unacceptable grades were screened. Subsequently, another sample of 72 cases were evaluated by another 36 orthodontic experts, and the subjective evaluation results were compared with the objective measurement results. Results: There were six model indicators and seven cephalometric indicators being significantly correlated with the experts' subjective evaluations, including occlusal contact, overjet, midline, interproximal contact, alignment, occlusal relationship, L1/NB, ANB, SN/OP, U1/SN, LL‐EP, Cm‐Sn‐UL and Ns‐Prn‐Pos, with a cumulative R2 of 0.704. In the verification part, the correlation coefficient between the 36 experts' subjective scores and objective regression scores was 0.716 (P <.001); the correlation coefficient between the 36 experts' subjective grades and objective grades was 0.757 (P <.001). Conclusions: Orthodontic experts had good consistency in the subjective evaluation of the combined records of post‐treatment study casts and lateral cephalograms. The objective indicators selected from subjective and objective analysis had good reliability and validity and could further improve the existing occlusal indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polydatin (PD), a natural product derived from Polygonum cuspidatum, has anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects and has significant benefits in treating allergic diseases. However, its role and mechanism in allergic rhinitis (AR) have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we investigated the effect and mechanism of PD in AR. AR model was established in mice with OVA. Human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs) were stimulated with IL‐13. HNEpCs were also treated with an inhibitor of mitochondrial division or transfected with siRNA. The levels of IgE and cellular inflammatory factors were examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry. The expressions of PINK1, Parkin, P62, LC3B, NLRP3 inflammasome proteins, and apoptosis proteins in nasal tissues and HNEpCs were measured by Western blot. We found that PD suppressed OVA‐induced epithelial thickening and eosinophil accumulation in the nasal mucosa, reduced IL‐4 production in NALF, and regulated Th1/Th2 balance. In addition, mitophagy was induced in AR mice after OVA challenge and in HNEpCs after IL‐13 stimulation. Meanwhile, PD enhanced PINK1‐Parkin‐mediated mitophagy but decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and apoptosis. However, PD‐induced mitophagy was abrogated after PINK1 knockdown or Mdivi‐1 treatment, indicating a key role of the PINK1‐Parkin in PD‐induced mitophagy. Moreover, mitochondrial damage, mtROS production, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and HNEpCs apoptosis under IL‐13 exposure were more severe after PINK1 knockdown or Mdivi‐1 treatment. Conclusively, PD may exert protective effects on AR by promoting PINK1‐Parkin‐mediated mitophagy, which further suppresses apoptosis and tissue damage in AR through decreasing mtROS production and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The choroid plexus (ChP) is the source of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The ChP–CSF system not only provides the necessary cushion for the brain but also works as a sink for waste clearance. During sepsis, pathogens and host immune cells can weaken the ChP barrier and enter the brain, causing cerebral dysfunctions known as sepsis‐associated encephalophagy. Here, we used human ChP organoid (ChPO) to model herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) infection and found ChP epithelial cells were highly susceptible to HSV‐1. Since the current ChPO model lacks a functional innate immune component, particularly microglia, we next developed a new microglia‐containing ChPO model, and found microglia could effectively limit HSV‐1 infection and protect epithelial barrier in ChPOs. Furthermore, we found the innate immune cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase (cGAS)–STING pathway and its downstream interferon response were essential, as cGAS inhibitor RU.512 or STING inhibitor H‐151 abolished microglia antiviral function and worsened ChP barrier in organoids. These results together indicated that cGAS–STING pathway coordinates antiviral response in ChP and contributes to treating sepsis or related neurological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to reveal microbial populations in Chinese raw milk using both 16S rRNA sequencing and high‐throughput sequence (HTS) methods. Psychrotrophic isolates were clustered into 23 genera and 57 species, and the abundant genera in raw milk were Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter and Lactococcus. Genetic diversity and biofilm‐forming capacity of Pseudomonas isolates were analysed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and crystal violet staining assay, respectively. Heterogeneous biofilm‐forming ability of Pseudomonas isolates with the same RAPD patterns was observed. HTS analysis revealed a 33‐fold higher diversity at the genus level, and a different bacterial population was predominated by Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. The results provide insight into the microbial contamination of raw milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a consequence of rapid industrialization throughout the world, various environmental pollutants have begun to accumulate in water, air, and soil. This endangers the ecological environment of the earth, and environmental remediation has become an immediate priority. Among various environmental remediation techniques, piezocatalytic techniques, which uniquely take advantage of the piezoelectric effect, have attracted much attention. Piezoelectric effects allow pollutant degradation directly, while also enhancing photocatalysis by reducing the recombination of photogenerated carriers. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive summary of recent developments in piezocatalytic techniques for environmental remediation. The origin of the piezoelectric effect as well as classification of piezoelectric materials and their application in environmental remediation are systematically summarized. We also analyze the potential underlying mechanisms. Finally, urgent problems and the future development of piezocatalytic techniques are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST‐OSCs) have promising applications in building materials, automobiles, and green windows. However, photovoltaic building materials have a requirement for transmittance, which only reaches over 40% and can satisfy the condition of energy saving. In this work, a printable bionic photonic reflector is introduced to overcome the insufficient light utilization efficiency (LUE) of ST‐OSCs. The inverse‐opal photonic crystal reflectors can enhance the secondary absorption of the active layer by adjusting the particle size to reflect the wavelength of light, which can match with the absorption of the donor. Meanwhile, it allows other wavelengths of sunlight to be passed through for transmittance. With this strategy, power conversion efficiency (PCE) and average visible transmittance (AVT) are simultaneously improved. As a result, the PCE is improved to 9.93% with an AVT of 40.36%, and the LUE is significantly improved from 3.63% to 4.01%, which is a great advance in the performance of ST‐OSCs reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report about the use of caesium acetate (CsOAc)‐based electrolytes for Electrical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs). We showed that solutions of 6.4 m CsOAc in H2O, which is a highly concentrated aqueous electrolyte, and 21 m CsOAc in H2O, which is a Water in Salt Electrolyte (WiSE), display very favourable chemical‐physical properties. EDLCs containing 21 m CsOAc in H2O as electrolyte display operating voltage of 1.7 V. These devices display good energy density and are able to retain all their initial capacitance after 400 hours of floating at 1.7 V. On the other hand, EDLCs containing 6.4 m CsOAc in H2O as electrolyte display operative voltage of 1.6 V and are delivering at 10 A g−1 very high energy and power density (4 Wh kg−1 and 14.1 kW kg−1, respectively). Furthermore, they can retain 91 % of their initial capacitance after 400 hours of floating at 1.6 V. This performance, which is among the highest so far reported for aqueous‐based EDLCs, indicates that CsOAc can be considered a very promising salt for the realization of advanced EDLCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron transport chain (ETC) dysfunction is a common feature of mitochondrial diseases and induces severe cellular stresses, including mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) reduction, mitochondrial matrix acidification, metabolic derangements and proteostatic stresses. Extensive studies of ETC dysfunction in yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, cultured cells and mouse models have revealed multiple mitochondrial stress response pathways. Here, we summarise the current understanding of the triggers, sensors, signalling mechanisms and the functional outcomes of mitochondrial stress responses in different species. We highlight Δψm reduction as a major trigger of stress responses in different species, but the responses are species‐specific and the outcomes are context‐dependent. ETC dysfunction elicits a mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) to repair damaged mitochondria in C. elegans, and activates a global adaptive programme to maintain Δψm in yeast. Yeast and C. elegans responses are remarkably similar at the downstream responses, although they are activated by different signalling mechanisms. UPRmt generally protects ETC‐defective worms, but its constitutive activation is toxic for wildtype worms and worms carrying mutant mtDNA. In contrast to lower organisms, ETC dysfunction in mammals mainly activates a mitochondrial integrated stress response (ISRmt) to reprogramme metabolism and a PINK1‐Parkin mitophagy pathway to degrade damaged mitochondria. Accumulating in vivo results suggest that the ATF4 branch of ISRmt exacerbates metabolic derangements to accelerate mitochondrial disease progression. The in vivo roles of mitophagy in mitochondrial diseases are also context‐dependent. These results thus reveal the common and unique aspects of mitochondrial stress responses in different species and highlight their multifaceted roles in mitochondrial diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated terahertz (THz) technology is of great significance for driving high‐speed communication, sensing, and imaging with its advantages of miniaturization, low cost, and high efficiency. Recent research has focused on highly‐efficient transmitters and ultrafast detectors, as well as exploring new devices for coupling, transmission, and polarization control. However, multidimensional on‐chip multiplexing and demultiplexing techniques in the THz region still remains unexplored, due to the lack of multifunctional integrated components and systems. Here, a novel silicon‐based integrated multidimensional THz (de)multiplexer for high‐capacity communication is proposed and demonstrated based on ring resonators and polarization beam splitter‐rotators, which simultaneously enable the manipulation of THz polarization and frequency. Furthermore, a THz communication system operating in the 380 GHz band is experimentally demonstrated. By using on‐chip polarization‐ and frequency‐division multiplexing techniques, an aggregate data rate of 8 Gbit s−1 is successfully achieved with quadrature phase‐shift keying modulation scheme. This work provides a spectrally efficient way for accelerating the development of on‐chip THz technologies and the application in future large‐volume communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recently, the mechanism by which cells adapt to intrinsic and extrinsic stresses has received considerable attention. Tat‐interactive protein 60‐kDa/ataxia–telangiectasia‐mutated (TIP60/ATM) axis‐mediated DNA damage response (DDR) is vital for maintaining genomic integrity. Methods: Protein levels were detected by western blot, protein colocalisation was examined by immunofluorescence (IF) and protein interactions were measured by co‐immunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assay and GST pull‐down assays. Flow cytometry, comet assay and IF assays were used to explore the biological functions of sequence similarity 135 family member B (FAM135B) in DDR. Xenograft tumour, FAM135B transgenic mouse models and immunohistochemistry were utilised to confirm in vitro observations. Results: We identified a novel DDR regulator FAM135B which could protect cancer cells from genotoxic stress in vitro and in vivo. The overexpression of FAM135B promoted the removal of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci, whereas the elimination of FAM135B attenuated these effects. Consistently, our findings revealed that FAM135B could promote homologous recombination and non‐homologous end‐joining repairs. Further study demonstrated that FAM135B physically bound to the chromodomain of TIP60 and improved its histone acetyltransferase activity. Moreover, FAM135B enhanced the interactions between TIP60 and ATM under resting conditions. Intriguingly, the protein levels of FAM135B dramatically decreased following DNA damage stress but gradually increased during the DNA repair period. Thus, we proposed a potential DDR mechanism where FAM135B sustains a reservoir of pre‐existing TIP60‐ATM assemblies under resting conditions. Once cancer cells suffer DNA damage, FAM135B is released from TIP60, and the functioning pre‐assembled TIP60‐ATM complex participates in DDR. Conclusions: : We characterised FAM135B as a novel DDR regulator and further elucidated the role of the TIP60‐ATM axis in response to DNA damage, which suggests that targeting FAM135B in combination with radiation therapy or chemotherapy could be a potentially effective approach for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a decentralized adaptive scheme for a class of nonlinear time‐varying interconnected systems based on neural networks for output tracking. By introducing constraint estimation method and two smooth functions, the barrier of unknown interaction in the system is avoided. By means of incorporating the back‐stepping technique and the capability of neural networks, we aim to approximate the unknown nonlinear parts and establish a novel decentralized scheme with prescribed performance. Furthermore, according to Lyapunov stability theorem, it can be inferred that all variables of the controlled system are bounded, while the expected tracking converges to a compact set with a small error range. In addition, the simulation results verify that the proposed scheme can obtain a rapid learning effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects over 25% of the general population and lacks an effective treatment. Recent evidence implicates disrupted mitochondrial calcium homeostasis in the pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis. Experimental Approach: In this study, mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) was inhibited through classical genetic approaches, viral vectors or small molecule inhibitors in vivo to study its role in hepatic steatosis induced by high‐fat diet (HFD). In vitro, MCU was overexpressed or inhibited to change mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondrial linker was adopted to increase mitochondria‐associated membranes (MAMs) and MICU1‐EF hand mutant was used to decrease the sensitivity of mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1) to calcium and block MCU channel. Key Results: Here, we found that inhibition of liver MCU by AAV virus and classical genetic approaches can prevent HFD‐induced liver steatosis. MCU regulates mitochondrial calcium homeostasis and affects lipid accumulation in liver cells. In addition, a HFD in mice enlarged the MAM. The high‐calcium environment produced by MAM invalidated the function of MICU1 and led to persistent open of MCU channels. Therefore, it caused mitochondrial calcium overload and liver fat deposition. Inhibition of MAM and MCU alleviated HFD‐induced hepatic steatosis. MCU inhibitors (Ru360 and mitoxantrone) can block MCU channels and reduce mitochondrial calcium levels. Intraperitoneal injection of MCU inhibitors (0.01‐μM·kg−1 bodyweight) can alleviate HFD‐induced hepatic steatosis. Conclusion and Implications: These findings provide molecular insights into the way HFD disrupts mitochondrial calcium homeostasis and identify MCU as a promising drug target for the treatment of hepatic steatosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mauremys reevesii is an endangered freshwater turtle that symbolizes longevity in Chinese culture. Despite its importance, genetic studies of this species remain limited, with no genomic sequence reported to date. Here, we report a high‐quality, chromosome‐level genomic sequence of M. reevesii obtained using a combination of Nanopore and Hi‐C sequencing technologies. The 2.37 Gb M. reevesii genome was assembled from a total of ~226.80 Gb of Nanopore sequencing data. The M. reevesii genome contig N50 is 34.73 Mb, the highest value in published turtle genomes. In total, 18,238 genes were functionally annotated. The contigs were clustered and ordered onto 27 pseudochromosomes covering ~96.55% of the genome assembled with Hi‐C data. To explore genome evolution, synteny analysis was performed between M. reevesii (freshwater turtle) and Gopherus evgoodei (terrestrial turtle) genomes. In general, each chromosome of M. reevesii corresponded to one chromosome of Gopherus evgoodei, but some interchromosomal rearrangements occurred between the two species based on the assembled genomes. These interchromosomal rearrangements were further confirmed by mapping of the long‐read nanopore data to the assembly. The reconstructed demographic history showed varied effective population size among freshwater, marine and terrestrial turtles. We also discovered expansion of genes related to the innate immune system in M. reevesii that may provide defence against freshwater pathogens. The high‐quality genomic sequence provides a valuable genetic resource for further studies of genetics and genome evolution in turtles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Device engineering is an effective way to improve the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Currently, the widely used bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure has problems such as material solubility limitations and the emerging pseudoplanar heterojunction (PPHJ) structure is also troubled by printing technology requirements. However, these issues can be solved by the reasonable application of traditional planar heterojunction (PHJ) structure. Herein, PM6:BO‐4F system is selected to prepare PHJ devices by combining sequential spin‐coating and orthogonal solvent strategy. In view of the good solubility of PM6 and BO‐4F in commonly used high‐boiling solvent chlorobenzene (CB) and green solvent tetrahydrofuran (THF), respectively, the PHJ devices are successfully prepared by using these two orthogonal solvents, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.6%. On this basis, green nonhalogen reagent o‐xylene (O‐XY) is further used to process PM6. Due to the large polarity difference between O‐XY and THF, all‐green solvent‐processed PHJ devices are successfully fabricated and obtain an astonishing PCE of 16%. As far as it is known, it is the highest efficiency for PHJ OSCs. The results prove the huge research potential of PHJ structure and point out new direction for solving OSC materials compatibility, long‐term stability, and future commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing penetration of large‐scale distributed renewable energies, the electricity distribution network is growing more complex with challenges brought by the intermittency and uncertainty of renewable energies. Microgrid (MG), one of feasible solutions to integrating renewable energies, has shortages because of limited capacity. Therefore, MG cluster (MGC) was proposed as an improved solution. To efficiently and friendly integrate renewable energies, a novel honeycomb‐like MG cluster (H‐MGC) is proposed in this paper. Considering the uncertainty of renewable energies, a robust optimisation method of the siting and sizing of energy storage system (ESS) constrained by emergency reserve is proposed. Combining the column‐and‐constraint generation algorithm and big‐M method, the proposed optimisation model is decomposed into mixed integer second‐order cone programming master problem and sub‐problems, which are alternately solved. Based on the optimal results of study case, the siting and sizing results of ESS are analysed, as well as the operating characteristics of H‐MGC. Compared to existing MGC system, the proposed H‐MGC has a more flexible operation mode. The related costs of ESS are reduced, and the operational life is relatively extended, under the condition that the emergency reserve of system is satisfied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detachment faults are sites of intensive fluid–rock interactions. Here, we report fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope data for quartz veins in the Ramba Dome in the North Himalayan Gneiss Domes, with an aim to constrain the origin and circulation of crustal fluids associated with the South Tibetan Detachment System (STDS). Microthermometric data for fluid inclusions in quartz indicate that the fluids were aqueous and CO2 − H2O ± CH4 ± N2‐bearing with low to moderate salinities (0.60–11.80 wt% eq. NaCl). The entrapment conditions are 295–410°C and 98–135 Mpa, indicating a forming‐depth of 8–10 km. Oxygen isotopic compositions (δ18O) of quartz measured in situ by secondary ion mass spectrometry and bulk by the BrF5 method show limited variations in individual quartz veins, but δ18Oquartz values vary from 12.07 to 18.16‰ (V‐SMOW) among veins. The corresponding δ18Ofluid values range from 7.71 to 13.80‰, based on equilibrium temperatures obtained from fluid inclusions. From the footwall to the detachment zone, δ18Ofluid values exhibit a broadly decreasing trend and indicate that the STDS dominated the fluid flux pathway in the crust, with more contributions of meteoric water in the detachment zone. We further quantified the contribution of meteoric fluids to 8–27% using a binary end‐member mixing model. These data imply that the fluids were predominantly metamorphic/magmatic in origin, and were mixed with infiltrating, isotopically light, meteoric water during extensional detachment shearing of the STDS. The meteoric water can infiltrate from the surface to 8–10 km depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the fast protection requirements of electrical ships LVDC distribution system, this paper studies a topology of unidirectional vacuum hybrid circuit breaker. The hybrid circuit breaker is an improved current injection LVDC breaker based on precharged capacitor, which improves the dielectric recovery capability of vacuum interrupter after artificial current zero by using a freewheel diode. A synthetic test platform is built to study the dielectric strength recovery characteristics of a 45 mm diameter CuCr50 butt contact vacuum interrupter (driven by Thomson coil actuator, average opening speed of about 3 m/s)under high current(about 20 kA) and small gap(about 1 mm). The experimental results indicate that the dielectric strength of the contact can recover at a very fast speed within the arc time of 100 µs; when the arc time is increased to 320 µs, the dielectric strength of the contact cannot recover for a long time. Therefore, the design principle of the circuit breaker is obtained: within the arc time of 100 µs, by increasing the arc time can increase the contact distance, so the transient interruption voltage tolerance margin of the circuit breaker can be improved. Based on the results of the test, this paper also proposes a calculation method of forced commutation circuit parameters, which is verified by the simulation. The research results show that the DC circuit breaker can realise the rapid breaking of 20 kA fault current within 2 ms, and has a good application prospect in the LVDC distribution system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid advancements in nano‐exfoliation and dissolution strategies have effectively disassembled hierarchical biomass materials into nanosheets, nanofibers, and even atomic‐scale molecular chains, making them highly applicable in osmotic energy harvesting. However, sub‐nanosheets, situated between molecular chains and nanofibers, remain unexplored due to the demanding nature of their preparation methods. Herein, a pseudosolvent‐driven programmable ion intercalation‐exfoliation strategy is developed that triggers exfoliation along the lowest energy crystal plane (010), as simulations confirm. This method allows for the controlled exfoliation of chitin assemblies ranging from nanofibers to sub‐nanometer sheets and molecular chains. Specifically, compared to nanofibrils, sub‐nanometer sheet interfacial assembly exhibits higher surface charge density and interplanar spacing, leading to a 2.3‐fold increase in ion transport flux while maintaining high‐performance selective ion behavior, as confirmed by both experiments and molecular scale simulations, respectively. These enhancements result in superior ionic conductivity and power conversion performance (8.45 W m−2) under a 50‐fold salinity gradient, surpassing commercial standards (5.0 W m−2) and other all‐biomass membrane systems (Max. 2.87 W m−2). This work provides insights into the controlled exfoliation of biomass at the sub‐nanometer scale and enhancing osmotic energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis is a promising and convenient strategy to convert solar energy into chemical energy for various fields. However, photocatalysis still suffers from low solar energy conversion efficiency. Developing state of the art photocatalysts with high efficiency and low cost is a huge challenge. Transition metal nitrides (TMNs) as a class of metallic interstitial compounds have attracted significant attention in photocatalytic applications. In fact, TMNs exhibit multifunctional properties in various photocatalytic systems. This review is the first attempt that summarizes recent research on TMNs‐based materials in various photocatalytic applications. Different roles of TMNs materials in photocatalytic systems including semiconductor active components, co‐catalysts, inter‐band excitation, and surface plasmon resonance components are systematically discussed and summarized. The fundamentals, latest progress, and emerging opportunities for further improving the performances of TMNs‐based materials for photocatalysis are also discussed. Finally, some challenges facing TMNs, and perspectives on their future that are relevant for furthering research in the area of photocatalysis are also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social comparison occurs when individuals evaluate themselves in comparison with others. Social distance can influence the effect of social comparison. Using event‐related potentials, this study examined how social distance affects the time course of outcome processing when individuals compare themselves with others in terms of ability. Participants were asked to perform a dot estimation task with a friend and a stranger. The results showed the effect of social distance on the N1, feedback‐related negativity (FRN), and P300, such that the N1 and P300 were greater for the outcome when pairing with the stranger than when pairing with the friend, whereas the FRN was more negative for the outcome when pairing with the friend than when pairing with the stranger, suggesting that participants allocated more attention resources to the stranger's outcome during the early, automatic (the N1) and later, controlled processing stage (the P300). In addition, the FRN was sensitive to the valence of both self‐ and other‐outcomes, and the FRN valence effect of self‐outcome was modulated by friends' outcomes but not by strangers' outcomes, indicating that at the semi‐automatic processing stage, closer social distance increases the likelihood of individuals being affected by the comparison targets. These results suggest that when comparing with others in the ability dimension, social distance plays a different role in different stages of outcome processing. At the primary stage of outcome processing, individuals are more likely to compare with close others in the ability dimension. Our research clarifies how social distance affects the time course of outcome processing in social comparison, specifically when individuals compare themselves with others in terms of ability. We found an interaction between social comparison and social distance on the FRN. Our findings extend the selective accessibility model and enrich our understanding of the effect of social distance on outcome processing in the social comparison context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) is a hallmark of mitochondrial dysfunction. It activates adaptive responses in organisms from yeast to human to rewire metabolism, remove depolarized mitochondria, and degrade unimported precursor proteins. It remains unclear how cells maintain Δψm, which is critical for maintaining iron‐sulfur cluster (ISC) synthesis, an indispensable function of mitochondria. Here, we show that yeast oxidative phosphorylation mutants deficient in complex III, IV, V, and mtDNA, respectively, exhibit activated stress responses and progressive reduction of Δψm. Extensive omics analyses of these mutants show that these mutants progressively activate adaptive responses, including transcriptional downregulation of ATP synthase inhibitor Inh1 and OXPHOS subunits, Puf3‐mediated upregulation of import receptor Mia40 and global mitochondrial biogenesis, Snf1/AMPK‐mediated upregulation of glycolysis and repression of ribosome biogenesis, and transcriptional upregulation of cytoplasmic chaperones. These adaptations disinhibit mitochondrial ATP hydrolysis, remodel mitochondrial proteome, and optimize ATP supply to mitochondria to convergently maintain Δψm, ISC biosynthesis, and cell proliferation. Synopsis: Oxidative phosphorylation deficiency causes mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) reduction and activates transcriptional and post‐transcriptional adaptions to maintain Δψm. OXPHOS deficient mitochondria hydrolyze ATP to maintain Δψm.OXPHOS deficiency represses Inh1 transcription to enhance mitochondrial ATP hydrolysis.OXPHOS deficiency optimizes ATP metabolism by Snf1‐mediated enhancement of glycolysis and repression of ribosome biogenesis.OXPHOS deficiency hyper‐phosphorylates Puf3 to promote mitochondrial biogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social participation is an indicator of successful ageing and important determinant of health outcomes. As more studies have been conducted on social participation of older people, a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the current literature will contribute to a better understanding of the main and novel issues and improve existing geriatric care services in this domain. However, limited bibliometric analysis was employed in this research field. Therefore, we conducted this study to investigate the research trend and quantitatively and comprehensively characterise the landscapes of publications on social participation of older people via bibliometric analysis methods. Methods: Data were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection in January 2020. CiteSpace 5.5.R2 and VOSviewer software packages were used to generate knowledge maps and analyse the publication outputs, countries/regions, institutions, journals, research hot spots and research frontiers. Results: A total of 7,029 publications between 2000 and 2019 were retrieved, and the publication number per year continues to increase. The United States held a leading position in this research field, and Duke University was the most productive institution. Co‐cited reference cluster analysis and keyword co‐occurrence analysis showed that research hot spots contained factors of healthy ageing, quality of life, psychological problems and health status, especially dementia, function (including cognitive function) and frailty. Burst detection of keywords revealed that social participation, social support, instrumental activity, frailty and loneliness have been new research frontiers since 2015. Conclusions: By analysing publications over the past 20 years, we found publication trends and characteristics in this field. These findings will hopefully provide new insight into the scientific landscapes and further directions in the study of social participation of older people. Implications for Practice: Social participation is strongly associated with physical and psychological problems and the well‐being of older people. Related professionals, such as social workers, psychologists, nurses and many other health care practitioners, should raise widespread awareness and concern over research hot spots and frontiers on this topic to promote research knowledge translation and adoption into the practice of caring for older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In dairy cows, fatty liver is one of the most common metabolic diseases that occurs during the periparturient period. Angiopoietin‐like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) is a well‐known downstream target of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs), which regulate the glucose and fatty acid metabolisms. The inhibition of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity interferes with the storage of triglycerides (TG) in adipocytes, which plays an essential role in lipid metabolism in rodents. However, it remains unclear whether ANGPTL4 is involved in the pathological process of fatty liver in dairy cows as a result of the regulation of the hepatocellular lipid transport system. This study intended to investigate the effect of ANGPTL4 on the very‐low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly and secretion in bovine hepatocytes. Bovine hepatocytes were isolated using a modified two‐step perfusion and collagenase digestion process, and treated with different concentrations of ANGPTL4 (0, 4, 12, and 24 ng/ml) for 24 hr. The results showed that a high concentration of ANGPTL4 could significantly increase the extracellular concentration of VLDL while reducing the intracellular content of TG. Thus, it was confirmed that ANGPTL4 could promote the transport of TG in the form of VLDL by partially regulating the expression of related proteins in hepatocytes, thereby contributing to the partial adaptive regulation of lipid transport in dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdominal drainage, serving as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool, has been widely applied to prevent complications after major abdominal surgical procedures. However, dislocation of intraperitoneal portion of drainage tube and poor drainage after major surgery has never been detailed. In this retrospective study, we determined whether postoperative abdominal infectious complications are attributed to dislocation of intraperitoneal portion of drainage tube. Patients were recruited from the Department of General Surgery at Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, between June 2015 and June 2018. All of the enrolled patients had undergone different major abdominal surgical procedures with abdominal drainage. According to different fixation methods of the drainage tube, the patients were categorised as follows: group 1 as conventional extra‐abdominal fixation where the tubes were fixed on abdominal wall; group 2 as double fixation where the tubes were fixed by both extra‐abdominal and intra‐abdominal fixation. Among 60 patients (40 in group 1 and 20 in group 2) with suspected postoperative abdominal infection, abdominal computed tomography (CT) was performed to determine the presence of abnormality. Dislocation of drainage tubes, morbidity, treatment, and prognosis were compared between the two groups. None of the patients showed slip knot or drainage tube slipping from the abdomen based on physical examination and CT imaging. Drainage tube was fixed firmly on the abdominal wall. In group 1, 18 (45%) patients developed postoperative complications resulting from abdominal infection where severe dislocation of intraperitoneal portion of drainage tubes was confirmed by CT. Drainage tubes of six cases were significantly dislocated to the anterior abdominal wall from the target area; 7 upper abdominal drainage tubes dislocated to the lower abdomen; and 5 lower abdominal drainage tubes dislocated to the upper abdomen. Common complications included localised peritonitis (n = 4), abdominal abscess (n = 8), and anastomotic leakage (n = 6). Among them, 8 patients were cured by abdominal puncture catheter drainage; 5 underwent secondary operation and 5 were cured by conservative treatment. In group 2, no tube dislocation was identified by CT. Five patients (25%) developed complications, including localised peritonitis (n = 1), abdominal abscess (n = 1), and anastomotic leakage (n = 3). All the five patients were cured by conservative treatment. Postoperative abdominal infection complications can stem from dislocation of intraperitoneal portion of drainage tube and poor drainage after major abdominal surgery. Maintaining the intraperitoneal portion of drainage tube at the proper location, for example, by applying intraabdominal fixation, is paramount to decrease the incidence and severity of postoperative complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) processing technology has had an irreplaceable role in the development of organic solar cells (OSCs) in the past decades due to the significant advantages in achieving high‐power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the difficulty in exploring and regulating morphology makes it inadequate for upscaling large‐area OSCs. In this work, printable high‐performance ternary devices are fabricated by a pseudo‐planar heterojunction (PPHJ) strategy. The fullerene derivative indene‐C60 bisadduct (ICBA) is incorporated into PM6/IT‐4F system to expand the vertical phase separation and facilitate an obvious PPHJ structure. After the addition of ICBA, the IT‐4F enriches on the surface of active layer, while PM6 is accumulated underneath. Furthermore, it increases the crystallinity of PM6, which facilitates exciton dissociation and charge transfer. Accordingly, 1.05 cm2 devices are fabricated by blade‐coating with an enhanced PCE of 14.25% as compared to the BHJ devices (13.73%). The ternary PPHJ strategy provides an effective way to optimize the vertical phase separation of organic semiconductor during scalable printing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously demonstrated that a deficiency of natural antibodies against CD25, Mucin 1 (MUC1), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) could contribute to high risk of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study was designed to investigate whether natural IgG antibodies against POU domain class 5 transcription factor 1 (POU5F1), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and the combination of CD25, VEGFR1, and MUC1 could play an anti‐tumorigenic role against developing NSCLC. An ELISA was developed in‐house to examine plasma IgG against peptide antigens derived from POU5F1, TNF‐α, and a combination of peptide antigens derived from CD25, MUC1, and VEGFR1 in 211 patients with NSCLC and 200 healthy controls. Mann–Whitney U test demonstrated that plasma IgG levels for the combination of peptide antigens derived from CD25, MUC1, and VEGFR1 were significantly lower in NSCLC patients than control subjects (Z = −12.978, P < 0.001) although plasma levels of IgG antibodies for POU5F1 and TNFα were not significantly changed. The in‐house ELISA made with the CD25‐MUC1‐VEGFR1 combination had a sensitivity of 49.6% against a specificity of 95% to detect early‐stage NSCLC. In conclusion, natural antibodies against the combination of CD25, VEGFR1, and MUC1 may be an effective biomarker for early diagnosis of NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]