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BACKGROUND: Anthocyanins are polyphenolic pigments that have hypoglycemic, antioxidation, anti‐aging, and other effects. Research has shown that polyphenols can optimize the processing of dough and improve the texture and nutritional characteristics of dough products. The formation of gluten networks is decisive for the quality of flour products. The effects of purple cabbage anthocyanin (PCA) extract on the structure, microscopic morphology, and network formation of gluten protein were studied, and the types of cross‐linking between PCA and gluten protein are discussed. RESULTS: The results show that PCA extract increased the free sulfhydryl (SH) group content and the free amino group of gluten proteins, stimulated an increase in the β‐sheet ratio and the decrease of α‐helix ratio, and increased the gluten index significantly (P < 0.05). The PCA extract also induced gluten protein aggregation, increased the height of protein molecular chains, and stimulated the formation of gluten networks. When PCA extract concentrations were 4 g kg−1 and 8 g kg−1, the gluten network was more homogeneous, continuous, and dense. CONCLUSION: Appropriate anthocyanins have a positive effect on the properties of gluten and promote the formation of gluten networks. Excessive anthocyanins destroy gluten protein interaction and harm gluten cross‐linking. This study may provide a useful source of data for the production of functional flour products rich in anthocyanins. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Thermo‐sensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) lines are the core of two‐line hybrid rice (Oryza sativa). However, elevated or unstable critical sterility‐inducing temperatures (CSITs) of TGMS lines are bottlenecks that restrict the development of two‐line hybrid rice. However, the genes and molecular mechanisms controlling CSIT remain unknown.Here, we report the CRITICAL STERILITY‐INDUCING TEMPERATURE 2 (CSIT2) that encodes a really interesting new gene (RING) type E3 ligase, controlling the CSIT of thermo‐sensitive male sterility 5 (tms5)‐based TGMS lines through ribosome‐associated protein quality control (RQC).CSIT2 binds to the large and small ribosomal subunits and ubiquitinates 80S ribosomes for dissociation, and may also ubiquitinate misfolded proteins for degradation. Mutation of CSIT2 inhibits the possible damage to ubiquitin system and protein translation, which allows more proteins such as catalases to accumulate for anther development and inhibits abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and premature programmed cell death (PCD) in anthers, partly rescuing male sterility and raised the CSIT of tms5‐based TGMS lines.These findings reveal a mechanism controlling CSIT and provide a strategy for solving the elevated or unstable CSITs of tms5‐based TGMS lines in two‐line hybrid rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrocyclisation provides a means of stabilising the conformation of peptides, often resulting in improved stability, selectivity, affinity, and cell permeability. In this work, a new approach to peptide macrocyclisation is reported, using a cyanobenzothiazole‐containing amino acid that can be incorporated into peptides by both in vitro translation and solid phase peptide synthesis, meaning it should be applicable to peptide discovery by mRNA display. This cyclisation proceeds rapidly, with minimal by‐products, is selective over other amino acids including non N‐terminal cysteines, and is compatible with further peptide elaboration exploiting such an additional cysteine in bicyclisation and derivatisation reactions. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the new cyclisation group is likely to influence the peptide conformation as compared to previous thioether‐based approaches, through rigidity and intramolecular aromatic interactions, illustrating their complementarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic code reprogramming is a powerful approach to controlled protein modification. A remaining challenge, however, is the generation of vacant codons. We targeted the initiation machinery of E. coli, showing that restriction of the formyl donor or inhibition of the formyl transferase during in vitro translation is sufficient to prevent formylation of the acylated initiating tRNA and thereby create a vacant initiation codon that can be reprogrammed by exogenously charged tRNA. Our approach conveniently generates peptides and proteins tagged N‐terminally with non‐canonical functional groups at up to 99 % reprogramming efficiency, in combination with decoding the AUG elongation codons either with native methionine or with further reprogramming with azide‐ and alkyne‐containing cognates. We further show macrocyclization and intermolecular modifications with these click handles, thus emphasizing the applicability of our method to current challenges in peptide and protein chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In cereal crops, ABA deficiency during seed maturation phase causes pre‐harvest sprouting (PHS), and molybdenum cofactor (MoCo) is required for ABA biosynthesis.Here, two rice PHS mutants F254 and F5‐1 were characterized. In addition to the PHS, these mutants showed pleiotropic phenotypes such as twisting and slender leaves, and then died when the seedling developed to four or five leaves. Map‐based cloning showed that OsCNX6 and OsCNX1 encoding homologs of MoaE and MoeA were responsible for F254 and F5‐1 mutants, respectively. Genetic complementation indicated that OsCNX6 not only rescued the PHS and seedling lethal phenotype of the cnx6 mutant, but also recovered the MoCo‐dependent enzyme activities such as xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), aldehyde oxidase (AO), nitrate reductase (NR) and sulfite oxidase (SO).Expression pattern showed that OsCNX6 was richly expressed in seed during embryo maturation by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and RNA in situ hybridization. Furthermore, the OsCNX6 overexpression plants can significantly enhance the MoCo‐dependent enzyme activities, and improved the osmotic and salt stress tolerance without unfavorable phenotypes.Collectively, these data indicated that OsCNX6 participated in MoCo biosynthesis, and is essential for rice development, especially for seed dormancy and germination, and OsCNX6 could be an effective target for improving abiotic stress tolerance in rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An atom economic and environmentally friendly protocol for C-glycosylation of iodoglycals is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]