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Lead chalcogenide quantum dots (QDs) have been considered promising gain media in the near‐infrared region. Precipitation of lead chalcogenide QDs into glasses can significantly improve their stabilities and processabilities using mature fiber‐optic technologies and has great potential for application as a broad‐band optical amplification in optical telecommunication. However, the net optical gain of lead chalcogenide QD‐doped glasses has not been realized upon continuous‐wave (CW) pumping, hindering their application as fiber‐optic amplifiers. Here, the study reports a heterostructured PbS/NaCl QD‐doped glass and realizes a net optical gain in the near‐infrared region upon CW pumping. The photoluminescence quantum efficiencies of these QD‐doped glasses are boosted to 43–75% with significantly improved photo/thermal stabilities, and the gain threshold is reduced to ∼single exciton level due to the passivation and charge doping of the PbS QDs by the NaCl wrapping. As a result, net optical gain in the conventional band of telecommunication is realized from the 1 mm thick PbS QD‐doped glasses under CW pumping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorbate‐mediated strong metal‐support interaction (A‐SMSI) offers a reversible means of altering the selectivity of supported metal catalysts, thereby providing a powerful tool for facile modulation of catalytic performance. However, the fundamental understanding of A‐SMSI remains inadequate and methods for tuning A‐SMSI are still in their nascent stages, impeding its stabilization under reaction conditions. Here, we report that the initial concentration of oxygen vacancy in oxide supports plays a key role in tuning the A‐SMSI between Ru nanoparticles and defected titania (TiO2‐x). Based on this new understanding, we demonstrate the in situ formation of A‐SMSI under reaction conditions, obviating the typically required CO2‐rich pretreatment. The as‐formed A‐SMSI layer exhibits remarkable stability at various temperatures, enabling excellent activity, selectivity and long‐term stability in catalyzing the reverse water gas‐shift reaction. This study deepens the understanding of the A‐SMSI and the ability to stabilize A‐SMSI under reaction conditions represents a key step for practical catalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorbate‐mediated strong metal‐support interaction (A‐SMSI) offers a reversible means of altering the selectivity of supported metal catalysts, thereby providing a powerful tool for facile modulation of catalytic performance. However, the fundamental understanding of A‐SMSI remains inadequate and methods for tuning A‐SMSI are still in their nascent stages, impeding its stabilization under reaction conditions. Here, we report that the initial concentration of oxygen vacancy in oxide supports plays a key role in tuning the A‐SMSI between Ru nanoparticles and defected titania (TiO2‐x). Based on this new understanding, we demonstrate the in situ formation of A‐SMSI under reaction conditions, obviating the typically required CO2‐rich pretreatment. The as‐formed A‐SMSI layer exhibits remarkable stability at various temperatures, enabling excellent activity, selectivity and long‐term stability in catalyzing the reverse water gas‐shift reaction. This study deepens the understanding of the A‐SMSI and the ability to stabilize A‐SMSI under reaction conditions represents a key step for practical catalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prognosis for traumatic brain injury (TBI) depends largely on prompt hemostasis and effective pharmacologic interventions. Natural all‐small‐molecule self‐gelling powder, integrating the advantages of self‐assembled small‐molecule hydrogels and powders, is expected to provide timely and effective prehospital management of TBI. However, the synthesis and application of natural all‐small‐molecule self‐gelling powder is still uncharted territory. In this study, an all‐small‐molecule co‐assembled MGF‐H3BO3‐RUT (MBR) self‐gelling powder is fabricated through the co‐assembly of mangiferin (MGF) and rutin (RUT) in H3BO3/NaOH aqueous solution. Both compounds can bind with boric acid, leading to co‐assembling into hydrogels through hydrogen‐bonding interactions and π–π stacking. MBR self‐gelling powder is then obtained by drying the as‐prepared hydrogels, thus integrating hemostasis and pharmacodynamics into one. Remarkably, it displays robust regeneration capabilities, while retaining excellent self‐healing properties and injectability after drying‐hydration cycles. Moreover, MBR self‐gelling powder not only achieves rapid effective hemostasis but also attenuates conspicuously cerebral edema and inflammatory response after TBI by in situ spraying, exhibiting notable neuroprotective effects without discernible toxic side effects. This study provides a novel assembly strategy and application form for self‐assembled gel materials originating from natural small molecules, offering promising avenues for the treatment of TBI in the acute phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The potential for broadening participation in engineering among Black undergraduates via transfer pathways is considerable, given their large share of the community college population. By understanding the opportunities and challenges presented within the context of transfer, this potential can be realized. Purpose/hypothesis: The goal of this study is to explore ways in which Black students who transitioned from a community college to a 4‐year engineering program describe the institutional factors affecting their transfer processes. Design/method: Drawing from a 3‐year qualitative research study involving approximately 27 Black engineering transfer students at a large, predominantly White, institution, we present data derived through interviews and focus groups with these undergraduates. Results: Participants expressed that they benefited from supportive institutional agents who offered engineering transfer‐related resources. These included both faculty and advisors in their mostly Minority Serving Community Colleges (MSCCs) as well as advisors from the engineering college at the 4‐year institution. In addition, respondents described being part of a number of community college programs, including some for Black collegians, that offered resources for transfer. Nonetheless, some participants shared problems that emerged during the transfer process, including having to self‐navigate confusing transfer websites or self‐advocate to resolve erroneous admissions decisions. Conclusions: We suggest a need to elevate MSCCs as learning environments that can produce future Black engineers. We also recommend a systems‐level approach that brings together community colleges and 4‐year institutions while also accounting for issues related to resources as well as power dynamics that students may encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High entropy monoborides powders are mainly prepared from metal and boron powders which can be costly. In this study, a novel approach starting from mixed oxides, boron carbide, and graphite was first developed to synthesize quaternary monoboride powders by combining multiple boro/carbothermal reductions (MBCTR). As an exemplar, (Mo0.25W0.25Cr0.25Ta0.25)B powders with purity up to 94.3 wt.% were successfully synthesized by heating the mixtures in vacuum at 1650°C for three times, as‐synthesized powders exhibit fine particle size (<1 µm) and uniform elemental distribution. MBCTR not only increased the purity of monoborides but resulted in abundant twins and stacking faults in the final powders. This work has proposed a new and low‐cost strategy of synthesizing high‐purity and fine monoboride powders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we isolated human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) to find the optimal time of LIPUS stimulation and to explore how LIPUS affects inflammatory and osteogenic responses in hPDLCs in an inflammatory environment. The target molecules of LIPUS were identified by high‐throughput sequencing. RT–qPCR and WB were used to detect how LIPUS affected the expression of related genes in TNFα‐induced inflammation. The expression of ROS and inflammatory factors was detected by flow cytometry. Immunohistochemistry was used to further verify gene expression in rats. hPDLCs were isolated successfully. The optimal LIPUS stimulation condition was 45 mW/cm2 for 30 min and continued for 3 days, and this intensity significantly promoted the osteogenesis and mineralization of hPDLCs. LIPUS significantly inhibited the upregulation of IL‐6 and ROS, increased the percentage of cells in the G2 phase, inhibited cell apoptosis, and inhibited the upregulation of TLR5 expression in an inflammatory environment. LIPUS can effectively restrain the inflammation and oxidative stress response of hPDLCs and promote osteogenesis in an inflammatory environment. LIPUS inhibited the periodontal inflammatory response through TLR5 in hPDLCs and dental pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Airway epithelial cells (AECs) regulate the activation of epithelial–mesenchymal trophic units (EMTUs) during airway remodelling through secretion of signalling mediators. However, the major trigger and the intrinsic pathogenesis of airway remodelling is still obscure. Experimental Approach: The differing expressed genes in airway epithelia related to airway remodelling were screened and verified by RNA‐sequencing and signalling pathway analysis. Then, the effects of increased cathepsin K (CTSK) in airway epithelia on airway remodelling and EMTU activation were identified both in vitro and in vivo, and the molecular mechanism was elucidated in the EMTU model. The potential of CTSK as an an effective biomarker of airway remodelling was analysed in an asthma cohort of differing severity. Finally, an inhibitor of CTSK was administered for potential therapeutic intervention for airway remodelling in asthma. Key Results: The expression of CTSK in airway epithelia increased significantly along with the development of airway remodelling in a house dust mite (HDM)‐stressed asthma model. Increased secretion of CTSK from airway epithelia induced the activation of EMTUs by activation of the PAR2‐mediated pathway. Blockade of CTSK inhibited EMTU activation and alleviated airway remodelling as an effective intervention target of airway remodelling. Conclusion and Implications: Increased expression of CTSK in airway epithelia is involved in the development of airway remodelling in asthma through EMTU activation, mediated partly through the PAR2‐mediated signalling pathway. CTSK is a potential biomarker for airway remodelling, and may also be a useful intervention target for airway remodelling in asthma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atomic metal‐nitrogen‐carbon catalysts (M‐N‐Cs) are promising electrocatalysts for the two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e− ORR) for the green production of H2O2. However, the conventional synthetic methods of M‐N‐Cs typically suffer from prolonged possessing time and high energy consumption. Herein, a flash light irradiation‐assisted transient pyrolysis strategy is reported for the rapid and facile synthesis of a Co‐N‐C catalyst consisting of atomic Co‐N4 sites supported on graphene. The resultant Co‐N‐C is highly active and selective as an electrocatalyst for the 2e− ORR, with a H2O2 selectivity up to 94.2%, high mass activity of 113.9 A g−1, high turnover frequency of 34.8 s−1, and an average H2O2 production rate of 12.1 mol g−1 h−1 with an accumulated H2O2 concentration up to 15.2 mmol L−1 when evaluated with a three‐phase flow cell setup. Additionally, this synthetic strategy can be readily expanded to prepare other types of M‐N‐Cs (M = Fe, Ni, Cu, and noble metal Ir) with similar M‐N4 configurations by simply changing the metal precursors, demonstrating the generality of this method. The rapid and general flash‐assisted synthetic strategy for M‐N‐Cs can provide a readily accessible material library and platform for investigating their catalytic properties in different energy conversion processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This paper presents a subthreshold CMOS voltage reference (VR) that utilizes self‐biased circuits. This voltage reference includes temperature compensation circuits to expand its operating temperature range and reduce its temperature coefficient. The proposed CMOS voltage reference is designed using a standard 0.18‐μm CMOS process and has a small area of only 0.005 mm2. Post‐layout simulation results demonstrate that the power consumption of the circuit at room temperature (25°C) is only 1.65 nW at a power supply voltage of 1 V. In this case, the voltage reference output is 316.56 mV, with an average temperature coefficient (TC) of 11.14 ppm/°C in a wide temperature range from −40°C to 140°C. Furthermore, the line sensitivity (LS) of the circuit is 0.024%/V, and the power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of the circuit is −86.5 dB at 10 Hz. In summary, the subthreshold CMOS voltage reference structure proposed in this paper demonstrates excellent performance characteristics, such as low power consumption, a small area, and high‐temperature stability. These features make it a promising candidate for voltage reference for low‐power applications with significant changes in environmental temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Noodles are a popular staple food for many Asian populations. This study aimed to explore the effects of different resting temperatures (15, 25, 35, 45 °C) and humidity (65%, 75%, 85%, 95%) on the quality of long‐life noodles (LL noodles) by considering the moisture migration and microstructure of gluten network in dough sheets. According to results, at resting conditions (25 °C and 95% relative humidity), the dough sheet exhibited a shorter transverse relaxation time of tightly bound water (T21) and higher relative content (A21), which facilitated a tight combination between other components and water molecules. Additionally, a dense and uniform distribution of gluten network was achieved at 25 °C and 95%, due to a reduction in average length and width of gluten network lines, as well as to increased branching rate. Therefore, LL noodles were endowed with a lower cooking loss rate and higher water absorption rate, and the texture properties including chewiness, hardness, smoothness and elasticity were at optimal level. The present work demonstrated the possibility of using a resting at 25 °C and 95% humidity to enhance the uniformity of gluten network and texture of dough sheets and significantly improved the texture properties of LL noodles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of hot carriers as a means to surpass the Shockley‐Queasier limit represents a promising strategy for advancing highly efficient photovoltaic devices. Quantum dots, owing to their discrete energy states and limited multi‐phonon cooling process, are regarded as one of the most promising materials. However, in practical implementations, the presence of numerous defects and discontinuities in colloidal quantum dot (CQD) films significantly curtails the transport distance of hot carriers. In this study, the harnessing of excess energies from hot‐carriers is successfully demonstrated and a world‐record carrier diffusion length of 15 µm is observed for the first time in colloidal systems, surpassing existing hot‐carrier materials by more than tenfold. The observed phenomenon is attributed to the specifically designed honeycomb‐like topological structures in a HgTe CQD superlattice, with its long‐range periodicity confirmed by High‐Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy(HR‐TEM), Selected Area Electron Diffraction(SAED) patterns, and low‐angle X‐ray diffraction (XRD). In such a superlattice, nonlocal hot carrier transport is supported by three unique physical properties: the wavelength‐independent responsivity, linear output characteristics and microsecond fast photoresponse. These findings underscore the potential of HgTe CQD superlattices as a feasible approach for efficient hot carrier collection, thereby paving the way for practical applications in highly sensitive photodetection and solar energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision medicine requires precise regulation of drugs in terms of time, space, and dosage. Exogenous control systems, such as electrical responsiveness, have made great progress. However, wearable or implantable controlled drug release devices still face major challenges due to limitations including limited battery life, large size, and fixed power supply. To overcome these limitations, the fabrication of autonomous devices is available to endure extended periods without reliance on external power sources. As a promising strategy, nanogenerators (NGs) turn body mechanical energy into electricity, powering long‐term drug release. In this review, the current status of drug delivery systems (DDS) is briefly outlined and the importance of self‐driven controlled drug release systems is emphasized. The main types and operational mechanisms of various nanogenerators are introduced. This review also focuses on summarizing the latest progress of self‐powered controlled drug release systems based on nanogenerators (NG‐based CDRs). Additionally, their applications in the field of drug release are introduced in detail. Finally, the existing challenges and future trends of self‐powered NG‐based CDRs are discussed from the perspectives of clinical needs and practical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: We have previously confirmed the efficacy and safety of eltrombopag (ELT) in children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (cITP). However, data on both long‐term exposure and early use of TPO‐RAs are lacking, so further 'field‐practice' evidence on treatment is required. Here, we report the long‐term follow‐up results (between September 2018 and June 2023) of our previous study. The main objective of this study was to retrospectively review our large institutional experience with ITP patients previously enrolled in our paediatric cITP study. We had more than 3 years of follow‐up by June 2023 for treatment patterns and outcomes. A total of 65 patients (28 males) were enrolled, with a median age at ELT initiation of 6.34 (range 1.65, 14.13) years and a follow‐up of 47.07 (36.00, 57.00) months, with 40.36 (10.53, 56.83) months of ELT therapy at the time of analysis. In total, 29.23% (19/65) of patients discontinued ELT due to stable response, and 18.46% (12/65) of patients switched to other ITP therapies due to loss of response (LOR) after 19.13 (14.53, 26.37) months. Of the 19 patients who discontinued ELT due to a stable response, 24.62% (16/65) achieved a 12 m sustained response off‐treatment (SRoT); the last recorded platelet count ranged from 56 to 166 × 109/L (median 107 × 109/L); and 4.62% (3/65) patients relapsed at 5, 6 and 9 months after discontinuation. Of the 12 patients who LOR to ELT after 19.13 (14.53, 26.37) months of therapy, four switched to avatrombopag, three switched to hetrombopag, two switched to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), one underwent splenectomy and two received additional prednisolone under ELT treatment. Thirty‐four patients who tapered and maintained a durable response. The patients with LOR and the patients with tapering were compared; the platelet count at the start of ELT is lower, and the time to response is longer in the patients with LOR. The platelet count at the start of ELT and the time to response may be the predictive factors for LOR during ELT treatment. We report more than 3 years of long‐term clinical data on children with cITP using ELT. These data do not raise any new safety concerns regarding the long‐term use of ELT in children with cITP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Although chemotherapeutics or molecular targeted drugs often elicit profound initial responses, fractional killing capable of driving acquired resistance can persist. Identifying stress‐induced negative feedback or an incoherent feedforward loop (IFFL), which may contribute to fractional killing, is urgently needed. Experimental Approach: Mathematical modelling was used to identify how and to what extent a recently reported Hsp70‐Bim protein–protein interaction (PPI) contributes to the adaptation of the Bcl‐2 network. Experimental validation was made by using a specific inhibitor of Hsp70‐Bim PPI, S1g‐2, as chemical tool. Bifurcation analysis and stochastic simulation were used for the theoretical study of the impact of Hsp70‐Bim PPI on cell‐fate heterogeneity and factional killing. Key Results: The Hsp70‐Bim‐AKT circuit forms an IFFL that greatly contributes to the adaptation of the Bcl‐2‐regulated apoptosis network, thus leading to fractional killing. This adaptive programme enhances noise‐induced cell‐fate heterogeneity by shifting from a saddle‐node to a saddle‐collision transition scenario. Conclusion and Implications: Hsp70‐Bim IFFL serves as a molecular pathway induced by DNA damaging drugs or tyrosine kinase inhibitors that enabled fractional killing, whereby acquired resistance emerges. A synergistic strategy is unveiled for overcoming fractional killing by suppressing Hsp70‐Bim PPI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of the disease severity of acute urticaria (AU) is essential for adequate treatment of patients. However, there are no reliable biomarkers for such an evaluation. In our department, we observed patients with severe AU having elevated plasma D‐dimer levels. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the elevated D‐dimer levels in patients with severe AU in more detail. One hundred and thirty‐nine hospital patients diagnosed with severe AU were enrolled. Clinical laboratory data were collected from electronic medical records. One hundred and seventeen of the patients presented with elevated plasma D‐dimer levels. Compared to the normal group, the elevated group had a significantly higher proportion of patients who were female, younger, febrile, and had a shorter prehospital time (P < 0.05). Univariate regression analysis showed that neutrophil percentage, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels increased as D‐dimer levels increased, while prehospital time showed the opposite trend. Multiple regression analysis was used to estimate the simultaneous effects of CRP and LDH on D‐dimer levels. Patients who responded to additional antibiotic treatment had higher levels of D‐dimer. The group with highly elevated D‐dimer levels required a higher maximum dose of daily glucocorticoids (GCs) to control the symptoms of AU. In conclusion, patients with severe AU might have elevated plasma D‐dimer levels, which are positively correlated with CRP and LDH levels. Patients with severe AU with dramatically elevated D‐dimer levels might need a higher dose of daily GCs and antibiotics to relieve symptoms. D‐dimer may be a reasonable marker to evaluate the severity of AU and guide treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis of a series of temperature‐sensitive non‐classical early Ln(II) (Ln=lanthanide) complexes, [K(2.2.2‐cryptand)][Ln(Cptt)3] (Cptt=C5H3tBu2‐1,3; 1‐Ln; Ln=La−Nd). Complexes 1‐Ln were typically prepared using Schlenk line techniques rather than more common glove box protocols, by the reduction of the parent Ln(III) complexes [Ln(Cptt)3] (2‐Ln) with KC8 in THF in the presence of 2.2.2‐cryptand at −30 °C. The majority of the 2‐Ln series have been reported previously by the salt metathesis reactions of 3 eq. KCptt with parent LnCl3, and these methods were adapted here to afford 2‐Pr. Complexes 1‐Ln and 2‐Pr were characterized by single crystal XRD, elemental analysis, ATR‐IR and UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroscopy; 1‐La and 2‐Pr were additionally characterized by c.w. EPR spectroscopy, and variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements were performed on 2‐Pr. During attempts to synthesize 2‐Nd and 2‐Sm we also obtained small crops of crystals of [Nd(Cptt)2(μ‐I)]2 (3) and [Sm(Cptt)2(μ‐Cl)]2 ⋅ C7H8 (4 ⋅ C7H8), respectively; these complexes were also structurally authenticated, and magnetic data was collected for 4 ⋅ C7H8. The combination of data obtained indicate that the Ln(II) centers in 1‐Ln adopt 4fn5d1 electron configurations, in common with other literature examples of [Ln(CpR)3]− anions (CpR=substituted cyclopentadienyl) for these metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparation of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) with the pretreatments using alkanolamine‐based protic ionic liquids (PILs) with dimeric oxalic acid anions ([(HOA)(H2OA)]−) was fully investigated. The cation type [ethanolamine ([MEA]+), diethanolamine ([DEA]+), triethanolamine ([TEA]+)], and water addition greatly influenced the CNF yields. Under the pretreatment conditions of 110 °C and 3 h, the CNF yields with different PIL‐based systems followed the order: [MEA][(HOA)(H2OA)]>[DEA][(HOA)(H2OA)]>[TEA][(HOA)(H2OA)], similar to their swelling capacities. The highest CNF yield of 85.0 % was obtained after the pretreatment with [MEA][(HOA)(H2OA)]‐water containing 30 wt % PILs. The optimal pH range of PILs‐water was 1.10–1.15. The good recyclability indicated that these inexpensive PILs can be employed as a simple and efficient pretreatment system for preparing CNFs. The physicochemical properties of the prepared CNFs were greatly changed by varying the PILs' pretreatment systems. The thermal stability of CNFs was intimately connected with the crystalline structures and hydrogen bonding modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the further improvement of food safety requirements, the development of fast, highly sensitive, and portable methods for the determination of foodborne hazardous substances has become a new trend in the food industry. In recent years, biosensors and platforms based on functional nucleic acids, along with a range of signal amplification devices and methods, have been established to enable rapid and sensitive determination of specific substances in samples, opening up a new avenue of analysis and detection. In this paper, functional nucleic acid types including aptamers, deoxyribozymes, and G‐quadruplexes which are commonly used in the detection of food source pollutants are introduced. Signal amplification elements include quantum dots, noble metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, DNA walkers, and DNA logic gates. Signal amplification technologies including nucleic acid isothermal amplification, hybridization chain reaction, catalytic hairpin assembly, biological barcodes, and microfluidic system are combined with functional nucleic acids sensors and applied to the detection of many foodborne hazardous substances, such as foodborne pathogens, mycotoxins, residual antibiotics, residual pesticides, industrial pollutants, heavy metals, and allergens. Finally, the potential opportunities and broad prospects of functional nucleic acids biosensors in the field of food analysis are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hercynian Orogeny was caused by the collision of Gondwana and Laurussia in the Mid‐/Late Carboniferous–Early Permian. This orogeny strongly influenced the pattern and evolution of basins and hydrocarbon accumulation on the southern margin of the Tethyan region (i.e., North Africa and the Middle East). Research on the Carboniferous–Early Permian Hercynian Orogeny is of great value in both plate tectonic reconstructions and hydrocarbon exploration. For its influence on basin evolution, some previous studies have considered the modification of the early Palaeozoic basins, but there has been less work on the evolution of the post‐Hercynian Mesozoic basins. We review the available data and re‐analyse the spatiotemporal impacts of this key tectonic event on the evolution of the basins in this region. The Carboniferous–Early Permian Hercynian Orogeny was an important turning point in basin evolution in North Africa and the Middle East. It interrupted the stability of the Gondwana platform and heralded a huge change in the pattern of basins from the uniform pre‐Hercynian Palaeozoic basins to the post‐Hercynian Mesozoic basins characterized by strong segmentation. The Carboniferous–Early Permian Hercynian Orogeny not only modified the pre‐Hercynian Palaeozoic basins but also controlled the distribution and evolution of the post‐Hercynian Mesozoic basins. Large‐scale uplifts were generated among the basins through modification of the inherited palaeohighs and five large NE‐trending arches were newly formed. These uplifts divided the early unified basin into multiple separate basins. Five large‐scale, almost equidistant, NE‐trending arches were generated on the northern margin of Gondwana (the Allala, Sirte, Levant, Al‐Batin and Oman arches), forming the present‐day Palaeozoic Basin pattern with an alternating distribution of uplifts and depressions. The northern part of the large, NE‐trending Hercynian arches collapsed as a result of the extensional stress caused by the opening of the Neotethys Ocean in the Late Permian–Triassic and formed Mesozoic basin depocenters (the Oued Mya–Pelagian basins, the Sirte Basin, the Eastern Mediterranean Basin and the Central Arabian Basin). These depocenters are important oil and gas enrichment zones. The NE‐trending Hercynian arches, the Mesozoic basin depocenters, the opening of the Neotethys Ocean and the segmentation of the basins by the Alpine Orogeny all show relatively consistent east–west‐directed segmentation on the northern margin of Gondwana. This shows that they may have a unified dynamic genetic background. The zone of structural weakness formed by the collision of multiple terranes during the Pan‐African Orogeny may have controlled this segmentation. The inheritance between reformation of the pre‐Hercynian Palaeozoic basins and influence on the post‐Hercynian Mesozoic basins by Carboniferous–Early Permian Hercynian Orogeny, is the result of the tectonics repetitively focused in pre‐existing weaker domains, under the lithospheric mantle modification in the polyphase assembly and break‐up of the supercontinent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcopenia occurs in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). However, the association between sarcopenia and loss of response (LOR) to biologic agents remains unclear. This study explored such an association in CD patients. This retrospective study included 94 CD patients who received biologic therapy. The skeletal muscle cross‐sectional area at the third lumbar was assessed by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging for sarcopenia evaluation. A LOR was defined by fecal calprotectin (FC) < 250 μg/g or >50% reduction from baseline levels or other factors, such as the used agent being replaced by other biologic agents. The association between sarcopenia and LOR was assessed by logistic regression analysis. LOR was observed in 54 patients (57.4%). The prevalence of sarcopenia in the LOR group was higher than that in response group (70.4% vs. 40.0%, p = 0.003). Sarcopenia (odds ratio [OR] = 3.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31–11.54), Montreal L1 type (OR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.06–0.60), perianal lesions (OR = 4.08, 95% CI: 1.31–12.70), and monocytes percentage (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.02–1.57) at baseline were independent associated factors for LOR. Sarcopenia was also associated with LOR in patients who received infliximab (OR = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.11–9.87). Montreal L1 type, perianal lesions, and monocytes percentage (Model 1), and with additional consideration of sarcopenia (Model 2), were developed to predict LOR. Model 2 showed better performance than Model 1 (area under the curve [AUC] 0.82 vs. 0.75). Sarcopenia was associated with the LOR to biological agents or infliximab in adult patients with CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rearranged during transfection (RET) gene is one of the receptor tyrosine kinases and cell‐surface molecules responsible for transmitting signals that regulate cell growth and differentiation. In non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), RET fusion is a rare driver gene alteration associated with a poor prognosis. Fortunately, two selective RET inhibitors (sRETi), namely pralsetinib and selpercatinib, have been approved for treating RET fusion NSCLC due to their remarkable efficacy and safety profiles. These inhibitors have shown the ability to overcome resistance to multikinase inhibitors (MKIs). Furthermore, ongoing clinical trials are investigating several second‐generation sRETis that are specifically designed to target solvent front mutations, which pose a challenge for first‐generation sRETis. The effective screening of patients is the first crucial step in the clinical application of RET‐targeted therapy. Currently, four methods are widely used for detecting gene rearrangements: next‐generation sequencing (NGS), reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Each of these methods has its advantages and limitations. To streamline the clinical workflow and improve diagnostic and treatment strategies for RET fusion NSCLC, our expert group has reached a consensus. Our objective is to maximize the clinical benefit for patients and promote standardized approaches to RET fusion screening and therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of related factors that influence orthodontic treatment time and to identify the predictors of orthodontic treatment duration in a Chinese population. Materials and Methods: Information for 29 sociodemographic, malocclusion and orthodontic treatment characteristics was collected. Patients were divided into two groups: the duration ≤24 months group and duration >24 months group. The treatment dates of the initial visit and end of orthodontic treatment were obtained to calculate duration. The data were subjected to univariate and multivariate logistic regression modelling to quantify the association between characteristics and the treatment duration; odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) are reported. Results: Of 2120 patients, 704 patients (mean age, 15.9 ± 6.0 years) were included. Age, extraction, Bolton ratio (overall), rotated teeth, overjet and crowding (lower arch) were predictors for duration. The nomogram based on predictive factors exhibited strong discrimination ability, with concordance indices of 0.755 (95% CI = 0.712‐0.798) in the training cohort model and 0.717 (95% CI = 0.647‐0.787) in the validation cohort model. The calibration curves for the training and validation cohorts showed that the probabilities of the nomogram agreed well with actual probabilities. Conclusions: Young age, non‐extraction and severe crowding (lower arch) can increase the chance of durations of ≤24 months. Rotated teeth, excessive overjet and Bolton ratio (overall) can increase the chance of durations of >24 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells show great potential for commercialization because of their high power conversion efficiency (PCE). The optical loss originated from the transparent electrode is still a challenge to further improve the PCE of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Here, we developed zirconium‐doped indium oxide (IZrO), a material with low resistivity and high transmittance sputtered at room temperature. It possesses a high mobility of 29.6 cm2/(V·s), a low resistivity of 3.32 × 10−4 Ω·cm, and a low sheet resistance of 25.55 Ω·sq−1 as well as a high average transmittance of 81.55% in a broadband of 400–1200 nm. Moreover, the work function (WF = 4.33 eV) matches well with the energy level of Ag electrode and SnO2 buffer layer in the P‐I‐N type tandem device. Compared with the previous zinc‐doped indium oxide (IZO) transparent electrode device, the absolute efficiency of perovskite/silicon tandem devices based on IZrO electrode is about 0.6% higher. The champion P‐I‐N type perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells employing IZrO as the front conducts show efficiency of 28.28% (area of 0.5036 cm2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lymphangiogenesis in tumors provides an auxiliary route for cancer cell invasion to drainage lymph nodes, facilitating the development of lymphatic metastasis (LM). However, the mechanisms governing tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic permeability in gastric cancer (GC) remain largely unknown. Here, the unprecedented role and mechanism of cysteine‐rich intestinal protein‐1 (CRIP1) in mediating the development of GC LM is uncovered. A series of assays are performed to identify downstream targets of CRIP1, and rescue experiments are performed to confirm the effects of this regulatory axis on LM. CRIP1 overexpression facilitates LM in GC by promoting lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel permeability. CRIP1 promotes phosphorylation of cAMP responsive element binding protein 1(CREB1), which then mediates vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC) expression necessary for CRIP1‐induced lymphangiogenesis and transcriptionally promotes C‐C motif chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) expression. CCL5 recruits macrophages to promote tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) secretion, eventually enhancing lymphatic permeability. The study highlights CRIP1 regulates the tumor microenvironment to promote lymphangiogenesis and LM in GC. Considering the current limited understanding of LM development in GC, these pathways provide potential targets for future therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a malignant tumor originating from the pleura, and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. Due to the insidious onset and strong local invasiveness of MPM, most patients are diagnosed in the late stage and early screening and treatment for high‐risk populations are crucial. The treatment of MPM mainly includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Immunotherapy and electric field therapy have also been applied, leading to further improvements in patient survival. The Mesothelioma Group of the Yangtze River Delta Lung Cancer Cooperation Group (East China LUng caNcer Group, ECLUNG; Youth Committee) developed a national consensus on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of MPM based on existing clinical research evidence and the opinions of national experts. This consensus aims to promote the homogenization and standardization of MPM diagnosis and treatment in China, covering epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and follow‐up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Others A recent study reported that the risk of malignancy in SAPHO patients was higher than that in patients with psoriatic arthritis (hazard ratio 6.70; 95% confidence interval 2.227-20.13).[30] The etiology is not completely understood, but the chronic inflammation caused by SAPHO syndrome may play a critical role.[30] CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE In conclusion, a wide range of manifestations are associated with SAPHO syndrome besides synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis. Moreover, other pulmonary manifestations, such as patchy shadows (32.8%), ground-glass opacity (16.4%), and pleural thickening (13.4%), were not uncommon in SAPHO patients.[29] The etiology of brain and pulmonary manifestation within SAPHO syndrome is not understood. SAPHO (synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis) syndrome is a rare clinical entity. A recent case-control study compared the bone mass and prevalence of osteoporosis between healthy persons and SAPHO patients.[14] Twenty-seven SAPHO patients and 70 healthy persons were included. [Extracted from the article]

Daphnetin is a natural coumarin compound with anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidant, and anti‐apoptotic effects, which has been previously demonstrated to ameliorate DSS‐induced ulcerative colitis (UC). However, the molecular mechanism involved in the daphnetin‐mediated pathological process of UC remains unclarified. The current study used DSS‐induced mice and LPS‐challenged Caco‐2 cells as UC models. Bodyweight, disease activity index (DAI) score, and colon length were used to evaluate the severity of colitis. The histological changes in colon tissues were observed using H&E and PAS staining. Protein levels were detected by western blot. The malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were used to assess oxidative stress. Inflammatory responses were evaluated by detecting the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IFN‐r, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α) using flow cytometry. CCK‐8 and TUNEL assay were employed to determine cell growth and cell death, respectively. The results showed that daphnetin could ameliorate the severity of colitis and attenuate the damage to intestinal structure in DSS‐induced mice. Compared with the DSS group, the expression of ZO‐1, occludin, and anti‐apoptotic protein (BCL‐2) was increased while the level of pro‐apoptotic proteins (Bax and cleaved caspase 3) was decreased in DSS + daphnetin group. The activity of MDA and SOD, as well as the levels of inflammatory cytokines were substantially suppressed by daphnetin. In consistency, in vitro assays indicated that daphnetin protected Caco‐2 cells from LPS‐stimulated viability impairment, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Furthermore, daphnetin suppressed the activity of JAK2/STAT signaling in LPS‐induced Caco‐2 cells in a REG3A‐dependent manner. REG3A overexpression abated the ameliorative effects of daphnetin while JAK2/STAT signaling inhibition functioned synergically with daphnetin in LPS‐stimulated Caco‐2 cells. Collectively, this study deepened the understanding of the therapeutic effects of daphnetin on UC and uncovered for the first time that daphnetin functioned through REG3A‐activated JAK2/STAT3 signaling in UC, which may provide novel insights for the treatment of UC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triangular meshes of superior quality are important for geometric processing in practical applications. Existing approximative CVT‐based remeshing methodology uses planar polygonal facets to fit the original surface, simplifying the computational complexity. However, they usually do not consider surface curvature. Topological errors and outliers can also occur in the close sheet surface remeshing, resulting in wrong meshes. With this regard, we present a novel method named PowerRTF, an extension of the restricted tangent face (RTF) in conjunction with the power diagram, to better approximate the original surface with curvature adaption. The idea is to introduce a weight property to each sample point and compute the power diagram on the tangent face to produce area‐controlled polygonal facets. Based on this, we impose the variable‐capacity constraint and centroid constraint to the PowerRTF, providing the trade‐off between mesh quality and computational efficiency. Moreover, we apply a normal verification‐based inverse side point culling method to address the topological errors and outliers in close sheet surface remeshing. Our method independently computes and optimizes the PowerRTF per sample point, which is efficiently implemented in parallel on the GPU. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness, flexibility, and efficiency of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reproduce the tactile perception of multiple contacts on the human tongue surface, it is necessary to use a pressure measurement device with high spatial resolution. However, reducing the size of the array sensing unit and optimizing the lead arrangement still pose challenges. This article describes a deconvolution neural network (DNN) for improving the resolution of tongue surface tactile imaging, which alleviates this tradeoff between tactile sensing performance and hardware simplicity. The model can work without high‐resolution tactile imaging data of tongue surface: First, in the compression test using artificial tongues, the tactile image matrix (7 × 7) with low resolution can be acquired by sensor array with a sparse electrode arrangement. Then, through finite element analysis modeling, combined with the distribution rule of additional stress on the two‐dimensional plane, the pressure data around the existing detection points are calculated, further expanding the tactile image matrix data amount. Finally, the DNN, based on its efficient nonlinear reconstruction attributes, uses the low‐resolution and high‐resolution tactile imaging matrix generated by compression test and finite element simulation, respectively, to train, and outputs high‐resolution tactile imaging information (13 × 13) closer to the tactile perception of the tongue surface. The results show that the overall accuracy of the tactile image matrix calculated by this model is above 88%. Then, we deduced the spatial difference graph of the resilience index of the three kinds of ham sausages through the high‐resolution tactile imaging matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Orthognathic surgery has been performed with increasing frequency for the treatment of severe malocclusion, yet the postsurgical neuromuscular recovery of patients has been inadequately studied. Objective: To investigate the effect of short‐term and simple jaw motor training on accuracy and precision of jaw motor control in patients following orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. Methods: Twenty patients who had completed preoperative orthodontics, 20 patients who had undergone bimaxillary orthognathic surgery and 20 age‐and‐gender‐matched healthy controls participated in the study. Participants were asked to perform 10 continuous jaw opening and finger lifting movements before and after a 30‐min motor training session. The variability in the amplitude of these simple movements was expressed as percentage in relation to the target position (accuracy – Daccu) and as coefficient of variation (precision – CVprec) to describe the motor performance. Furthermore, the changes in amplitude before and after training were measured in percentage. Results: Daccu and CVprec of simple jaw and finger movements significantly decreased after motor training (p ≤.018) in all groups. The relative changes in finger movements were higher than jaw movements (p <.001) but with no differences among the groups (p ≥.247). Conclusion: Both accuracy and precision of simple jaw and finger movements improved after short‐term motor training in all three groups, demonstrating the inherent potential for optimization of novel motor tasks. Finger movements improved more than jaw movements but with no differences between groups, suggesting that changes in occlusion and craniofacial morphology are not associated with impaired neuroplasticity or physiological adaptability of jaw motor function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dense and light B4C–(Ti0.9Cr0.1)B2 composites with excellent mechanical properties were designed and reactively densified from boron, TiC, and Cr3C2 powder mixtures by spark plasma sintering in this work. Due to solid solution effects, the as‐obtained B4C–(Ti0.9Cr0.1)B2 composite exhibited obviously enhanced hardness (43.2 ± 3.0 GPa at 9.8 N) and higher specific hardness (12.82 GPa cm3 g−1) together with improved flexural strength (663 ± 39 MPa) and fracture toughness (KIC, 5.40 ± 0.25 MPa m1/2), compared to the counterparts such as B4C–TiB2 composite and B4C. Toughening contributions in the as‐sintered ceramics were quantitatively analyzed, and higher KIC in B4C–(Ti0.9Cr0.1)B2 was mainly due to their larger initial fracture toughness and compressive stress toughening. The combination of these properties makes B4C–(Ti0.9Cr0.1)B2 composites exhibit great potentials in the application as lightweight structural materials. This work provided an inspiration to achieve lightweight materials with high performance through doping minor‐amount atoms into the matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are a relatively rare type of thoracic tumor, accounting for less than 1% of all tumors. The incidence of TETs is about 3.93/10000 in China, slightly higher than that of European and American countries. For resectable TETs, complete surgical resection is recommended. Radiotherapy or chemotherapy may be used as postoperative adjuvant treatment. Treatment for advanced, unresectable TETs consist mainly of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but there is a lack of standard first‐ and second‐line treatment regimens. Recently, targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising outcomes in TETs. Based on the currently available clinical evidences and the opinions of the national experts, the Thymic Oncology Group of Yangtze River Delta Lung Cancer Cooperation Group (East China LUng caNcer Group, ECLUNG; Youth Committee) established this Chinese expert consensus on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of TETs, covering the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and follow‐up of TETs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC) were associated with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options after first‐line therapy currently. In this study, we sought to evaluate the feasibility and tolerability of sintilimab plus anlotinib as the second‐line treatment for patients with advanced BTC. Eligible patients had histologically confirmed locally advanced unresectable or metastatic BTC and failed after the first‐line treatment were recruited. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Simultaneously, association between clinical outcomes and genomic profiling and gut microbiome were explored to identify the potential biomarkers for this regimen. Twenty patients were consecutively enrolled and received study therapy. The trail met its primary endpoint with a median OS of 12.3 months (95% CI: 10.1‐14.5). Only four (20%) patients were observed of the grade 3 treatment‐related adverse events (TRAEs) and no grade 4 or 5 TRAEs were detected. Mutation of AGO2 was correlated with a significantly longer OS. Abundance of Proteobacteria was associated with inferior clinical response. Therefore, sintilimab plus anlotinib demonstrated encouraging anti‐tumor activity with a tolerable safety profile and deserved to be investigated in larger randomized trials for patients with advanced BTC subsequently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, great strides have been made toward the development of immune cell‐based therapies in the treatment of refractory malignancies. Primary T cells and NK cells armed with chimeric antigen receptors have achieved tremendous clinical success especially in patients with leukaemia and lymphoma. However, the autologous origin of these effector cells means that a single batch of laboriously engineered cells treats only a certain patient, leading to high cost, ununiform product quality, and risk of delay in treatment, and therefore results in restricted accessibility of these therapies to the overwhelming majority of the patients. Addressing these tricky obstacles calls for the development of universal immune cell products that can be provided 'off the shelf' in a large amount. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), owing to their unique capacity of self‐renewal and the potential of multi‐lineage differentiation, offer an unlimited cell source to generate uniform and scalable engineered immune cells. This review discusses the major advances in the development of PSC‐derived immune cell differentiation approaches and their therapeutic potential in treating both hematologic malignancies and solid tumours. We also consider the potency of PSC‐derived immune cells as an alternative therapeutic strategy for other diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, fibrosis, infections, et al. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self‐catalyzed addition of a chiral vicinal diamine with two isobutyraldehyde molecules and the subsequent diaza‐Cope rearrangement between two diimines were investigated systematically by M06‐2X method in conjunction with the 6‐311+G(d) basis set. Our theoretical model shows that, 1) the solvent‐free coupling of the vicinal diamine and isobutyraldehyde molecules produces a relative stable compounds with an imidazolidine‐dihydro‐1,3‐oxazine fused ring instead of imine intermediates; 2) the assistance of a yielded water molecule can significantly decrease the free‐energy barriers of the ring‐recombination and ring‐opening processes by borrowing a hydrogen atom from it; 3) the two addition processes with the free‐energy barriers of 150.0 and 159.0 kJ/mol, respectively, and the successive formation of the five‐membered ring with a barrier of 164.1 kJ/mol control the whole reaction system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the reproductive outcomes by comparing two kinds of antibiotic schemes for chronic endometritis (CE) in infertile women's fresh embryo transfer (FET) cycles and identify subgroups of patients with CE who need long‐term antibiotics treatment. Design: A retrospective cohort study. Setting: University‐based reproductive medical center. Patient(s): A total of 492 women with CD138‐positive plasmacytes per 10 high‐power fields (CD138+/10HPF). Intervention(s): Hysteroscopy was performed and endometrial biopsy samples were collected in the proliferative phase. Long‐term or short‐term antibiotics were administrated. After antibiotics treatment, patients underwent in vitro fertilization (IVF)/ intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and received ET. Main Outcome Measure(s): Ongoing pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate, clinical miscarriage rate. Result (s): There were no significant differences in pregnancy outcomes between patients with CD138+/10HPF 1–4 (low‐grade CE) who received long‐term antibiotic therapy and short‐term antibiotics groups. Among women with CD138+/10HPF ≥5 (high‐grade CE), live birth rate (48.4% vs. 14.7%, p =.001), clinical pregnancy rate (66.7% vs. 35.3%, p =.002) and ongoing pregnancy rate (59.1% vs. 20.6%, p <.001) in the long‐term arm were significantly higher than that in the short‐term arm. The clinical miscarriage rate (21.0% vs. 58.3%, p =.013) was statistically lower in the long‐term antibiotics group, but no statistical differences were found between the two groups in preterm delivery rate. Conclusion: Long‐term antibiotics treatment was a sensible choice to improve pregnancy outcomes in women with CD138+/10HPF ≥5 (high‐grade CE). The pregnancy outcomes of women with low‐grade CE only defined by histological diagnosis were not greatly improved after antibiotic therapy. Therefore, we recommended the proper diagnosis criteria were CD138+/10HPF ≥5 pathologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soils are composed of wide‐ranged grains and grain size distribution (GSD) is the fundamental characteristic determining the physical and hydraulic properties. Previously we have proposed a GSD function for various soils. However, the remarkable discrepancy in the distribution occurs in some soils, which not only limits the applicability of the function but also raises doubt as to the possibility of a universal GSD function. In this study we modify the GSD function to a general form of P(D) ~ D−μexp(−D/Dc)n, which introduces a new exponent n for the grain size scale. It turns out that this modification has eliminated the discrepancies and universally applies to a great variety of soils from around the world (hence to be a universal GSD function, UGSD). The exponent n is proved to be a scaling factor of grain size in log‐scale and divides soils into three categories of n < 1 n > 1, and n = 1. Furthermore, soils of surface processes (e.g., erosion, tillage, desertification, landslides, avalanches, deposition, and sediment transportation) remain in the same category and preserve the UGSD function. Thus, the UGSD not only provides parameters μ and Dc as synthetic indices for soil properties (e.g., as indices for spatial heterogeneity or variables for pedotransfer functions), but also describes texture changes in dynamic processes. The UGSD function represents a 'conservative law' underlying soil genesis and processes, which fills the knowledge gaps related to the lack of universally applicable indices for soil properties, and thus has universal applications in soil classification, spatial variability, as well as dynamical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral processing is a combination of various actions, the detailed description of which has always been the subject of relevant research. By means of imaging technology and sensory evaluation, more knowledge of oral processing have been accumulated. Presently, the advances in sensory technology have added quantitative parameters to the qualitative description of oral processing, which also enriched the specifics of each action. Previous studies have shown that oral processing includes lip closure, dental occlusion, masticatory muscles activity, tongue movement, and swallowing, whose processing contains rich information such as the movement of organ and the intensity of organ contacts. "Quantification" was taken in this review as the basic feature of in situ detection information, the relevant parameters and feasible methods for the quantitative description of each activity was recorded in detail. In addition, basic problems and feasible optimization schemes of the existing in situ detection device are also proposed in the hope of promoting the development of in situ detection device thus providing available information for the description of oral processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) possesses tyrosine kinase activity and participates in cell growth, differentiation and migration, and survival. Its alterations, mainly including mutations, amplifications, and overexpression are associated with poor prognosis and are one of the major drivers in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Several clinical trials had been investigating on the treatments of HER2‐altered NSCLC, including conventional chemotherapy, programmed death 1 (PD‐1) inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs), however, the results were either disappointing or encouraging, but inconsistent. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T‐DXd) was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration as the first targeted agent for treating HER2‐mutant NSCLC. Effective screening of patients is the key to the clinical application of HER2‐targeted agents such as TKIs and ADCs. Various testing methods are nowadays available, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), next‐generation sequencing (NGS), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), immunohistochemistry (IHC), etc. Each method has its pros and cons and should be reasonably assigned to appropriate patients for diagnosis and guiding treatment decisions. To help standardize the clinical workflow, our expert group reached a consensus on the clinical management of HER2‐altered NSCLC, focusing on the diagnosis and treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells on commercially textured silicon with conformal perovskite top cells allow compatibility with standard industrial processes of silicon photovoltaic, as well as maximization of light trapping at the least cost. However, the efficiency is still limited by unsatisfactory open‐circuit voltage (VOC) and fill factor (FF), owing to the challenge of growing high‐quality perovskite film on textured substrates and the lack of particularly effective passivation at the inferior interface between perovskite and C60. Different from traditionally electricity‐insulating passivator, herein, a conductive organic amine salt is introduced into this interface to suppress nonradiative recombination loss and promote carriers transfer synchronously, significantly increasing the VOC while preserving high FF, thus improving the efficiency substantially. Finally, a champion efficiency of up to 28.51% is obtained. Furthermore, due to the favorable electrical properties of this molecule, there is a wide processing window for the passivation, which helps to achieve an efficiency of 25.13% when the active area is enlarged to 11.879 cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and characterization of an acyclic silylone (MIC)2Si 2 (MIC=1,3‐di(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3‐triazol‐5‐ylidene) supported by a mesoionic carbene was reported. 2 was obtained by the reduction of (MIC)SiCl41 with 4 molar equivalents of potassium graphite in toluene at −10 °C. Theoretical calculations on 2 reveal that the silicon center is highly electron‐rich and bears two lone‐pairs of electrons. Preliminary reactivity study shows that 2 can coordinate to two CuCl molecules to furnish a dinuclear copper(I) complex (MIC)2Si(CuCl)23. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gene fusions can drive tumor development for multiple types of cancer. Currently, many drugs targeting gene fusions are being approved for clinical application. At present, tyrosine receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitors targeting neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusions are among the first "tumor agnostic" drugs approved for pan‐cancer use. Representative TRK inhibitors, including larotrectinib and entrectinib, have shown high efficacy for many types of cancer. At the same time, several second‐generation drugs designed to overcome first‐generation drug resistance are undergoing clinical development. Due to the rarity of NTRK gene fusions in common cancer types and technical issues regarding the complexity of fusion patterns, effectively screening patients for TRK inhibitor treatment in routine clinical practice is challenging. Different detection methods including immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, and (DNA and/or RNA‐based) next‐generation sequencing have pros and cons. As such, recommending suitable tests for individual patients and ensuring the quality of tests is essential. Moreover, at present, there is a lack of systematic review for the clinical efficacy and development status of first‐ and second‐generation TRK inhibitors. To resolve the above issues, our expert group has reached a consensus regarding the diagnosis and treatment of NTRK gene fusion solid tumors, aiming to standardize clinical practice with the goal of benefiting patients with NTRK gene fusions treated with TRK inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aryl‐aryl linked two‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D‐COFs) were synthesized by interfacial trimerization of 4,4′‐diacetylbiphenyl. The 2D‐COFs presented rigid skeleton structure, regular porosity and micron‐scale layered nanosheet structure, which can be easily exfoliated by sonication without destroying the micron size. The integration of 2D‐COFs and cellulose matrix via non‐solvent‐induced phase separation has facilely generated 2D‐COFs/cellulose composite monolith with hierarchical structure bearing nano/micro scale pores and 2D/3D dimensions. The composite monolith material has been successfully applied to dye adsorption using methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) as model adsorbates under aqueous conditions. At an initial dye concentration of 200 mg L−1 and neutral pH conditions, excellent adsorption capacities were presented (91.5 mg g−1 for MB, 67.3 mg g−1 for RhB), with satisfactory recyclability and good compatibility to different dye concentrations and pH environment. We anticipate the techniques will broaden the fabrication of COFs and related composite materials, and enable promising practical applications in porous materials and waste water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]