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Aims: Brain structural alterations begin long before the presentation of brain disorders; therefore, we aimed to systematically investigate a wide range of influencing factors on neuroimaging markers of brain health. Methods: Utilizing data from 30,651 participants from the UK Biobank, we explored associations between 218 modifiable factors and neuroimaging markers of brain health. We conducted an exposome‐wide association study using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) technique. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) were further employed to estimate potential nonlinear correlations. Weighted standardized scores for neuroimaging markers were computed based on the estimates for individual factors. Finally, stratum‐specific analyses were performed to examine differences in factors affecting brain health at different ages. Results: The identified factors related to neuroimaging markers of brain health fell into six domains, including systematic diseases, lifestyle factors, personality traits, social support, anthropometric indicators, and biochemical markers. The explained variance percentage of neuroimaging markers by weighted standardized scores ranged from 0.5% to 7%. Notably, associations between systematic diseases and neuroimaging markers were stronger in older individuals than in younger ones. Conclusion: This study identified a series of factors related to neuroimaging markers of brain health. Targeting the identified factors might help in formulating effective strategies for maintaining brain health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post‐modification of porous materials with molecular modulators has emerged as a well‐established strategy for improving gas adsorption and separation. However, a notable challenge lies in maintaining porosity and the limited applicability of the current method. In this study, we employed the mechanochemical “Cage‐on‐MOF” strategy, utilizing porous coordination cages (PCCs) with intrinsic pores and apertures as surface modulators to improve the gas adsorption and separation properties of the parent MOFs. We demonstrated the fast and facile preparation of 28 distinct MOF@PCC composites by combining 7 MOFs with 4 PCCs with varying aperture sizes and exposed functional groups through a mechanochemical reaction in 5 mins. Only the combinations of PCCs and MOFs with closely matched aperture sizes exhibited enhanced gas adsorption and separation performance. Specifically, MOF‐808@PCC‐4 exhibited a significantly increased C2H2 uptake (+64 %) and a longer CO2/C2H2 separation retention time (+40 %). MIL‐101@PCC‐4 achieved a substantial C2H2 adsorption capacity of 6.11 mmol/g. This work not only highlights the broad applicability of the mechanochemical “Cage‐on‐MOF” strategy for the functionalization of a wide range of MOFs but also establishes potential design principles for the development of hybrid porous materials with enhanced gas adsorption and separation capabilities, along with promising applications in catalysis and intracellular delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of poison dart frog indolizidine alkaloids (−)‐209D, (−)‐209B and (−)‐223V were accomplished, with a common tricyclic lactone skeleton as the starting compound, in overall yields of 8.8 %, 5.5 %, and 5.2 %, respectively. The construction of the C7−C8 bond in the synthesis of 209D involves simple ring closure metathesis and hydrogenation reactions. However, in the synthesis of 209B and 223V, the C7−C8 bond and the stereochemistry of C8, is achieved through radical cyclization reactions controlled by allylic 1,3‐strain. Cleavage of the excess carbon on the C5 for all the related intermediates were done by Barton decarboxylation protocol. Reduction of the corresponding indolizidin‐3‐ones by LAH completed the total synthesis of these three target molecules. The quantum mechanics calculations were performed on α‐amidyl carbon radical intermediates to account for the observed diastereomeric ratio (~9 : 1) of the key Barton decarboxylation step. Ultimately, the synthesis of 3‐epi‐(−)‐223AB was accomplished in 51.6 % through the cuprate addition to the activated lactam of a late intermediate in the synthesis of (−)‐167B. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship among polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), endometrial cancer (EC), and glycometabolism remains unclear. We explored shared genes between PCOS and EC, using bioinformatics to unveil their pathogenic connection and influence on EC prognosis. Gene Expression Omnibus datasets GSE226146 (PCOS) and GSE196033 (EC) were used. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify the central genes. Candidate markers were screened using dataset GSE54250. Differences in marker expression were confirmed in mouse PCOS and human EC tissues using RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry. The effect of PGD on EC proliferation and migration was explored using Ki‐67 and Transwell assays. PGD's impact on the glycometabolic pathway within carbon metabolism was assessed by quantifying glucose content and lactic acid production. R software identified 31 common genes in GSE226146 and GSE196033. Gene Ontology functional classification revealed enrichment in the "purine nucleoside triphosphate metabolism process," with key Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways related to "carbon metabolism." The PPI network identified 15 hub genes. HK2, NDUFS8, PHGDH, PGD, and SMAD3 were confirmed as candidate markers. The RT‐PCR analysis validated distinct HK2 and PGD expression patterns in mouse PCOS ovarian tissue and human EC tissue, as well as in normal and EC cells. Transfection experiments with Ishikawa cells further confirmed PGD's influence on cell proliferation and migration. Suppression of PGD expression impeded glycometabolism within the carbon metabolism of EC cells, suggesting PGD as a significant PCOS risk factor impacting EC proliferation and migration through modulation of single carbon metabolism. These findings highlight PGD's pivotal role in EC onset and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though previous studies revealed the potential associations of elevated levels of plasma fibrinogen with dementia, there is still limited understanding regarding the influence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers on these associations. We sought to investigate the interrelationships among fibrinogen, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers, and cognition in non‐demented adults. We included 1996 non‐demented adults from the Chinese Alzheimer's Biomarker and LifestylE (CABLE) study and 337 from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. The associations of fibrinogen with AD biomarkers and cognition were explored using multiple linear regression models. The mediation analyses with 10 000 bootstrapped iterations were conducted to explore the mediating effects of AD biomarkers on cognition. In addition, interaction analyses and subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the influence of covariates on the relationships between fibrinogen and AD biomarkers. Participants exhibiting low Aβ42 were designated as A+, while those demonstrating high phosphorylated tau (P‐tau) and total tau (Tau) were labeled as T+ and N+, respectively. Individuals with normal measures of Aβ42 and P‐tau were categorized as the A−T− group, and those with abnormal levels of both Aβ42 and P‐tau were grouped under A+T+. Fibrinogen was higher in the A+ subgroup compared to that in the A− subgroup (p = 0.026). Fibrinogen was higher in the A+T+ subgroup compared to that in the A−T− subgroup (p = 0.011). Higher fibrinogen was associated with worse cognition and Aβ pathology (all p < 0.05). Additionally, the associations between fibrinogen and cognition were partially mediated by Aβ pathology (mediation proportion range 8%–28%). Interaction analyses and subgroup analyses showed that age and ApoE ε4 affect the relationships between fibrinogen and Aβ pathology. Fibrinogen was associated with both cognition and Aβ pathology. Aβ pathology may be a critical mediator for impacts of fibrinogen on cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trehalase (TRE) is a key enzyme for degrading trehalose, which plays a vital role in the growth and development of insects. Although validamycin, a compound belonging to a class of efficient antibiotics and fungicides, can control pests by suppressing TRE activities, it remains unknown whether it acts on both trehalose and chitin metabolism in Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major pest of maize (Zea mays L., Poaceae). This study investigated the changes in trehalose metabolism after validamycin treatment in S. frugiperda and its effects on the downstream chitin synthesis pathway. Compared with the control, S. frugiperda exhibited varying degrees of mortality after treatment with four concentrations of validamycin, showing a dose‐dependent increase in mortality rate. The mortality rates 24 and 48 h after treatment with 0.07 mg μL−1 validamycin were 35.6% and 42.2%, respectively, indicating the effective lethal concentration. Treatment with 0.07 mg μL−1 validamycin led to developmental delay, abnormal molting, and death in S. frugiperda, but it exerted no lasting effects on the survival rate, pupal weight, and phenotype during its subsequent developmental stages. At 24 h after validamycin treatment, TRE1 and TRE2 activities and glucose content decreased significantly, whereas the trehalose content increased significantly. Treatment with validamycin significantly upregulated TRE1 and TRE2 expression after 24 and 48 h and downregulated the mRNA expression of chitin synthase A and B genes. However, after 72 h, chitin content was not significantly affected. Hence, validamycin can destroy the dynamic transformation balance of trehalose and glucose by inhibiting the activities of the two TREs, and further affect the expression of downstream chitin synthase genes. These findings provide a theoretical basis for using TRE inhibitors to control S. frugiperda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pore structure characteristics of cementitious materials play a critical role in the transport properties of concrete structures. This paper develops a novel framework for modeling chloride penetration in concrete, considering the pore structure‐dependent model parameters. In the framework, a multi‐scale transport model was derived by linking the chloride diffusivities with pore size distributions (PSDs). Based on the three‐dimensional (3D) microstructure generated by “porous growth” and “hard core‐soft shell” methods, two sub‐models were computationally developed for determining the multi‐modal PSDs and pore size‐related chloride diffusivities. The predicted results by these series of models were compared with corresponding experimental data. The results indicated that by adopting pore size‐related diffusivities, even if the total porosities were the same, the proposed multi‐scale chloride transport model could better capture the effect of different PSDs on chloride penetration profiles, while the model without pore structure‐depended parameters would ignore the differences. Compared with the reference transport models, which adopt averaged chloride diffusivities, the chloride penetration depths predicted by the proposed multi‐scale model are in better agreement with experimental data, with 10%–25% reduced prediction error. This multi‐scale transport model is hoped to provide a novel computational approach on 3D microstructure generation and better reveal the underlying mechanism of the chloride penetration process in concrete from a microscopic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic‐metal coordination materials with rich structural diversity are considered as promising electrode materials for rechargeable sodium‐ion batteries. However, the electrochemical performance can be constrained by the limited number of active sites and structural instability under the discharge/charge process. Herein, organometallic polymer microspheres (Fe‐PDA‐220) with a unique d‐π conjugated structure was designed and successfully constructed through a simple synchronous polymerization and coordination reactions. Polymerization of phenylenediamine was initiated by Fe3+ and Fe2+ ions generated synchronously during the polymerization integrated with poly‐aminoquinone chains to form Fe−C12N8 active centers. Used as electrode materials for sodium‐ion batteries, the distinctive Fe−C bond significantly boosts the structural stability, and the π‐d conjugation system could facilitate electron transfer. A high reversible capacity of 345 mAh g−1 was delivered at 0.1 A g−1 and a capacity of 106 mAh g−1 was maintained even after discharged/charged at 1.0 A g−1 for 5000 cycles, outperforming most reported coordination materials. Spectroscopic and electronic analyses revealed that a two‐electron reaction occurred per active unit, accompanied by the reversible redox evolution of the C=N groups and Fe ions during the sodiation/desodiation. This work provides a promising and efficient strategy for boosting the electrochemical performance of organic electrode materials by the design of organometallic polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐valent chromium catalysts are cheap and less toxic compared to other transition metal catalysts. Here in, we reported a ligand‐free chromium(III)‐catalyzed manganese reductive cross‐coupling of unactivated alkyl electrophiles, such as alkyl sulfonates and alkyl chlorides, with trisulfide dioxides as thiolation agents to form carbon−sulfur bonds. The powerful method featured ample substrate scope and wide functional group tolerance, constructing a large number of unsymmetrical disulfides under simple conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct ortho‐alkynylation of substituted phenylalanine has been successfully achieved through methoxyiminoacyl (MIA)‐mediated Pd‐catalyzed C−H functionalization. This innovative protocol showcases the ability to apply a diverse range of phenylalanine substrates, resulting in the efficient synthesis of alkynylation benzylamine derivatives with notable effectiveness. Computational investigations further revealed that the fluoride ion enhances the electropositivity of Pd(IV) and the interaction between C1 and C2 within the transition state of the reductive elimination, which significantly expedites the reductive elimination step in the alkynylation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thioredoxins (TRXs) are central to redox regulation, modulating enzyme activities to adapt metabolism to environmental changes. Previous research emphasized mitochondrial and microsomal TRX o1 and h2 influence on mitochondrial metabolism, including photorespiration and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Our study aimed to compare TRX‐based regulation circuits towards environmental cues mainly affecting photorespiration. Metabolite snapshots, phenotypes and CO2 assimilation were compared among single and multiple TRX mutants in the wild‐type and the glycine decarboxylase T‐protein knockdown (gldt1) background. Our analyses provided evidence for additive negative effects of combined TRX o1 and h2 deficiency on growth and photosynthesis. Especially metabolite accumulation patterns suggest a shared regulation mechanism mainly on mitochondrial dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (mtLPD1)‐dependent pathways. Quantification of pyridine nucleotides, in conjunction with 13C‐labelling approaches, and biochemical analysis of recombinant mtLPD1 supported this. It also revealed mtLPD1 inhibition by NADH, pointing at an additional measure to fine‐tune it's activity. Collectively, we propose that lack of TRX o1 and h2 perturbs the mitochondrial redox state, which impacts on other pathways through shifts in the NADH/NAD+ ratio via mtLPD1. This regulation module might represent a node for simultaneous adjustments of photorespiration, the TCA cycle and branched chain amino acid degradation under fluctuating environmental conditions. Summary statement: Thioredoxins o1 and h2 concertedly adapt the performance of mtLPD1‐dependent pathways towards short‐ and long‐term environmental changes. Simultaneous adjustments of mitochondrial pathway fluxes are achieved through fine tuning of mtLPD1 activity via redox regulation and subcellular NADH/NAD+ ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Amino acids (AAs) are the building blocks of proteins, but they also serve as biological compounds in biochemical processes, and d‐AA isomers are increasingly being recognized as important signaling molecules. As the main organic substrate used by cells in the intestinal tract, the role of the chiral specificity of glutamine is still largely ignored. RESULTS: In a previous study, we found that d‐glutamine affected the quorum sensing of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum A3, promoted the release of signaling molecule AI‐2 and up‐regulated the expression of the LuxS gene. The results showed that when d‐glutamine and L. plantarum A3 were simultaneously applied to a mouse model, the diversity and abundance of intestinal flora in both male and female mice were increased. Interestingly, the simultaneous effect of d‐glutamine and L. plantarum A3 on the bacterial diversity and abundance of male mice was significantly higher than that of female mice. In addition, the combination of d‐glutamine and L. plantarum A3 can improve the host microecology by enhancing the population of Firmicutes such as Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae, reducing the population of Fusobacterium and Bacteroides and affecting metabolic pathways such as AA metabolism and transporter transport. CONCLUSION: d‐Glutamine, as a signaling molecule, can better stimulate the endogenous d‐glutamine synthesis in mice and be utilized by L. plantarum A3. Furthermore, sex differences in the changes of intestinal microflora are also found in this research. This research sheds some light on the adoption of d‐AAs combined with lactic acid bacteria in intestinal tract health treatment. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor photovoltaics (IPV) is a promising technology to power the rapidly developing Internet of Things (IoT) devices, offering advantages of distributed power source and reduced maintenance cost. Wide‐bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with the features of easy bandgap tuning and low‐cost solution process, hold significant potential for powering indoor IoT devices. However, the efficiency and stability of wide‐bandgap PSCs suffers from severe phase segregation and surface defects. Herein, a novel bromide‐rich 2D passivation strategy targeting both bulk and surface passivation of wide‐bandgap PSCs for IPV application is introduced. Ammonium salts with optimized alkyl chain length is confirmed to suppress the phase segregation in the bulk. Bromide‐rich 2D perovskite exhibit superior performance compared to their iodide counterparts, effectively suppressing nonradiative recombination and forming favorable energy band alignment with the electron transport layer (ETL). The wide‐bandgap PSCs achieved an impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 41.58% under 1000 lux light emitting diode (LED) illumination. Furthermore, the wide‐bandgap perovskite module efficiently powers a Bluetooth IoT sensor at 400 lux indoor illumination, which can sense and broadcast the environmental information. This work highlights the remarkable potential of wide‐bandgap PSCs for indoor IoT devices and provides valuable insights into enhancing the efficiency and stability of PSCs for future IoT applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Observational studies have found that most patients with arthritis have depression. We aimed to determine the causal relationship between various types of arthritis and depression. Methods: We conducted a two‐sample bidirectional Mendelian randomized (MR) analysis to determine whether there was a significant causal relationship between depression and multiple types of arthritis. The data of our study were derived from the publicly released genome‐wide association studies (GWASs) and the largest GWAS meta‐analysis. MR analysis mainly used inverse‐variance weighted method; supplementary methods included weighted median, weighted mode, and MR‐Egger using MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier to detect and correct for the presence of pleiotropy. Results: After adjusting for heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy, we found that depression was associated with an increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA) (OR = 1.02, 95%CI: 1.01–1.02, p = 2.96 × E − 5). In the reverse analysis, OA was also found to increase the risk of depression (OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.04–1.15, p =.0002). Depression only increased the risk of knee OA (KOA) (OR = 1.25, 95%CI: 1.10–1.42, p = 6.46 × E − 4). Depression could potentially increase the risk of spondyloarthritis (OR = 1.52, 95%CI: 1.19–1.94, p ≤ 8.94 × E − 4). Conclusion: There is a bidirectional causal relationship of depression with OA. However, depression only augments the risk of developing KOA. Depression may increase the risk of spondyloarthritis and gout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gel polymer‐based lithium batteries exhibit a unique combination of advantageous properties, including the favorable interfacial contact characteristic of liquid‐state batteries and the inherent stability of solid‐state batteries. For Li–air batteries operated in the semi‐open atmosphere, implementing in situ synthesized gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) is effective in mitigating the environment‐induced challenges. In this study, a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)‐based GPE in situ initiated by the toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI) and 1,4‐benzenediboronic acid (BDBA) is designed to enable the stable operation of lithium–air batteries. The integration of in situ polymerization and polyvinyl alcohol's functional group engineering not only brings benefits to the interfacial contact and electrochemical stability of the battery but also mitigates the moisture sensitivity and volatility of the DMSO electrolyte in the ambient environment. In addition, the GPE can promote the formation of a robust protection film on the lithium surface. As a result, the designed GPE makes the batteries fully leverage their outstanding cycling stability in the ambient environment (241 cycles at 500 mA g−1 and 1000 mAh g−1). Moreover, an optimized Li–air pouch cell structure incorporating the GPE achieves a boasted energy density of 757.5 Wh kg−1, providing a significant technical pathway to bring Li–O2 batteries to practical Li–air batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilization of faeces has long been a popular approach for genetic and ecological studies of wildlife. However, the success of molecular marker genotyping and genome resequencing is often unpredictable due to insufficient enrichment of endogenous DNA in the total faecal DNA that is dominated by bacterial DNA. Here, we report a simple and cheap method named PEERS to predominantly lyse animal cells over bacteria by using sodium dodecyl sulphate so as to discharge endogenous DNA into liquid phase before bacterial DNA. By brief centrifugation, total DNA with enriched endogenous fraction can be extracted from the supernatant using routine methods. Our assessments showed that the endogenous DNA extracted by PEERS was significantly enriched for various types of faeces from different species, preservation time and conditions. It significantly improves the genotyping correctness and efficiency of genome resequencing with the total additional cost of $ 0.1 and a short incubation step to treat a faecal sample. We also provide methods to assess the enrichment efficiency of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and models to predict the usability of faecal DNA for genotyping of short tandem repeat, single‐nucleotide polymorphism and whole‐genome resequencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the termination of zero‐COVID‐19 policy, the populace in China has experienced both Omicron BA.5 and XBB waves. Considering the poor antibody responses and severe outcomes observed among the elderly following infection, we conducted a longitudinal investigation to examine the epidemiological characteristics and antibody kinetics among 107 boosted elderly participants following the Omicron BA.5 and XBB waves. We observed that 96 participants (89.7%) were infected with Omicron BA.5, while 59 (55.1%) participants were infected with Omicron XBB. Notably, 52 participants (48.6%) experienced dual infections of both Omicron BA.5 and XBB. The proportion of symptomatic cases appeared to decrease following the XBB wave (18.6%) compared to that after the BA.5 wave (59.3%). Omicron BA.5 breakthrough infection induced lower neutralizing antibody titers against XBB.1.5, BA.2.86, and JN.1, while reinfection with Omicron XBB broadened the antibody responses against all measured Omicron subvariants and may alleviate the wild type‐vaccination induced immune imprinting. Boosted vaccination type and comorbidities were the significant factors associated with antibody responses. Updated vaccines based on emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 variants are needed to control the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic in the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maritime Continent (MC) has experienced significant anthropogenic land use changes, mainly deforestation, which has led to local surface warming and marked convergence in the lower troposphere and divergence in the upper. The remote consequences of this deforestation remain unclear and present considerable uncertainties. In this study, we employ a fully coupled climate model and a linear baroclinic model to explore the effects of altered land‐atmosphere interactions due to MC deforestation on high‐latitude climates. Our series of idealized experiments demonstrates that MC deforestation can induce upper‐level diabatic heating. This generates a barotropic Rossby wave that moves poleward, drawing energy from the subtropical jet across the Central to Eastern Pacific regions via eddy‐mean flow interactions. Such interactions amplify the Aleutian Low, promoting the northward transport of warm air, leading to notable warming anomalies. This influx of warmth contributes to sea ice melt, initiating a positive ice‐albedo feedback. A lapse‐rate feedback is also observed in adjacent high‐latitude land areas, amplifying terrestrial warming. These reinforcing feedbacks, combined with the direct temperature transport enabled by the strengthened Aleutian Low, cumulatively result in pronounced high‐latitude warming originally due to the tropical land use changes. Plain Language Summary: Deforestation in the Maritime Continent (MC) has far‐reaching implications, extending to remote climatic areas. This study explores the mechanisms by which deforestation in the MC impacts climates in middle‐to‐high latitudes, especially during the boreal winter. The deforestation effect originates from the MC, traveling along the subtropical jet. The interactions between localized and larger‐scale atmospheric flows play a pivotal role in this transmission. These interactions bolster the Aleutian Low during winter, resulting in the warming of the Bering Sea. This warming results from the direct transport of warm air, facilitated by the intensified Aleutian Low and feedback loops enhanced by the ice albedo feedback and changes in radiations. Our idealized experiments show that MC deforestation can strengthen the Aleutian Low and lead to a warmer Bering Sea in the winter. Key Points: Deforestation in the Maritime Continent triggers a chain reaction in winter Rossby wave dynamics and strengthens the Aleutian LowThe intensified Aleutian Low transports warm air from lower latitudes to the Bering Sea region, resulting in significant low‐level warmingLocal lapse rate changes and ice‐albedo feedback jointly enhance low‐level warming [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modular prediction model of high pressure common rail system was established to study the influence of high‐pressure pipeline integration matching on the fuel injection characteristics of common rail system. The influence of common rail volume on pressure building and pressure fluctuation in common rail tubes was analyzed. The influence of common rail volume on the matching of fuel injection frequency (number of fuel injectors) and fuel supply frequency (number of plunger pumps) was studied by using the control variable method, and the basic optimal solution of the system was obtained. The influence of the common rail structure on the fuel flow characteristics of the system was also studied. The matching relationship between high pressure tubing and common rail system is studied by introducing dimensionless numbers such as length‐diameter ratio of pipeline. The results demonstrate that the increase of the storage space of the accumulator can effectively reduce the fluctuation in the system, so that the injection volume increases slowly and then decreases rapidly, with a slope of −5.70 × 10−3 mm3. The increase of the diameter of the common rail makes the fuel flow characteristics become good first and then bad, and the increase of the length of the common rail can soothe the pressure fluctuations. The increase of the diameter of the link tube (LT) makes the fuel injection volume of the injector increase first and then decrease. The optimal VR solution for the LT is 0.0249 and the optimal ratio of the length to diameter of a pipeline solution is 55.10. The structure of the distribution tube and its matching to the common rail have little effect on the fuel flow characteristics. When the diameter and length of the injection tube are too large, the influence on the injection pressure of the injector is negatively correlated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal‐catalyzed direct decarboxylative transformations of aromatic carboxylic acids usually require high temperatures, which limit the substrate's scope, especially for late‐stage applications. The development of the selective decarbonylative of carboxylic acid derivatives, especially the most fundamental aroyl chlorides, with stable and cheap electrophiles under mild conditions is highly desirable and meaningful, but remains challenging. Herein, a strategy of nickel‐catalyzed decarbonylative alkylation of aroyl chlorides via phosphine/nitrogen ligand relay is reported. The simple phosphine ligand is found essential for the decarbonylation step, while the nitrogen ligand promotes the cross‐electrophile coupling. Such a ligand relay system can effectively and orderly carry out the catalytic process at room temperature, utilizing easily available aroyl chlorides as an aryl electrophile for reductive alkylation. This discovery provides a new strategy for direct decarbonylative coupling, features operationally simple, mild conditions, and excellent functional group tolerance. The mild approach is applied to the late‐stage methylation of various pharmaceuticals. Extensive experiments are carried out to provide insights into the reaction pathway and support the ligand relay process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) manifest as atypical dilatation within the intracranial arterial structures, the rupture of which accounts for high mortality and morbidity rates. Current clinical protocols require radiologists to manually annotate IAs on Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) images, which is inherently subjective and time‐consuming. Given these limitations, there is an urgent need to explore methods for automated and accurate segmentation of IAs from MRA images. In particular, recent years have witnessed the proliferation of sophisticated computational techniques, with deep learning algorithms—especially the 3D U‐Net and its derivatives—gaining prominence in segmentation works. Nevertheless, convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based models have an inherent limitation in capturing long‐range spatial dependencies, which inadvertently compromises the retention of global features critical for segmentation. In response to this challenge, we introduce an avant‐garde architectural design, dubbed staged cluster transformers (SCTR), which incorporates cluster mechanism into vision transformers to perform volumetric MRA image segmentation. In addition to the MRA clustering branch, the spatially aligned brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) representation branch is also combined to extract the structural features and assist the network in learning richer contextual and boundary information for accurate voxel prediction. For validation, we utilized both a publicly available challenge dataset and an internal clinical dataset in this study. Our proposed model achieves dice similarity coefficients (DSC) of 0.5587 and 0.8110 on these two datasets, respectively, outperforming other state‐of‐the‐art approaches. The results suggest that SCTR is a promising method for automatic segmentation of IAs. Our code is available at https://github.com/guolilin/SCTR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message: CHARGE syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by several distinct features. The presence of fetal ear abnormalities could be the early indicator of CHARGE syndrome. Subsequent prenatal diagnosis is essential to confirm the disorder. This is significant because the patient may receive genetic counseling and appropriate disposal based on the accurate diagnosis. CHARGE syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with multiple specific clinical features. The prenatal diagnosis is crucial but rarely achieved. We report a fetus with fetal external ear abnormality detected by ultrasound at 22nd week of gestation. Postnatal examination revealed an external ear abnormality, a mild atrial septal defect, and other clinical signs of CHARGE syndrome. A de novo pathogenic nonsense mutation in the CHD7 gene (c.406C > T, p.Q136X in exon 2) was identified to cause the disorder. Our study demonstrated that prenatal diagnosis and genetic testing were recommended to obtain a solid diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome when fetal external ear abnormality was detected by ultrasound examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study trains three machine learning models with varying complexity—Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, and Neural Network—to predict cyclogenesis at a forecast lead time of 24 hr for given tropical disturbances identified by an optimized Kalman Filter algorithm. The overall performance is competent in terms of f1‐scores (∼0.8) compared to previous research of the same kind. An assessment by SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values reveals that mid‐level (500 hPa) vorticity is the most influential factor in deciding if a tropical disturbance is developing or non‐developing for all three models. Wind shear and tilting are found to hold a certain level of importance as well. These results encourage further experiments that use physical models to explore the dynamical, mid‐level pathway to tropical cyclogenesis. Another usage of SHAP values in this work is to explain how a machine learning model decides if an individual tropical disturbance case will develop, by listing the contribution of each feature to the output genesis probability, illustrated by a case study of Typhoon Halong. This increases the reliability of the machine learning models, and forecasters can take advantage of such information to issue tropical cyclone formation warnings more accurately. Several caveats of the current machine learning application in the studies of tropical cyclogenesis are discussed and can be considered for future research. These can benefit the interpretation and emphasis of certain output fields in the operational dynamical prediction system, which can contribute to more timely cyclogenesis forecasts. Plain Language Summary: Machine learning methods are utilized to improve the prediction of typhoon formation. In addition to high accuracy, the models also provide additional information on decisive formation factors. The most evident general relationship found in typhoon formation is that the stronger the mid‐tropospheric circulation, the higher the probability of typhoon formation. The models are capable of showing why individual disturbances may or may not grow into typhoons. The results are found to be physically consistent and helpful in enhancing the trustworthiness of the machine learning product. Hence, the methods and models have promising potentials for being applied to real‐life typhoon formation forecasting as convenient and reliable tools. Key Points: Machine learning methods are trained to forecast tropical cyclone genesis events with a decent accuracy of ∼80%Mid‐level vorticity and wind shear are important fields in the cyclogenesis predictions informed by the machine learning modelsSHAP values are used to interpret what information the models used to estimate the probability of cyclogenesis [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garnet solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZTO) suffer from poor air stability, producing Li2CO3 by‐products and causing poor interfacial contact against the Li metal. Obtaining hydrophobic and lithiophilic surface of LLZTO is meaningful for high‐performance solid‐state batteries. Here, a hydrophobic CFx film is firstly introduced on the LLZTO surface (CFx‐LLZTO) by magnetron sputtering the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) target. Benefit from its outstanding hydrophobicity, this CFx film provides the LLZTO a Li2CO3‐free surface. Moreover, the LiC‐LiF mixed conductive interlayer is formed through the reaction between CFx film and Li metal, resulting in a low interfacial resistance of 73.49 Ω/cm2. In addition, the LiC‐LiF mixed conductive interlayer can also homogenize the electric‐field distribution and enable fast Li+ conduction. As a result, the construction of the hydrophobic mixed conductive interlayer makes the CFx‐LLZTO based symmetric Li/Li cell exhibit a high critical current density of 1.2 mA/cm2 and a stable cycling life for over 1200 h at 0.1 mA/cm2. Furthermore, the Li/LiFePO4 cells with the CFx‐LLZTO show improved cycling and rate performance at room temperature. This work provides a practical solution for achieving high‐performance solid‐state lithium batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is a major migratory and polyphagous pest. Overwintering, migrating and colonizing characters of FAW are closely related to vegetation and host adaptation. In this study, we investigated oviposition preference, feeding preference of FAW, as well as fitness, cold tolerance of FAW larvae fed on spring and summer crop (corn) and two winter crops (cabbage, Brassica campestris and rape, B. napus). The results showed that FAW could complete their life cycle by feeding on cabbage and rape, although fitness was not as good as corn. FAW fed on cabbage had higher survival, female pupal mass and host suitability index than rape while larvae preferred to feed on rape leaves and females preferred to lay eggs on rape plants. In addition, FAW larvae fed on cabbage had the shortest recovery time from chill coma compared to corn and rape, indicating that cold tolerance of FAW larvae was improved by feeding on cabbage. Consequently, cabbage could be an ideal host for FAW which needed to survive and reproduce in winter. These results improve our understanding of host selection and adaption of FAW, as well as lay a foundation for predicting winter breeding areas of FAW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new composite materials is of great significance to improve the photocatalytic degradation efficiency. In this article, the TiO2/ZIF‐8 composite materials (TZCM) have been designed via the combination of hydrothermal‐assisted liquid phase deposition and the simple coprecipitation method. The experimental results indicate that the TiO2 and ZIF‐8 nanoparticles can be tightly bonded together by chemical bonds. Moreover, the TZCM also exhibit a significantly increased specific surface area and a reduced band gap width, which would provide more active sites and realize the visible‐light response during the photocatalytic process. The photodegradation rate and the corresponding first‐order reaction rate of methylene blue within 24 min by TiO2/ZIF‐8 composite material (e.g., sample TZCM‐3) is 93.36% and 0.1376 min−1, which is 31 times and 17 times that of pristine TiO2 and ZIF‐8, respectively. According to the photoelectrochemical experiments, the separation efficiency of photogenerated electrons and holes in TZCM sample during the photocatalytic process could be significantly enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous 6‐mercaptopurine (6‐MP) dose titration is necessary because of its narrow therapeutic index and frequently encountered dose‐limiting hematopoietic toxicity. However, evidence‐based guidelines for gene‐based 6‐MP dosing have not been established for Chinese children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This multicenter, randomized, open‐label, active‐controlled clinical trial randomly assigned Chinese children with low‐ or intermediate‐risk ALL in a 1:1 ratio to receive TPMT–NUDT15 gene–based dosing of 6‐MP (N = 44, 10 to 50 mg/m2/day) or standard dosing (N = 44, 50 mg/m2/day) during maintenance therapy. The primary end point was the incidence of 6‐MP myelosuppression in both groups. Secondary end points included frequencies of 6‐MP hepatotoxicity, duration of myelosuppression and leukopenia, event‐free survival, and steady‐state concentrations of active metabolites (6‐thioguaninenucleotides and 6‐methylmercaptopurine nucleotides) in erythrocytes. A 2.2‐fold decrease in myelosuppression, the primary end point, was observed in the gene‐based–dose group using ~ 50% of the standard initial 6‐MP dose (odds ratio, 0.26, 95% confidence interval, 0.11 to 0.64, P = 0.003). Patients in the gene‐based–dose group had a significantly lower risk of developing thiopurine‐induced myelosuppression and leukopenia (P = 0.015 and P = 0.022, respectively). No significant differences were observed in the secondary end points of the incidence of hepatotoxicity and steady‐state concentrations of active metabolites in erythrocytes between the two groups. TPMT‐ and NUDT15‐based dosing of 6‐MP will significantly contribute toward further reducing the incidence of leukopenia in Chinese children with ALL. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrial.gov as #NCT04228393. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the relationship between Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene polymorphisms and the susceptibility and clinicopathological parameters of cervical cancer in women infected with high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV). Method: A total of 380 patients with HPV‐infected cervical cancer who were admitted to the Jilin province Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Jilin province Obstetrics Quality Control Center) from July 2019 to July 2023 were selected as case group, and 408 women with negative HPV results in the cervical cancer screening results of the physical examination in the same hospital were selected as the control group. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the polymorphisms of hTERT, and its relationship with the susceptibility to high‐risk HPV infection and clinicopathological parameters in patients with cervical cancer was analysed. Results: Individuals carrying the GA and AA genotypes of rs2736122 were significantly associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer when compared with the GG genotype and the adjusted ORs were 0.53 (0.37–0.79) for the AA genotype and 0.73 (0.59–0.88) for the A allele genotype. Besides, GG genotype or G allele of rs2853677 presented a significant influence on cervical cancer, with ORs of 0.59 (0.41–0.86) and 10.77 (0.63–0.94), respectively, when compared with the AA genotype. And rs2853677 have statistically significant difference in tumour diameter and degree of differentiation subgroup(p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the hTERT gene rs2736122AA and rs2853677 GG genotypes can increase the susceptibility of high‐risk HPV infection in cervical cancer patients. And rs2853677 is related to tumours above 4 cm and highly differentiated tumours. But both have nothing to do with the patient's chemotherapy sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nickel‐catalyzed reductive cross coupling reaction of carboxylic acids with disulfides is described. The readily available and inexpensive carboxylic acid is activated in situ by the formation of a mixed anhydride. The transformation occurs at room temperature with wide functional group tolerance to efficiently generate structurally diverse thioesters. Moreover, the reaction tolerated a broad substrate scope, including sterically hindered of disulfides. Ultimately, this powerful method could be applied to the late‐stage functionalization for the construction of diverse thioesters, affording a convenient and practical tactic to construct carbon‐sulfur bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ti–6Al–4V is a prevalent material utilized in various industrial applications, and its microstructure modification commences with quenching, followed by diverse heat treatments. Although many works have concentrated on the mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4V with tailored microstructures resulting from heat treatments, their corresponding corrosion behavior still lacks attention. In this study, the corrosion behavior of water‐quenched Ti–6Al–4V that undergoes heat treatment between 700 and 850 °C in Hank's solution is investigated. Various electrochemical methods, such as open‐circuit potential tests, potentiodynamic/potentiostatic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and Mott–Schottky tests, are jointly employed. The water‐quenched Ti–6Al–4V displays a quick‐cooling microstructure with a plentiful amount of martensite α/α′ phase. Heat treatment at 700 °C significantly alters the microstructures of the samples. Due to competitive factors, heat treatment at low temperatures results in uneven alloy composition, leading to poor uniformity of the passive film. At this phase, negative effects dominate, and the corrosion resistance of the samples deteriorates. When the heat‐treatment temperature increases to 850 °C, the content of β phase, which possesses better corrosion resistance, increases and becomes dominant. Consequently, the corrosion resistance of the samples improves in Hank's solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common solid malignant tumor in young men aged 20–34 years. Currently, the diagnosis and differentiation of TGCTs depend on immunohistochemical analysis, and the treatment methods are mainly surgery and chemoradiotherapy. Although immunotherapy has been applied in clinic, the response rate is not high, and also there is a lack of effective biomarkers. In this study, through high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and public data mining, the expression of hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2 (HAVCR2) was found to be significantly upregulated in TGCT tissue and correlated with poor prognosis. Additionally, the expression level of HAVCR2 was negatively correlated with its DNA methylation but positively correlated with its copy number level. The HAVCR2 expression level was significantly positively correlated with the infiltration of six types of immune cells, including B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and myeloid dendritic cells. Also, the higher its expression level, the higher the immune cell abundance. Tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) scoring analysis showed that HAVCR2 was related to the responsiveness to TGCT immunotherapy. Drug sensitivity analysis revealed that HAVCR2 was related to the sensitivity of multiple antitumor drugs. This study demonstrated that HAVCR2 has high potential as a biomarker for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of TGCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants contain three NADPH‐thioredoxin reductases (NTR) located in the cytosol/mitochondria (NTRA/B) and the plastid (NTRC) with important metabolic functions. However, mutants deficient in all NTRs remained to be investigated. Here, we generated and characterised the triple Arabidopsis ntrabc mutant alongside with ntrc single and ntrab double mutants under different environmental conditions. Both ntrc and ntrabc mutants showed reduced growth and substantial metabolic alterations, especially in sink leaves and under high CO2 (HC), as compared to the wild type. However, ntrabc showed higher effective quantum yield of PSII under both constant and fluctuating light conditions, altered redox states of NADH/NAD+ and glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and lower potential quantum yield of PSII in sink leaves in ambient but not high CO2 concentrations, as compared to ntrc, suggesting a functional interaction between chloroplastic and extra‐chloroplastic NTRs in photosynthesis regulation depending on leaf development and environmental conditions. Our results unveil a previously unknown role of the NTR system in regulating sink leaf metabolism and plant acclimation to HC, while it is not affecting full plant development, indicating that the lack of the NTR system can be compensated, at least to some extent, by other redox mechanisms. Summary Statement: We unveil that NTRC is crucial for sink leaf metabolism and plant acclimation to high CO2. Although Arabidopsis plants lacking all NADPH‐thioredoxin reductases (NTRs) have severely reduced growth, they produced viable seeds, indicating that NTRs are not essential for plant development and compensated by other redox mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tidal signatures in sporadic E (Es) layer have been confirmed by observations and simulations. However, the effect of gravity waves (GWs) on the Es layer formation process has not yet been fully understood. In this paper, the modulation of Es layers by GWs is examined through numerical simulations, in which a physics‐based model of Es layer is forced by neutral winds from the High Altitude Mechanistic General Circulation Model that can resolve GWs with horizontal wavelengths longer than 156 km (λh > 156 km). Comparison of the simulation results with and without the GWs (1,350 km > λh > 156 km) forcing reveals that the inclusion of GWs leads to short‐period (1.2–3 hr) density perturbations in Es layers, which are also seen in ground‐based ionosonde observations. At a given time, the metallic ion density at altitudes between 120 and 150 km can either increase (by up to ∼+600%) or reduce (by up to −90%) in response to GW forcing. The relative density perturbations are smaller (by up to 60%) between 90 and 120 km altitude. It is also found that the GW effect on the metallic ion density relates to the longitude, which is mostly explained by the geographical distribution of GWs activity in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region. The longitudinal variation of the background geomagnetic field plays only a secondary role. Key Points: The modulation of Es layers by gravity waves (GWs) (1,350 km > λh > 156 km) is simulatedGWs cause short‐period (1.2–3 hr) Fe+ density perturbations, leading to production of fine structure in mid‐latitude Es layersLongitudinal dependence in Fe+ density perturbations is mainly explained by the longitudinal distribution of GWs activity in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants contain three NADPH‐thioredoxin reductases (NTR) located in the cytosol/mitochondria (NTRA/B) and the plastid (NTRC) with important metabolic functions. However, mutants deficient in all NTRs remained to be investigated. Here, we generated and characterised the triple Arabidopsis ntrabc mutant alongside with ntrc single and ntrab double mutants under different environmental conditions. Both ntrc and ntrabc mutants showed reduced growth and substantial metabolic alterations, especially in sink leaves and under high CO2 (HC), as compared to the wild type. However, ntrabc showed higher effective quantum yield of PSII under both constant and fluctuating light conditions, altered redox states of NADH/NAD+ and glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and lower potential quantum yield of PSII in sink leaves in ambient but not high CO2 concentrations, as compared to ntrc, suggesting a functional interaction between chloroplastic and extra‐chloroplastic NTRs in photosynthesis regulation depending on leaf development and environmental conditions. Our results unveil a previously unknown role of the NTR system in regulating sink leaf metabolism and plant acclimation to HC, while it is not affecting full plant development, indicating that the lack of the NTR system can be compensated, at least to some extent, by other redox mechanisms. Summary Statement: We unveil that NTRC is crucial for sink leaf metabolism and plant acclimation to high CO2. Although Arabidopsis plants lacking all NADPH‐thioredoxin reductases (NTRs) have severely reduced growth, they produced viable seeds, indicating that NTRs are not essential for plant development and compensated by other redox mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) has invaded Jiangxi Province, Southeast China for the past 3 years. Although the FAW displays a wide host range, its main host plants in Jiangxi Province are field corn. Understanding the population dynamics of the FAW on different host plants is critical for developing an appropriate control strategy. This study investigated the effects of food plants (corn, peanut, soybean and sugarcane) on life‐history traits of FAW and tested the leaf contents of the total flavonoids, reducing sugars, sucrose and C/N ratio of these host plants. We found that the FAW fed on corn leaves exhibited significantly shorter larval and pupal development times, larger body weight, higher growth rate, lower weight loss, smaller sexual size dimorphism, shorter preoviposition period and higher fecundity than those fed on peanut, soybean and sugarcane leaves. The FAW showed a protogyny phenomenon because the pupal development stage was significantly longer in males than females. Food plants changed the relationships between larval development time and pupal weight and between fecundity and longevity. The corn leaves showed significantly higher contents of reducing sugars and sucrose, lower content of the total flavonoids and a moderate C/N ratio compared with the other leaves, suggesting that the corn leaf tissues are more nutritious. Our results provide the most comprehensive information about the life‐history traits of this newly invasive pest. These findings may help us understand why the FAW mainly infests corn plants and may be critical for the development of strategies to predict infestation levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Messenger RNA (mRNA) holds great potential in developing immunotherapy, protein replacement, and genome editing. In general, mRNA does not have the risk of being incorporated into the host genome and does not need to enter the nucleus for transfection, and it can be expressed even in nondividing cells. Therefore, mRNA‐based therapeutics provide a promising strategy for clinical treatment. However, the efficient and safe delivery of mRNA remains a crucial constraint for the clinical application of mRNA therapeutics. Although the stability and tolerability of mRNA can be enhanced by directly retouching the mRNA structure, there is still an urgent need to improve the delivery of mRNA. Recently, significant progress has been made in nanobiotechnology, providing tools for developing mRNA nanocarriers. Nano‐drug delivery system is directly used for loading, protecting, and releasing mRNA in the biological microenvironment and can be used to stimulate the translation of mRNA to develop effective intervention strategies. In the present review, we summarized the concept of emerging nanomaterials for mRNA delivery and the latest progress in enhancing the function of mRNA, primarily focusing on the role of exosomes in mRNA delivery. Moreover, we outlined its clinical applications so far. Finally, the key obstacles of mRNA nanocarriers are emphasized, and promising strategies to overcome these obstacles are proposed. Collectively, nano‐design materials exert functions for specific mRNA applications, provide new perception for next‐generation nanomaterials, and thus revolution of mRNA technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐entropy alloys (HEAs) have received much attention since presented in 2004. Machine learning (ML) can accelerate the research of new HEAs. At present, among the ML research methods used to predict the properties of HEAs, alloys are manufactured mainly by the melt‐casting method. The existing ML methods do not use the process parameters of the manufacturing process as input features. Unlike the melt‐casting method, additive manufacturing (AM) has promising applications with its ability to prototype and manufacture complex‐shaped parts rapidly. The AM process parameters can significantly affect the performance of HEAs. The process parameters are a critical factor that must be considered for ML. Therefore, an ML method dependent on AM process parameters is proposed to predict the hardness of HEAs. The prediction results of six commonly used ML models are compared. The dependence of ML on process parameters is investigated. Four new HEAs are manufactured based on AM to verify the reliability of ML prediction results. The experimental results show that adding process parameters to ML improves the prediction accuracy by 4%. The prediction accuracy of ML reaches 89%, and the average prediction error for new HEAs is 3.83%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The frequency of p53 mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC) is approximately 40–50%. A variety of therapies are being developed to target tumors expressing mutant p53. However, potential therapeutic targets for CRC expressing wild‐type p53 are rare. In this study, we show that METTL14 is transcriptionally activated by wild‐type p53 and suppresses tumor growth only in p53‐wild‐type (p53‐WT) CRC cells. METTL14 deletion promotes both AOM/DSS and AOM‐induced CRC growth in mouse models with the intestinal epithelial cell‐specific knockout of METTL14. Additionally, METTL14 restrains aerobic glycolysis in p53‐WT CRC, by repressing SLC2A3 and PGAM1 expression via selectively promoting m6A‐YTHDF2‐dependent pri‐miR‐6769b/pri‐miR‐499a processing. Biosynthetic mature miR‐6769b‐3p and miR‐499a‐3p decrease SLC2A3 and PGAM1 levels, respectively, and suppress malignant phenotypes. Clinically, METTL14 only acts as a beneficial prognosis factor for the overall survival of p53‐WT CRC patients. These results uncover a new mechanism for METTL14 inactivation in tumors and, most importantly, reveal that the activation of METTL14 is a critical mechanism for p53‐dependent cancer growth inhibition, which could be targeted for therapy in p53‐WT CRC. Synopsis: METTL14 specifically counteracts colorectal tumorigenesis in p53‐wild‐type cells by attenuating aerobic glycolysis. METTL14 decreases SLC2A3 and PGAM1 expression via selectively promoting m6A‐YTHDF2‐dependent pri‐miR‐6769b and pri‐miR‐499a processing. METTL14 is transcriptionally activated by wild‐type p53 and inhibits progression of p53‐wild‐type colorectal cancer (CRC).METTL14‐mediated m6A modification promotes YTHDF2‐dependent processing of pri‐miR‐6769b and pri‐miR‐499a.miR‐499a‐3p and miR‐6769b‐3p target SLC2A3 and PGAM1, respectively, thereby inhibiting glycolysis in p53‐wild‐type CRC.METTL14 expression inversely correlates with poor prognosis in p53‐wild‐type colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining acoustic emission (AE) and machine learning algorithms to understand damage and failure of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) under bending loads is a challenging task in their practical applications. This work aims to identify different characteristics of the signal induced by damage patterns of carbon/epoxy composites using machine learning model. By carrying out wavelet packet analysis of the AE signals allowing the identification of four macroscopic damage modes. Four types of signals corresponding to matrix cracking, delamination, fiber/matrix debonding and fiber breakage are characterized by the frequency bands of the main energy distribution in the original waveform. The frequency bands are (62.5–125 kHz) or (125–187.5 kHz), (187.5–250 kHz), (250–312.5 kHz) and (312.5–375 kHz) and above, respectively. To test the actual performance of the established model, called support vector machine (SVM) classifier, several precracked and untreated specimens have been fabricated and subjected to three‐point bending test. The classification result of constructed classifier was compared with the k‐means algorithm, which is widely accepted for classifying AE signals, and the similarity of the two results is analyzed. The results indicated that the similarity of different clusters exceeded 92%, 84%, 83% and 77%, respectively. It can be seen that the SVM classifier was considered promising to provide new ideas for the health monitoring of composite structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To elucidate the mechanism of miR‐128‐3p in peritoneal fibrosis (PF). Methods: Peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) were dealt with high glucose (HG) for 3 days. The expressions of miR‐128‐3p, p21‐activated kinase 2 (PAK2), spleen tyrosine kinase (SyK), and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) were detected with quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The levels of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 in supernatant were measured by ELISA. Proteins of TGF‐β1, SyK, PAK2, α‐SMA, collagen I, vimentin, ERK/AP‐1, and IκBα/NF‐κB pathway related proteins were measured by Western blot. The correlation between miR‐128‐3p and PAK2 was found by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter gene analysis. Results: miR‐128‐3p was decreased while PAK2, SyK, and TGF‐β1 were increased in HG‐induced PMCs. Moreover, miR‐128‐3p inhibited HG‐induced fibrosis and inflammation in PMCs by targeting PAK2. PAK2 activated SyK, which induced TGF‐β1 expression through ERK/AP‐1 and IκBα/NF‐κB pathways to promote HG‐induced fibrosis of PMCs. Conclusion: miR‐128‐3p inhibited HG‐induced PMCs fibrosis via PAK2/SyK/TGF‐β1 axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A distinguishing feature of Arctic sea ice is the rapid declining in the Pacific Arctic Sector (PAS) in recent years. The atmospheric variability during spring (March‐May) plays a critical role in determining the sea ice extent (SIE) during the following summer. The summertime (June‐August) SIE reduction in the eastern part of PAS, including the East Siberian Sea and the Laptev Sea, is strongly related to the first two leading atmospheric circulation modes in spring, the Arctic Oscillation and the Arctic Dipole, retrieved from empirical orthogonal function analysis. Here, we show that the third leading mode of atmospheric circulation in spring, namely the Barents‐Beaufort Oscillation (BBO), can also change the summer SIE, especially on the western regime of the PAS across the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. We find that a positive phase of springtime BBO (i.e., BBO+), relative to the BBO−, acts to decrease sea ice thickness via advection and generate sea ice deformation through divergence and shear processes, thereby preconditioning for a rapid sea ice loss within the PAS in the following summer. Furthermore, the occurrence of BBO is state‐dependent and potentially modulated by the phase shift of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Since the mid‐1990s, the AMO (PDO) index has changed from a dominant negative (positive) to a positive (negative) phase. These phase shifts in AMO and PDO would have contributed to the subsequently increased appearance of anomalous BBO+ after 2000 and enhanced the summertime sea ice loss in the western regions of the PAS in recent years. Plain Language Summary: Large‐scale atmospheric circulation plays a vital role in regulating the Arctic sea ice extent (SIE) changes in summer. Spring atmospheric circulation anomaly could precondition for a noticeable decline in SIE in the following summer. Arctic Oscillation and Arctic Dipole anomaly modes are well demonstrated in previous studies. In this study, we outline the effectiveness in leading to sea ice reduction by another important circulation pattern, namely the Barents‐Beaufort Oscillation (BBO). The spring BBO in its positive phase can change the summer SIE over the western Pacific‐Arctic sector, including Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. The two seas are the regions undergoing the rapidest shrinkage over the past decades. We also found that the decadal variability of BBO seems to be associated with the ocean activities at low latitudes. The frequent occurrence after 2000 is partly attributable to the phase shift by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since mid‐1990s. Key Points: A special connection of summer Arctic sea ice extent shrinkage to spring Barents‐Beaufort Oscillation (BBO) is outlinedThe dynamic impacts on ice thickness decline through diverging and shearing processes linked to BBO are identified over the Pacific‐Arctic sectorThe effectiveness of BBO on Arctic sea ice changes depends on the states of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the role of CD38, which can function as an enzyme to degrade NAD+, in osteoarthritis (OA) development. Methods: Human knee cartilage from normal donors and OA donors were examined for CD38 expression. "Gain‐of‐function," through overexpression of CD38 via transient transfection, and "loss‐of‐function," through pharmacologic inhibition of CD38, approaches were used to assess the effects of CD38 on intracellular NAD+:NADH ratio and catabolic activity in chondrocytes. We also initiated joint injury–induced OA by surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) in CD38 knockout mice and wild‐type (WT; C57BL/6) mice and in WT male mice in the presence or absence of apigenin treatment. Cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, subchondral bone changes, and pain behavior were evaluated after DMM surgery. We also examined expression of CD38 and the neuropeptide calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) in knee sections from these mice. Results: CD38 expression was up‐regulated in human knee OA cartilage and in chondrocytes stimulated with the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). Overexpression of CD38 in chondrocytes resulted in reduced cellular NAD+:NADH ratio and augmented catabolic responses to IL‐1β. These effects were reversed by pharmacologic inhibition of CD38. Cartilage degradation and synovial inflammation, associated with increased CD38 expression in cartilage and synovium, osteophyte formation and subchondral bone sclerosis, and pain‐like behavior linked to increased CGRP expression in the synovium were observed in WT mice after joint injury. Such effects were significantly reduced in mice deficient in CD38 through either genetic knockout or pharmacologic inhibition. Conclusion: CD38 deficiency exerts OA disease–modifying effects. Inhibition of CD38 has the potential to be a novel therapeutic approach for OA treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional traits impact species interactions, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. However, few studies have focused on the diversification and phylogenetic correlation of multiple functional traits over geological time. We conducted phylogenetic comparative analysis for boreal forest understory species in northeast China to examine the diversification and phylogenetic correlation in several functional traits: leaf area (LA), leaf carbon content (LCC), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf nitrogen content (LNC), plant height (PH), and specific leaf area (SLA). Phylogenetic signals showed that there were very low levels of phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) in understory leaf‐related traits and plant height, suggesting divergence of functional traits for the co‐occurring understory species. The disparity through time analyses (DTT) indicated that trait disparities mainly originated during recent divergence events and there were no differences in the observed trait disparities compared with that expected under Brownian motion. Furthermore, we found both positive and negative phylogenetic correlations among the measured functional traits. The very low levels of PNC suggest that these functional traits diverged among co‐occurring understory species, and that those species are distantly phylogenetically related. The phylogenetic correlations among traits may be caused by both positively and negatively correlated adaptions that correspond to resource acquisition strategies. This study provides evidence that divergence in functional traits may reflect understory adaptions to boreal conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is anticipated that the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) will improve the quality of human life. Nonetheless, large amounts of data need to be replicated, stored, processed, and shared, posing formidable challenges to communication bandwidth and information security. Herein, it is reported that polyimide (PI) threshold‐switching memristors exhibit Gaussian conductance and randomly set voltage distribution with nonideal properties to create a compression and encryption engine with a single chip. The Gaussian conductance distribution is used to achieve compressed sensing (CS) to integrate encryption into compression, and the spontaneous formation of the one‐time‐sampling measurement matrix satisfies absolute security. Moreover, the bitstreams generated by randomly distributed set voltages are used to diffuse the ciphertext from CS to improve security. The engine is shown to be secure even if the eavesdropper knows both the plaintext and the corresponding ciphertext. It has compression performance advantages that take both efficiency and security into account. In addition, due to the superior high temperature and mechanical properties of PI, the engine can continue to function normally in harsh environments. Herein, an excellent solution is offered for ensuring the efficiency and security of IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a combination of cold rolling (CR) and annealing treatment is used to investigate the evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of CoFeNiMnV high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) fabricated by powder plasma arc additive manufacturing (PPA‐AM). The deposited CoFeNiMnV HEAs exhibit a face‐centered cubic (FCC) structure with a small amount of σ phase precipitation. After 50% CR, the microstructure of CoFeNiMnV HEAs is severely deformed along the rolling direction, and the grain size is obviously refined. Therefore, the hardness and strength of the alloy are significantly improved. The rolled CoFeNiMnV HEAs are annealed at 500, 700 and 900 °C, for 60 min. The results show that annealing at 500 °C has little effect on the microstructure and dislocation density of the alloy, and the alloy still maintains high strength and hardness. With increasing of annealing temperature to 700 and 900 °C, the dislocation density of the CoFeNiMnV HEAs is significantly reduced. Meanwhile the σ phase is gradually dissolved, and the recrystallized grains and annealing twins are significantly coarsened. The analysis suggests that it decreases the strength of the CoFeNiMnV HEAs, but increases the elongation. CoFeNiMnV HEAs annealed at 700 °C for 60 min after CR exhibit an excellent high strength–toughness combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arctic Amplification (AA) exhibits a distinct seasonal dependence; it is weakest in boreal summer and strongest in winter. Here, we analyze simulations from single‐model initial‐condition large ensembles and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 to decipher the seasonal evolution of Arctic climate change. Models agree that the annual maximum AA shifts from autumn into winter over the 21st century, accompanied by similar shifts in sea‐ice loss and surface turbulent heat fluxes, whereas the maximum precipitation shifts only into late autumn. However, the exact seasonal timing and magnitude of these shifts are highly uncertain. Decomposing the uncertainty into model structural differences, emission scenarios, and internal variability reveals that model differences dominate the total uncertainty, which also undergo autumn‐to‐winter shifts. We also find that the scenario uncertainty is unimportant for projections of AA. These results highlight that understanding model differences is critical to reducing uncertainty in projected Arctic climate change. Plain Language Summary: The Arctic climate has experienced considerably greater warming compared with the global mean in recent decades in response to increasing amounts of atmospheric greenhouse gases. This phenomenon is called Arctic amplification (AA), and global climate models predict that it will continue in the future. AA exhibits a distinct seasonal dependence: it is weakest in summer and strongest in winter of the Northern Hemisphere. Here, we find that global climate models predict that the annual maximum AA (i.e., the greatest difference between Arctic and global temperatures) shifts from autumn into winter over the 21st century. However, this seasonal shift can differ considerably between models in terms of its strength and the number of corresponding months, indicating that substantial uncertainty exists. Our findings highlight the importance of identifying model structural uncertainty in projections of Arctic climate change. Key Points: The seasonal shift in Arctic amplification (AA) annual maximum into winter is more evident than that of Arctic precipitation in the 21st centuryDecomposition shows that uncertainty in Arctic climate change projections is dominated by model differences and also shifts into winterUnlike Arctic temperature, precipitation, and sea‐ice area, AA is not substantially affected by scenario uncertainty [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]