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With the wide application of thermoelastic structures in industries such as the aerospace field, the problem of topology optimization of thermoelastic structures has become a very common and important research topic. It is well known that the thermal environment has a non‐negligible influence on the dynamic performance of structures. However, few people consider the influence of the thermal environment on structural stiffness in thermoelastic dynamic topology optimization. In practical engineering applications, the influence of the environment on the structure performance should be considered to obtain the optimal structure. In this paper, we focus on the problem of dynamic topology optimization considering the effect of non‐uniform temperature fields on structural stiffness. The influence of non‐uniform temperature fields adds on structural stiffness to the topology optimization of thermoelastic dynamic for the first time, thereby comprehensively addressing its effects on structural stiffness in the context of dynamic topology optimization under harmonic vibration and transient load. The proposed method begins by computing the distribution of the non‐uniform temperature field within the structure. Subsequently, thermal stresses in the structure are determined through the application of thermoelastic theory. The geometric stiffness matrix of the structure is then calculated using finite element theory. The dynamic topology optimization model, employing a variable density approach, is established in conjunction with the dynamic compliance design objective. Sensitivity analysis is conducted through the adjoint method, and the design variables are updated utilizing the method of moving asymptotes. Numerical examples are presented to validate the efficacy of the proposed method and obtain the influence of different factors on the optimization results. The results show that the dynamic compliance of the optimized structure increases with increasing heat flux. For the optimization under harmonic vibration, the optimization results obtained by different external excitation frequencies are significantly different. For transient optimization, the study discovers that the optimization present transient effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs), formed endogenously or obtained exogenously from diet, may contribute to chronic inflammation, intracellular signaling alterations, and pathogenesis of several chronic diseases including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the role of AGEs in CRC survival is less known. The associations of pre‐diagnostic circulating AGEs and their soluble receptor (sRAGE) with CRC‐specific and overall mortality were estimated using multivariable‐adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression among 1369 CRC cases in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Concentrations of major plasma AGEs, Nε‐[carboxy‐methyl]lysine (CML), Nε‐[carboxy‐ethyl]lysine (CEL) and Nδ‐[5‐hydro‐5‐methyl‐4‐imidazolon‐2‐yl]‐ornithine (MG‐H1), were measured using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography mass‐spectrometry. sRAGE was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Over a mean follow‐up period of 96 months, 693 deaths occurred of which 541 were due to CRC. Individual and combined AGEs were not statistically significantly associated with CRC‐specific or overall mortality. However, there was a possible interaction by sex for CEL (Pinteraction =.05). Participants with higher sRAGE had a higher risk of dying from CRC (HRQ5vs.Q1 = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.21–2.30, Ptrend =.02) or any cause (HRQ5vs.Q1 = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.05–1.83, Ptrend =.09). These associations tended to be stronger among cases with diabetes (Pinteraction =.03) and pre‐diabetes (Pinteraction <.01) before CRC diagnosis. Pre‐diagnostic AGEs were not associated with CRC‐specific and overall mortality in individuals with CRC. However, a positive association was observed for sRAGE. Our findings may stimulate further research on the role of AGEs and sRAGE in survival among cancer patients with special emphasis on potential effect modifications by sex and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic activity of platinum for CO oxidation depends on the interaction of electron donation and back‐donation at the platinum center. Here we demonstrate that the platinum bromine nanoparticles with electron‐rich properties on bromine bonded with sp‐C in graphdiyne (PtBr NPs/Br‐GDY), which is formed by bromine ligand and constitutes an electrocatalyst with a high CO‐resistant for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The catalyst showed peak mass activity for MOR as high as 10.4 A mgPt−1, which is 20.8 times higher than the 20 % Pt/C. The catalyst also showed robust long‐term stability with slight current density decay after 100 hours at 35 mA cm−2. Structural characterization, experimental, and theoretical studies show that the electron donation from bromine makes the surface of platinum catalysts highly electron‐rich, and can strengthen the adsorption of CO as well as enhance π back‐donation of Pt to weaken the C−O bond to facilitate CO electrooxidation and enhance catalytic performance during MOR. The results highlight the importance of electron‐rich structure among active sites in Pt‐halogen catalysts and provide detailed insights into the new mechanism of CO electrooxidation to overcome CO poisoning at the Pt center on an orbital level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the construction of sp‐C–P‐Cu bridged graphdiyne (GDY)‐copper phosphides (CuxP) heterointerface structure is described by controlled growth of GDY on the surface of CuxP for efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The experimental results demonstrate that the newly formed sp‐C─P bonds at the interfaces between GDY and CuxP have the dual roles of promoting faster charge transfer and producing large numbers of new intrinsic active sites, which facilitates the activation and dissociation of H2O to produce H2 and greatly enhanced the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity. As expected, the as‐synthesized electrocatalyst exhibits excellent activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with overpotentials of 44 mV at 10 mA cm−2, which is smaller than that of pure CuxP and Cu foam electrocatalysts. These results correlate interface structure and HER activity and provide new insights into the design and synthesis of high‐performance electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Evaluation of the programmed cell death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) combined positive score (CPS) is vital to predict the efficacy of the immunotherapy in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC), but pathologists show substantial variability in the consistency and accuracy of the interpretation. It is of great importance to establish an objective and effective method which is highly repeatable. Methods: We proposed a model in a deep learning‐based framework, which at the patch level incorporated cell analysis and tissue region analysis, followed by the whole‐slide level fusion of patch results. Three rounds of ring studies (RSs) were conducted. Twenty‐one pathologists of different levels from four institutions evaluated the PD‐L1 CPS in TNBC specimens as continuous scores by visual assessment and our artificial intelligence (AI)‐assisted method. Results: In the visual assessment, the interpretation results of PD‐L1 (Dako 22C3) CPS by different levels of pathologists have significant differences and showed weak consistency. Using AI‐assisted interpretation, there were no significant differences between all pathologists (P = 0.43), and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) value was increased from 0.618 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.524–0.719] to 0.931 (95% CI = 0.902–0.955). The accuracy of interpretation result is further improved to 0.919 (95% CI = 0.886–0.947). Acceptance of AI results by junior pathologists was the highest among all levels, and 80% of the AI results were accepted overall. Conclusion: With the help of the AI‐assisted diagnostic method, different levels of pathologists achieved excellent consistency and repeatability in the interpretation of PD‐L1 (Dako 22C3) CPS. Our AI‐assisted diagnostic approach was proved to strengthen the consistency and repeatability in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active oxygen highly affects the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) owing to the capacity to either passivate defects or decompose perovskite lattice. To better understand the in‐depth interaction, we demonstrate for the first time that photooxidation mechanism in all‐inorganic perovskite film dominates the phase deterioration kinetics by forming superoxide species in the presence of light and oxygen, which is significantly different from that in organic‒inorganic hybrid and even tin‐based perovskites. In all‐inorganic perovskites, the superoxide species prefer to oxidize longer and weaker Pb‒I bond to PbO and I2, leaving the much stable CsPbBr3 phase. From this chemical proof‐of‐concept, we employ an organic bioactive factor, Tanshinone IIA, as a superoxide sweeper to enhance the environmental tolerance of inorganic perovskite, serving as a "skincare" agent for anti‐aging organisms. Combined with another key point on healing defective lattice, the best carbon‐based all‐inorganic CsPbI2Br solar cell delivers an efficiency as high as 15.12% and superior stability against oxygen, light, humidity, and heat attacks. This method is also applicable to enhance the efficiency of p‒i‒n inverted (Cs0.05MA0.05FA0.9)Pb(I0.93Br0.07)3 cell to 23.46%. These findings not only help us understand the perovskite decomposition mechanisms in depth but also provide a potential strategy for advanced PSC platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is still a challenge to develop electrocatalyst for the efficient adsorption and conversion of organic molecule in aqueous media. Herein, a hetero‐interface structure based on CuO@Ni(OH)2 is rationally designed to enhance the performance of benzyl alcohol oxidation to benzoic acid. A high Faradaic efficiency of 99% and the yield of 3.09 mmol cm−2 h−1 are achieved at 1.70 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, outperforming the previously reported electrocatalysts. Furthermore, a membrane‐free flow electrolyzer was assembled based on CuO@Ni(OH)2 hetero‐interface, exhibiting a much high yielding of benzoic acid (6.73 mmol cm−2 h−1) and hydrogen (0.35 L cm−2 h−1) with excellent stability. Both experimental data and density functional theory calculations verify that the electron is tend to accumulate at the hetero‐interface, thus accelerating the adsorption of reactant and intermediate and reducing the energy barrier of the conversion of benzyl alcohol to benzoic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Mosquitoes are vectors of various diseases, posing significant health threats worldwide. Chemical pesticides, particularly pyrethroids like deltamethrin, are commonly used for mosquito control, but the emergence of resistant mosquito populations has become a concern. In the deltamethrin‐resistant (DR) strain of Culex pipiens pallens, the highly expressed cytochrome P450 9 J34 (CYP9J34) gene is believed to play a role in resistance, yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. RESULTS: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription (qRT–PCR) analysis revealed that the expression of CYP9J34 was 14.6‐fold higher in DR strains than in deltamethrin‐susceptible (DS) strains. The recombinant production of CYP9J34 protein of Cx. pipiens pallens showed that the protein could directly metabolize deltamethrin, yielding the major metabolite 4′‐OH deltamethrin. Through dual luciferase reporter assays and RNA interference, the transcription factor homeobox protein B‐H2‐like (B‐H2) was identified to modulate the expression of the CYP9J34 gene, contributing to mosquito resistance to deltamethrin. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that the CYP9J34 protein could directly degrade deltamethrin, and the transcription factor B‐H2 could regulate CYP9J34 expression, influencing the resistance of mosquitoes to deltamethrin. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hilber and Hughes gave several competitive demands on the implicit methods in 1978. However, there are no such integration methods in the traditional algorithm design. Via imposing subsidiary variables, this article proposes two novel implicit methods to splendidly achieve these competitive demands without increasing computational costs. The two novel methods are self‐starting, unconditionally stable, single‐solve, identically second‐order accurate, controllably dissipative, and non‐overshooting. The novel methods achieve the maximal dissipation of auxiliary variables in the high‐frequency limit, although such the design is not a must. The first novel method uses auxiliary velocity and acceleration variables, whereas the second one employs two auxiliary acceleration variables. After embedding desired numerical characteristics, the novel methods employ four eigenvalues of amplification matrices in the high‐frequency limit as user‐specified parameters to flexibly control numerical high‐frequency dissipation. To reduce the number of use‐specified parameters, this article gives some recommended sub‐families of algorithms, such as optimal low‐frequency dissipation schemes. The article further refines the error analysis to analytically calculate amplitude and phase errors for some implicit methods. The error analysis technique can be applied to almost all direct time integration methods. Comparisons of amplitude and phase errors highlight the superiority of the novel methods over the published algorithms. In addition, some classical measures, such as numerical damping ratios and relative period errors, are analyzed and compared. Numerical examples are solved to show the novel methods' superiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlling the structure and properties of catalysts through atomic arrangement is the source of producing a new generation of advanced catalysts. A highly active and stable catalyst in catalytic reactions strongly depends on an ideal arrangement structure of metal atoms. We demonstrated that the introduction of the defect‐rich structures, low coordination number (CN), and tensile strain in three‐dimensional (3D) urchin‐like palladium nanoparticles through chlorine bonded with sp‐C in graphdiyne (Pd‐UNs/Cl‐GDY) can regulate the arrangement of metal atoms in the palladium nanoparticles to form a special structure. In situ Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and theoretical calculation results show that Pd‐UNs/Cl‐GDY catalyst is beneficial to the oxidation and removal of CO intermediates. The Pd‐UNs/Cl‐GDY for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) that display high current density (363.6 mA cm−2) and mass activity (3.6 A mgPd−1), 12.0 and 10.9 times higher than Pd nanoparticles, respectively. The Pd‐UNs/Cl‐GDY catalyst also exhibited robust stability with still retained 95 % activity after 2000 cycles. A defects libraries of the face‐centered cubic and hexagonal close‐packed crystal catalysts (FH‐NPs) were synthesized by introducing chlorine in graphdiyne. Such defect‐rich structures, low CN, and tensile strain tailoring methods have opened up a new way for the catalytic reaction of MOR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pathogens that reproduce or develop in mosquitoes can transmit several diseases, endanger human health, and overwhelm health systems. Synthetic pyrethroids are the most widely used insecticides against adult mosquitoes, but their widespread use has led to resistance. The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in the resistance monitoring of insects, but their role and underlying mechanisms in insecticide resistance have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we identified ABC transporter genes in Culex pipiens and investigated their role in the development of insecticide resistance. RESULTS: We identified 63 ABC transporter genes in Cx. pipiens and classified them as per the ABC transporter subfamilies. We also performed phylogenetic analysis. The knockdown rate of the mosquitoes orally fed with the ABC transporter inhibitor verapamil increased after deltamethrin treatment compared with that of the control group. Several genes from the ABCB, ABCC, and ABCG subfamilies were highly expressed in resistant mosquitoes. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that ABCG6032427 was expressed in the head, chest, abdomen, wings, and legs, and the expression was the highest in the legs. Subsequently, knockdown of ABCG6032427 using RNA interference (RNAi) increased the sensitivity of the mosquitoes to deltamethrin, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that ABCG6032427 knockdown reduced cuticle thickness and the cuticle became loose and irregular. CONCLUSIONS: ABCG6032427 may modulate cuticle thickness and structure, thus play an important role in the development of deltamethrin resistance in mosquitoes. Thus, it could be a potential target for deltamethrin resistance management in Cx. pipiens. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper reviews the published composite three‐sub‐step implicit algorithms all of which adopt the trapezoidal rule in the first sub‐step. Three optimal families of three‐sub‐step implicit algorithms are developed to achieve second, third, and fourth‐order accuracy. The present second‐ and third‐order methods achieve identical effective stiffness matrices, thus embedding optimal spectral characteristics. Besides, both of them impose two dissipative parameters (ρ2∞$$ {\rho}_2^{\infty } $$ and ρ3∞$$ {\rho}_3^{\infty } $$) to control numerical dissipation imposed in the second and third sub‐steps. The parameter ρ3∞$$ {\rho}_3^{\infty } $$ adjusts overall numerical dissipation in the whole integration schemes, while the firstly used parameter ρ2∞$$ {\rho}_2^{\infty } $$ can change numerical dissipation in the second sub‐step. The numerical example has shown the superiority of controlling middle sub‐step dissipation via ρ2∞$$ {\rho}_2^{\infty } $$. The present fourth‐order method is moderately dissipative due to achieving higher‐order accuracy, but it presents a more reasonable sub‐step division than the published fourth‐order three‐sub‐step trapezoidal rule. Linear and nonlinear examples are simulated to show the numerical performance and superiority of the three novel methods. This paper recommends using the proposed second‐ and third‐order three‐sub‐step methods to solve various dynamic problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on global total electron content (TEC) maps from the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service (IGS), the ionospheric perturbations during the 2014–2015 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event were investigated. The analyses revealed both phase‐shifted semidiurnal perturbations and 14.5‐day periodic signal with zonal wavenumber 0 in the IGS TEC, indicating an enhanced lunar tidal impact on the ionosphere during the 2014–2015 SSW period. The 14.5‐day periodic oscillation in the IGS TEC presents an obvious latitudinal variation, with the maximum appearing in Equatorial Ionization Anomaly crest regions, which is due to the modulation of the equatorial ionospheric fountain effect by wind perturbations modulated by the lunar tide. Additionally, the 14.5‐day periodic oscillation presents a longitudinal pattern with three peaks in the northern hemisphere and four peaks in the southern hemisphere. Local time dependence of the 14.5‐day periodic perturbation is also significant. Plain Language Summary: Recently, the lunar effect on ionospheric variability during sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) periods has been a subject of intense research. In this work, based on the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service (IGS) total electron content (TEC) map, the longitudinal, latitudinal, and local time variations of the 14.5‐day periodic oscillation in the ionosphere during the 2014–2015 SSW are investigated. The 14.5‐day periodic oscillation in the TEC is attributed to the effect of the lunar tide. Our results demonstrate that the 14.5‐day oscillation in the IGS TEC peaks in Equatorial Ionization Anomaly crest regions. In addition, the 14.5‐day oscillation in the ionosphere presents a longitudinal structure and a local time dependence. Key Points: The 14.5‐day oscillation in the global International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service (IGS) total electron content (TEC) during 2014–2015 sudden stratospheric warming is attributed to lunar tidesThe 14.5‐day oscillation in the IGS TEC peaks in the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly crest regionsThe 14.5‐day oscillation in the IGS TEC shows longitudinal and local time dependence [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) treats early‐stage breast cancers, especially triple‐negative breast cancers (TNBCs). NAT improves pathological complete response (pCR) rates for different breast cancer patients. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors that target programmed death 1 (PD‐1) or programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) in combination with NAT have shown antitumor activity in patients with early breast cancer. However, the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) in different subtypes of breast cancers, like TNBC, hormone receptor‐positive (HR+), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 amplified (HER2+) and its changes by NAT remain to be fully characterized. We analyzed pre‐NAT tumor biopsies from TNBC (n = 27), HR+ (n = 24), and HER2+ (n = 30) breast cancer patients who received NAT, followed by surgery. The different immune makers (PD‐1, PD‐L1, CD3, and CD8) of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were identified with immunofluorescence‐based microenvironment analysis. TILs within cancer parenchyma (iTILs) and in cancer stroma (sTILs) were counted separately. We found that PD‐L1+ cells in tumor and stroma were significantly higher in TNBC patients than in others. PD‐L1+ sTILs were significantly higher in pCR than in non‐pCR patients of all the subtypes. The infiltration scores of B‐cell memory, T‐cell CD4+ memory activated, T‐cell follicular helper, and Macrophage M0 and M1 were relatively higher in TNBC patients, indicating immunoreactive TME in TNBC. Analysis of TCGA‐BRCA RNA‐seq indicated that PD‐L1 was highly expressed in TNBC patients compared with HR+ and HER2+ patients. Higher PD‐L1 expression in TNBC patients was associated with significantly longer overall survival (OS). Our results demonstrated that PD‐L1 expression level of iTILs and sTILs is highest in TNBC among breast cancers. TNBC patients had significantly different immunoreactive TME compared with HR+ and HER2+ patients, suggesting potentially favorable outcomes for immunotherapy in these patients. Also, PD‐L1+ could be a powerful predictor of pCR in TNBC patients after NAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several studies have explored the relationship between intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) and the risk of postoperative biochemical recurrence (BCR) in prostate cancer (PCa), although the results are contradictory. Therefore, we conducted a meta‐analysis to investigate the effect of MVD on BCR in PCa. Method: We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct/Elsevier, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, and EMBase databases from inception through January 2022, with no year or language restrictions, and used NOS guidelines to evaluate the quality of the 19 eligible studies. The derived hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to assess each endpoint. Data synthesis was performed with RevMan to assess the prognostic value of MVD in PCa and its heterogeneity, while the publication bias was examined using STATA 16.0. Results: Our meta‐analysis included 19 articles (4 for T1‐2, 6 for T1‐3, and 9 for T1‐4) on postoperative biochemical recurrence of PCa, among which, 3933 patients were pooled. The predictive ability of intratumoral MVD for different stages of PCa on BCR was T1‐2 (HR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.08–5.58; p = 0.03; I2 = 83%), T1‐3 (HR, 2.38, 95% CI, 1.41–4.01; p = 0.001; I2 = 82%), T1‐4 (HR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.19–2.19; p = 0.002; I2 = 61%).The subgroup analyses based on European and immunohistochemical antibody none‐factor VII were consistent with primary one. Sensitivity analysis excluding those studies judged to be at high risk of bias in T1‐2 showed a HR of 2.99[1.70,5.27] (I2 = 38%, p = 0.0001), demonstrating the robustness of risk estimates of MVD for the assessment of biochemical recurrence. Conclusion: Microvessel density is a predictor of BCR among patients with PCa, and earlier T stage PCa with a stronger MVD is associated with BCR. Further studies are needed to investigate neoangiogenesis in different T stages of PCa and whether MVD will be of benefit to the EAU‐recommended tool for biochemical recurrence risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim. After routine fasting for patients with achalasia before POEM (peroral endoscopic myotomy) procedure, solid contents may still remain in the esophagus. We aimed to compare the efficacy and patient satisfaction in patients with and without drinking large amounts of carbonated beverages preoperatively. Methods. This retrospective study enrolled 65 achalasia patients who underwent POEM from June 2017 to October 2021. Based on the preoperative diet strategies, patients were divided into carbonated beverage group (n = 48) and control group (n = 17). Demographic and clinical data, duration of preoperative endoscopy, quality of esophagus cleansing, and patient satisfaction on preoperative procedure were collected and compared. In the current study, we established the quality of esophagus cleansing: Grade A, no remnants or only liquid or frothy discharge; Grade B, a little amount of solid content remained; and Grade C, a large amount of solid content remained. Results. There were 41 Grade A, 6 Grade B, and 1 Grade C patients in the carbonated beverage group, while there were 8 Grade A, 6 Grade B, and 3 Grade C patients in the control group (p value = 0.001). The esophagus cleansing degrees were significantly ameliorated after drinking carbonated beverages in all the three subtypes of achalasia according to the degree of dilatation. The mean duration of preoperative endoscopy was 6.54 ± 2.250 minutes in the carbonated beverage group and 10.27 ± 4.788 minutes in the control group (p value = 0.010). The score of patient satisfaction concerning the procedure before the POEM in the carbonated beverage group was 4.5 ± 0.652 , while the score in the control group was 4.35 ± 0.702 (p value = 0.436). In the multivariate analysis, patient satisfaction was significantly associated with male (odds ratio 0.296, 95% CI: 0.097-0.905, p value = 0.033). Conclusions. Drinking carbonated beverages reduce the duration of preoperative endoscopy and ameliorate the esophagus cleansing degrees without impairing patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) exhibit intriguing performance in electrocatalysis owing to their maximized atom utilizations and unique electronic structures, but effective anchoring metal atoms with defined coordination structure on hierarchical integrated electrode remain a challenge. Herein, a fast and facial flame‐assisted strategy is developed to construct oxygen‐coordinated SACs on integrated carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays with promising applications in electrocatalysis. Density functional theory calculations show that oxygen in carbon substrate imparts homogeneous sites for the efficient anchoring of metal atoms, thereby enabling SACs to disperse uniformly and firmly and thus bringing optimized activities. Moreover, the integrated CNT array with abundant oxygen‐containing groups is constructed and has been used as an efficient matrix for anchoring metal atoms (CNT‐O@M) via a flame‐assisted method. The as‐prepared CNT‐O@M (M = Co and Pt as typical examples) shows excellent activities in electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction with utilization of active site as high as 75.7%, which is superior to the reported SACs. Particularly, the performance of CNT‐O@M can maintain stably under various harsh conditions, showing a promising prospect in the long‐time applications. The methodology and concept proposed in this work could be extended to the synthesis of a variety of integrated SACs for efficient electrocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats‐CRISPR‐associated 9 (CRISPR‐Cas9) and base editors (BEs) are revolutionary gene‐editing technology that has been widely utilized in biology, biotechnology and medicine. However, recent reports show that CRISPR‐Cas9‐mediated genome editing can induce a p53‐mediated stress response and cell cycle arrest in human cells, while not illustrated in gene‐editing animals. In the study, to verify whether there is a phenomenon of p53 activation, by analysing nine gene‐edited rabbits using CRISPR‐Cas9 and BEs, we provide the first evidence that no apparent p53 expression changes in those rabbits generated by Cas9 or BE‐edited, suggesting that p53 may not need to consider for application in gene‐edited animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is known and objective: The benefits and risks of restarting antiplatelet therapy (APT) for patients with spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) remain controversial. This meta‐analysis was performed to explore the efficacy and safety of restarting APT for these patients. Methods: We followed the recommended PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Studies from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI and the Cochrane Library were systematically retrieved from the inception of each database to 31 July 2020. We also manually retrieved studies of reference. Results and discussion: In this study, seven cohort studies and one randomized controlled trial (RCT) with subjects were included. APT resumption after spontaneous ICH did not significantly increase the risk of major haemorrhagic events (HR 1.15; 95% CI: 0.70–1.89; p =.59). However, it did not significantly reduce the risk of a composite endpoint concerning occlusive/thromboembolic events (HR 0.98; 95% CI: 0.81–1.19; p =.83) and all‐cause mortality (HR 0.93; 95% CI: 0.80–1.08; p =.35). What is new and conclusion: Restarting APT for patients with spontaneous ICH is generally safe. However, the benefits of reducing the risk of ischaemic vascular events and all‐cause mortality were not apparent. More RCTs are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, large‐scale satellite networks have been studied emphatically due to its advantages in high throughput and low latency. Many companies and institutions are keen to build large‐scale low earth orbit satellite constellations to provide space‐based Internet services, which poses a great demand for the design of efficient and reliable routing schemes. Three attribute indexes to evaluate the performance of the satellites are proposed. With the Dempster–Shafer theory, the attributes can be fused for the routing decision‐making process. Based on the Message Identification divergence (M‐I divergence) measure method, a Belief Message Importance divergence based Routing algorithm is proposed. By adjusting the characteristic parameter, it can amplify the divergence between distance‐based evidence and others properly. In this way, Belief Message Importance divergence‐based Routing attempts to find the optimal shortest path according to the status of intermediate nodes. Compared with existing satellite routing schemes, the algorithm that is proposed can approach the optimal routing performance, increasing the throughput by 47.2% on average, and decreasing the total delay and packet drop rate by 59.5% and 42.1% on average, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses mainly on the development of explicit integration algorithms for structural dynamics. Some known single‐step explicit schemes are first reviewed and their algorithmic parameters are uniformly given as a function of ρb, denoting spectral radius at the bifurcation point. The simple review reveals that there are still some problems to be addressed. Then, a simple but general explicit integration algorithm (GSSE) is presented and analyzed. Besides, a truly self‐starting explicit algorithm and the true explicit form of generalized‐α method are also given. The novel GSSE algorithm possesses very significant advantages in terms of accuracy and dissipation control. The GSSE method achieves not only controllable dissipation at the bifurcation point but also the identical second‐order accuracy of three primary variables. Numerical spectral analysis and examples are provided to clearly show the superiority of novel explicit methods over other single‐step explicit ones. Hence, the novel GSSE method is highly recommended to solving general dynamical problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant bone cancer which primarily occurs in children and young adults. Increasing evidence indicates that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), which function as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) that sponge microRNAs (miRNAs) and messenger RNAs (mRNAs), play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and progression of cancers. The regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA-mediated ceRNAs in osteosarcoma have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we identified differentially expressed lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs in osteosarcoma based on RNA microarray profiles in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. A ceRNA network was constructed utilizing bioinformatic tools. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that lncR-C3orf35 and HMGB1 were associated with poor prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. Furthermore, results of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) suggested that lncR-C3orf35 may be involved in cellular invasion, the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. Further analysis showed that patients with osteosarcoma metastasis expressed higher levels of lncR-C3orf35 and HMGB1 compared to metastasis-free patients. Moreover, the metastasis-free survival rate of the high lncR-C3orf35/HMGB1 expression group was significantly lower than that of the low expression group. The ESTIMATE algorithm was used to calculate the immune score and stromal scores for each sample. High lncR-C3orf35 and HMGB1 levels were correlated with low immune scores. ImmuCellAI analysis revealed that a low proportion of macrophage infiltration was associated with high lncR-C3orf35 and HMGB1 expression. The differential expression of lncR-C3orf35, miR-142-3p, and HMGB1 was further verified by quantitative real-time PCR. This study indicates that lncR-C3orf35 could be considered as a novel potential biomarker and therapeutic target of osteosarcoma, which may contribute to a better understanding of ceRNA regulatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Size‐fractionated aerosol particles were collected with a MOUDI 10‐stage cascade impactor from an urban roadside place in a downtown area of Hong Kong. Fine aerosol particulate samples from stage 6 (aerodynamic particle diameter between 0.56 and 1 μm) and stage 9 (aerodynamic particle diameter between 0.10 and 0.18 μm) were pretreated at a chosen temperature, including −100°C, −50°C, 25°C, and 60°C, in a load lock chamber and then analyzed using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) at the same temperature (−100°C). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to further analyze ToF‐SIMS spectra of aerosol particles with different pretreatment temperatures from two selected stages. ToF‐SIMS results showed that the intensities of aliphatic hydrocarbon ions such as C4H7+ and C4H9+ and amine ions such as C2H8N+ and C4H12N+ decreased with an increase of the pretreatment temperature under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. We have shown that analyses of this type of aerosol particles using ToF‐SIMS should not be conducted at ambient temperature but at low temperature (eg, −50°C). In addition, we also developed a procedure that can be used to analyze aerosol particle samples under ultrahigh vacuum environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been proved to be beneficial in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenesis factor that MSC release. However, the precise role of VEGF-expressing character of MSC in the MSC treatment for ARDS remains obscure. Here, we firstly knocked down the gene VEGF in MSC (MSC-ShVEGF) with lentiviral transduction. Then we injected the MSC-ShVEGF to rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury (ALI) via the tail vein. Data showed that MSC transplantation significantly increased VEGF levels in the lung, reduced lung permeability, protected lung endothelium from apoptosis, facilitated VE-cadherin recovery, controlled inflammation, and attenuated lung injury. However, VEGF gene knockdown in MSC led to relatively insufficient VEGF expression in the injured lung and significantly diminished the therapeutic effects of MSC on ALI, suggesting an important role of VEGF-expressing behavior of MSC in the maintenance of VEGF in the lung and the MSC treatment for ALI. Hence, we conclude that MSC restores the lung permeability and attenuates lung injury in rats with ALI in part by maintaining a “sufficient” VEGF level in the lung and the VEGF-expressing character of MSC plays a positive role in the therapeutic effects of MSC on ARDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane end-capped poly(spiropyran-containing methacrylate) (POSS-PSPMA) polymers, a kind of photoresponsive hybrid polymer, are synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization. It is proved that the molecular weight of POSS-PSPMA is sharply increased by raising the proportion of methanol or the concentration of the reactants. The self-assembly behavior of POSS-PSPMA is studied in toluene: under the control of UV and visible light, POSS-PSPMA can reversibly self-assemble into aggregates because the charged merocyanines (MC) form stacks. These MC stacks act as non-covalent crosslinking points and POSS shell guarantees the stability of the aggregates. This system has a broad potential use in nanocarriers, especially for encapsulating and releasing polar substances in the nonpolar solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited insights have been obtained regarding the flows and stocks of thulium, the scarcest rare earth element. Thus, this study quantifies the thulium material flow from 2011 to 2020 in China, the largest thulium producer and reserve holder. Dynamic material flow analysis method is used and the demand and supply pattern of China's thulium is clarified. Results reveal that the final demand for thulium grows at an annual rate of 6.2%, reaching from 121 tonnes in 2011 to 208 tonnes in 2020, driven mainly by laser‐related end‐use sectors. Accumulative 1506 tonnes (80.7%) of domestically produced thulium in China originates from illegal mining during 2011–2020. This, combined with imported thulium compounds, bridges the significant gap between final demand and domestic legal supply. Moreover, 1422 tonnes of thulium are stocked in end‐use sectors by 2020, with 30.8% in fiber‐optic communication sector. A supply–demand gap has emerged since 2016 with thulium demand surpassing its domestic supply, which is projected to further widen in the future. Measures like promoting recycling and recovery, optimizing the trade patterns, and exploring material and technology substitution are proposed to mitigate such a gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]