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BACKGROUND: Hylurgus ligniperda, an invasive species originating from Eurasia, is now a major forestry quarantine pest worldwide. In recent years, it has caused significant damage in China. While traps have been effective in monitoring and controlling pests, manual inspections are labor‐intensive and require expertise in insect classification. To address this, we applied a two‐stage cascade convolutional neural network, YOLOX‐MobileNetV2 (YOLOX‐Mnet), for identifying H. ligniperda and other pests captured in traps. This method streamlines target and non‐target insect detection from trap images, offering a more efficient alternative to manual inspections. RESULTS: Two cascade convolutional neural network models were employed in two stages to detect both target and non‐target insects from images captured in the same forest. Initially, You Only Look Once X (YOLOX) served as the target detection model, identifying insects and non‐insects from the collected images, with non‐insect targets subsequently filtered out. In the second stage, MobileNetV2, a classification network, classified the captured insects. This approach effectively reduced false positives from non‐insect objects, enabled the inclusion of additional classification terms for multi‐class insect classification models, and utilized sample control strategies to enhance classification performance. CONCLUSION: Application of the cascade convolutional neural network model accurately identified H. ligniperda, and Mean F1‐score of all kinds of insects in the trap was 0.98. Compared to traditional insect classification, this method offers great improvement in the identification and early warning of forest pests, as well as provide technical support for the early prevention and control of forest pests. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phenylbutazone (PBZ) is the most commonly used drug to treat symptoms of lameness in horses; however, it is associated with adverse effects such as gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). Interestingly, many practitioners prescribe omeprazole (OME) concurrently with PBZ to prevent the development of EGUS. However, the efficacy and safety of this practice in Mongolian horses with chronic lameness remain unknown. Objectives: To evaluate the clinical effects of a combination of PBZ and OME on chronic lameness in Mongolian horses. Study design: Randomised block experimental design. Methods: Eighteen Mongolian horses with lameness score was ≥3 points, were divided into three treatment groups, with six horses in each group: placebo (CON), PBZ (4.4 mg/kg PO q. 24 h), or PBZ plus OME (4 mg/kg PO q. 24 h; PBZ + OME) in a randomised block design based on the initial lameness score. The horses were treated for 15 days. During this period, weekly gastroscopy, and physiological and biochemical tests were performed. Results: Both PBZ (median 1.0, interquartile range [IQR]: 0.8–1.3; p = 0.01) and PBZ + OME (median 1.0, IQR: 1.0–1.0; p = 0.01) significantly decreased the lameness score compared with before administration. In addition, PBZ significantly increased the equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) score (3.0 ± 0.6, p < 0.001), GT‐17 content (293.4 ± 21.8 pg/mL, p < 0.001), and pepsinogen‐1 (PG1) content (295.3 ± 38.3 ng/mL, p < 0.001) compared with CON or PBZ + OME. However, it significantly reduced the total protein (53.6 ± 1.5 g/L, p < 0.05) and albumin (25.5 ± 1.8 g/L, p < 0.05) contents. Nevertheless, compared with PBZ, PBZ + OME significantly decreased the EGGD score (0.3 ± 0.5, p < 0.001) and significantly increased the gastric fluid pH (7.3 ± 0.5, p < 0.001), total protein content (62.5 ± 4.6 g/L, p = 0.009), and albumin content (29.4 ± 1.1 g/L, p = 0.004). Meanwhile, they significantly diminished the gastrin 17 (GT‐17) (162.0 ± 21.0 pg/mL, p < 0.001) and PG1 (182.4 ± 22.5 ng/mL, p < 0.001) contents. Main limitations: Individual differences in horses were larger, but the sample size was small. There was larger interval between observations for each index. Conclusions: Compared with PBZ alone, PBZ + OME had no therapeutic effect on chronic lameness; however, it reduced the occurrence of EGGD in Mongolian horses. Horses may be protected against chronic lameness and PBZ‐induced EGGD by increasing the pH value, decreasing serum PG1 and GT‐17 content, and preventing the reduction of myeloperoxidase content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ultrasonic for detecting and evaluating pleural effusion is an essential part of the Extended Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (E‐FAST) in emergencies. Our study aimed to develop an Artificial Intelligence (AI) diagnostic model that automatically identifies and segments pleural effusion areas on ultrasonography. Methods: An Attention U‐net and a U‐net model were used to detect and segment pleural effusion on ultrasound images of 848 subjects through fully supervised learning. Sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, F1 score, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the area under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the model's effectiveness in classifying the data. The dice coefficient was used to evaluate the segmentation performance of the model. Results: In 10 random tests, the Attention U‐net and U‐net 's average sensitivity of 97% demonstrated that the pleural effusion was well detectable. The Attention U‐net performed better at identifying negative images than the U‐net, which had an average specificity of 91% compared to 86% for the U‐net. Additionally, the Attention U‐net was more accurate in predicting the pleural effusion region because its average dice coefficient was 0.86 as opposed to the U‐net's average dice coefficient of 0.82. Conclusions: The Attention U‐net showed excellent performance in detecting and segmenting pleural effusion on ultrasonic images, which is expected to enhance the operation and application of E‐FAST in clinical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, the high‐pressure impacts on the electronic, mechanical, and thermodynamic properties of MAX‐phase M2GaC (M = Nb and Ta) are calculated through the first principles. The phonon dispersion results indicate that M2GaC (M = Nb and Ta) is dynamically stable. The elastic constants and elastic modulus of Nb2GaC and Ta2GaC increase with the pressure increase, while the elastic anisotropic 3D surface structure and projection diagram show that bulk modulus, shear modulus, and Young's modulus all show anisotropy. M2GaC (M = Nb and Ta) has metallic, covalent, and ionic bonds. In addition, based on the quasiharmonic Debye model, the effects of high pressure (0–50 GPa) and temperature (0–2000 K) on the thermodynamic properties of Nb2GaC and Ta2GaC are systematically studied. The constant pressure heat capacity (CP) and thermal expansion coefficient (α) of Nb2GaC and Ta2GaC decrease with the increase of pressure, while the internal energy (U) and Gibbs free energy (G) of Nb2GaC and Ta2GaC increase with the increase of pressure. The sound velocity and kmin increase with the pressure increase, and Nb2GaC has a higher thermal conductivity than Ta2GaC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To develop and validate a nomogram for differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules of American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI‐RADS) level 5 (TR5) and improving the performance of the guideline. Methods: From May 2018 to December 2019, 640 patients with TR5 nodules were retrospectively included in the primary cohort. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to determine the risk factors for thyroid cancer. A nomogram was established on the basis of multivariable analyses; the performance of the nomogram was evaluated with respect to discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness. The nomogram model was also compared to the ACR score model. External validation was performed and the independent validation cohort contained 201 patients from April 2021 to January 2022. Results: Multivariable analyses showed that age, tumour location, multifocality, concomitant Hashimoto's disease, neck lymph node status reported by ultrasound (US) and ACR score were the independent risk factors for thyroid cancer (all p <.05). The nomogram showed good discrimination, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.786 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.742–0.830) and 0.712 (95% CI: 0.615–0.809) in the primary cohort and external validation cohort, respectively. Decision curve analysis demonstrated the clinical usefulness of the model. Compared to the ACR score model, the nomogram showed higher AUC (0.786 vs. 0.626, p <.001) and specificity (0.783 vs. 0.391). Conclusions: The presented nomogram model, based on age, tumour features and ACR score, can differentiate benign and malignant thyroid nodules in TR5 and had a high specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The detection of abdominal free fluid or hemoperitoneum can provide critical information for clinical diagnosis and treatment, particularly in emergencies. This study investigates the use of deep learning (DL) for identifying peritoneal free fluid in ultrasonography (US) images of the abdominal cavity, which can help inexperienced physicians or non‐professional people in diagnosis. It focuses specifically on first‐response scenarios involving focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) technique. Methods: A total of 2985 US images were collected from ascites patients treated from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2017 at the Shenzhen Second People's Hospital. The data were categorized as Ascites‐1, Ascites‐2, or Ascites‐3, based on the surrounding anatomy. A uniform standard for regions of interest (ROIs) and the lack of obstruction from acoustic shadow was used to classify positive samples. These images were then divided into training (90%) and test (10%) datasets to evaluate the performance of a U‐net model, utilizing an encoder–decoder architecture and contracting and expansive paths, developed as part of the study. Results: Test results produced sensitivity and specificity values of 94.38% and 68.13%, respectively, in the diagnosis of Ascites‐1 US images, with an average Dice coefficient of 0.65 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.21). Similarly, the sensitivity and specificity for Ascites‐2 were 97.12% and 86.33%, respectively, with an average Dice coefficient of 0.79 (SD = 0.14). The accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) were 81.25% and 0.76 for Ascites‐1 and 91.73% and 0.91 for Ascites‐2. Conclusion: The results produced by the U‐net demonstrate the viability of DL for automated ascites diagnosis. This suggests the proposed technique could be highly valuable for improving FAST‐based preliminary diagnoses, particularly in emergency scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic upgrading of CO2 into value‐added chemicals to build the excess carbon cycle is of great significance. In this work, carboxylate‐functionalized zeolitic imidazolate framework (F‐ZIF‐90) with good crystallinity and porosity is constructed from ZIF‐90 and employed as a robust heterogeneous catalyst to boost the reductive N‐functionalization of various amines with CO2 to furnish N‐formyl compounds (up to 99% yield) in the presence of PhSiH3 under an ambient environment. The imidazole carboxylate species (COO‐) can not only activate hydrosilane and CO2 to form the key intermediate formoxysliane but also activate amines to participate in the N‐formylation reaction to obtain the target product. Moreover, it can enhance the catalyst capture and exchange ability toward ambient CO2. The powerful adsorption capacity of the F‐ZIF‐90 catalyst toward CO2 is conducive to elevating CO2 concentration around the active species. Theoretical calculations show that the carboxylate‐mediated conversion path undergoes the transition state of hydrosilane activation with a relatively lower energy barrier (ΔG = 26.9 kcal mol–1). F‐ZIF‐90 exhibits good thermochemical stability with no obvious activity attenuation after repeated use 5 times. This strategy opens a new avenue based on ZIFs to develop heterogeneous catalysts for reductive upgrading of CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A metal‐free C(sp3)−S bond cleavage of β‐alkylthio carbonyl compounds in the presence of Selectfluor is described. This novel strategy realizes the C−S bond cleavage and subsequent C−O bond formation, providing a facile and efficient method to construct different important β‐alkoxy carbonyl compounds with moderate to good yields and good functional groups tolerance. Moreover, our mechanistic studies also prove that two different mechanisms including the oxidant and thionium ion intermediate pathway may exist in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The basal part of bamboo shoot is a novel resource to produce dietary fibre (BDF). However, its insolubility in water, stiff texture and low degradability limit its applicability in foods. This study explored the feasibility of improving the structural and functional properties of BDF by enzymatic hydrolysis and dynamic high‐pressure micro‐fluidisation (DHPM). Both methods are efficient to reduce the fibre particle size and caused significantly increased roughness on the fibre surface, especially for the porous structure after DHPM treatment. Crystallinity of DHPM‐modified fibres was increased from 23.01% to 33.53%, due to the disruption of lignin and hemicellulose, which was further confirmed by the FT‐IR spectra. The modified fibres exhibited significantly enhanced swelling capacity and holding water/oil capacities. Moreover, the modified fibres exhibited improved in vitro prebiotic property, which could constantly supply the carbon source and stimulate the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 and Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uridine diphosphate‐glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are the most important phase II enzymes in human drug metabolism. Using permeabilized recombinant fission yeast cells (enzyme bags), we demonstrate that UGT1A5 can catalyze an N‐glucuronidation reaction. We characterized two new polymorphic UGT1A5 variants: a common ninefold mutant (UGT1A5*8) with double‐fold activity and a much rarer sixfold mutant (UGT1A5*9), which has the same activity as the wild‐type. Molecular modeling studies indicate that the minor effects of all mutations, except for Gly259Arg, are due to their distance to the substrate binding site. Extensive molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the Gly259Arg mutation stabilizes helix Q through a newly formed hydrogen bonding network, which places the cofactor in a much more favorable geometry in UGT1A5*8 as compared to the wild‐type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listeria monocytogenes, a common food borne bacterial pathogen, could survive in stress conditions applied in food production such as cold environments. Twenty-eight strains of L. monocytogenes under cold stress were subjected to MALDI-TOF MS analysis and compared with control strains under normal growth conditions. The resulting protein mass finger printings were visualized by phyloproteomic cluster and self-organized map (SOM). It was observed that after cold-stressed treatment, all strains exhibited change of mass finger printings. In most strains, the variations of the fingerprinting profiles were significant. The diversity in protein fingerprinting of L. monocytogenes after cold stress was also improved. The strain-level differentiation of the stressed L. monocytogenes would not only improve the understanding of bacterial responses to cold stress but also facilitate classification and detection of stressed bacteria in food industry. Practical applications Listeria monocytogenes that causes lethal listeriosis could survive in cold-stressed treatment and pose high risk to food safety. However, the entire picture of the physiology of stress response adaptation of this strain is still unknown. The protein fingerprinting analysis of the cold-stressed L. monocytogenes provided an entire picture of phenotypic stress response adaptation at strain level and helped to understand bacterial resistance to cold stress. Additionally, the study on the peptide fingerprints changes, covering 28 strains of L. monocytogenes from different sources would be particularly valuable for the strain-level differentiation and detection of stressed bacteria in food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A milder, more regioselective and practical approach to C3 or O-alkylation reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarins has been established. Both 2 H-[3,2-c] furocoumarins and 4-hydroxycoumarin vinyl ether derivatives could be efficiently prepared by alkylating 4-hydroxycoumarins with electron-deficient allenoates catalyzed by PPh3 and DBU, respectively. The reaction outcomes can be controlled by changing the catalysts, starting with the same reaction substrates. Possible reaction mechanisms have also been proposed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal‐free and Selectfluor‐mediated C–S bond cleavage is described. This novel strategy provides a facile and efficient method to access important N‐substituted acrylamide and β‐aminopropanamide derivatives with good functional group tolerance and yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple and nontoxic fluorescent chemosensor of di- O-methyl curcumin has been prepared from curcumin. The sensor exhibited selective and sensitive fluorescent responses toward Al3+ over a wide range of metal ions, such as Mn2+, Ce3+, Pt2+, Sn4+, Hg+, Sb3+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Na+, NH4+, Ag+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Hg2+ and Cr3+ in ethanol/water. The free ligand showed quite weak fluorescence emission due to the isomerization of CO double bond in the excited state, however, after addition of Al3+, fluorescence emission results in a prominent fluorescence enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A palladium-catalyzed aminocarbonylation reaction of aryl halides with chloroform and tetrazoles has been developed, where chloroform was employed as the carbon monoxide (CO) source in the presence of cesium hydroxide. The in situ generated N-acylated tetrazoles were unstable and easily decomposed to afford 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4- oxadiazoles. A wide range of tetrazoles and aryl halides reacted smoothly under the optimized reaction conditions to give the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,5-Diaryl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles are readily prepared from monoarylated tetrazoles and aryl iodides or bromides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C42H48O6, was obtained via formyl-ation of 25,26,27,28-tetra-propoxycalix[4]arene with dichloro-methyl methyl ether and tin tetra-chloride. It adopts a pinched cone conformation, which leads to an open cavity. The two opposite aromatic rings bearing formyl groups are almost parallel, making a dihedral angle of 29.1 (2)°. The other pair of opposite rings are close to being perpendicular, making a dihedral angle of 73.6 (1)°. Adjacent rings are almost perpendicular, making dihedral angles of 78.8 (2), 81.6 (1), 78.2 (1) and 74.7 (1)°.

In the title compound, C(19)H(18)Cl(2)O(4), the two non-planar six-membered heterocycles passing through the spiro-C atom both adopt chair conformations, and the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 7.2 (1)°. In the crystal, the enanti-omers with R and S configurations are generated by the symmetry elements of the centrosymmetric space group, forming a racemic crystal. Inter-molecular C-H⋯π and weak C-H⋯O inter-actions link the mol-ecules in the crystal structure.

The title compound, C(15)H(28)O(4), was prepared by the condensation of pivalaldehyde with penta-erythritol. In the crystal, the two halves of the mol-ecule are related by a crystallographic twofold rotation axis passing through the central spiro-C atom. The two non-planar six-membered heterocycles both adopt chair conformations with the two tert-butyl groups both located in the equatorial positions.

In the title compound, C(31)H(28)O(4), the asymmetric unit contains two crystallographically independent mol-ecules. In these two mol-ecules, the four dihedral angles between each pair of phenyl rings on the same C atoms are 75.4 (1), 83.0 (1), 85.0 (1) and 80.4 (2)°. All of the nonplanar six-membered heterocycles adopt chair conformations. Inter-molecular C-H⋯π and weak C-H⋯O inter-actions link the mol-ecules and are effective in the stabilization of the crystal structure.

In the title compound, C(19)H(16)Cl(4)O(4), the two halves of the mol-ecule are related by a crystallographic twofold rotation axis passing through the central spiro-C atom. The two non-planar six-membered heterocycles both adopt chair conformations, and the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 76.6 (1)°. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into chains along the c axis.

The title compound, C(60)H(88)O(4)·4CHCl(3)·2H(2)O, is the alkyl-ated product of 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-calix[4]arene. It adopts a distorted cone conformation which leads to an open cavity. All the phenolic rings are tilted so that their tert-butyl groups are pitched away from the calix cavity. Two opposite aromatic rings are close to being perpendicular to one another [dihedral angle 85.0 (2)°], while the other pair of opposite rings is almost parallel [dihedral angle 8.1 (2)°], and adjacent phenolic rings are almost perpendicular [dihedral angles 82.4 (1) or 87.9 (1)°]. In the crystal, the water molecule and calixarene interact by way of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

In the title compound, [Na(H(2)O)(2)]ClO(4)·[Cu(2)(C(9)H(7)NO(3))(2)(C(6)H(7)N)(2)], the Cu(II) atom is coordinated by one N atom and two O atoms from a tridentate N-salicylideneglycinate Schiff base dianion and one N atom from a 3-methyl-pyridine ligand. Longer Cu⋯O contacts [2.680 (2) Å] complete an approximate square-based pyramidal coordination geometry around Cu(II), forming a dimeric complex across a centre of inversion. The dimeric complexes form stacks along the a axis, with Cu⋯O contacts of 3.332 (2) Å between them. The Na(+) cations and perchlorate anions lie on twofold rotation axes between the stacks. The former are coordinated by two disordered water mol-ecules (each with half-occupancy), and form Na⋯O contacts of 3.698 (3) Å to the perchlorate anions and Na⋯π contacts to neighbouring salicylideneglycinate ligands [shortest Na⋯C = 3.516 (3) Å].