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Alternative splicing of pre-mRNAs is a significant mRNA maturation process that increases RNA and protein diversity in eukaryotes.1-3 The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-encoded nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) is a multifunctional transcriptional activator and is essential for EBV-induced cell transformation through activating multiple genes expression.4-6 We recently revealed that EBNA2 activates cellular genes transcription by phase separation.7 To investigate the components of these phase separation nuclear puncta that interact with EBNA2, we used mass spectrometry to analyze the EBNA2 co-immunoprecipitates and found that 193 cellular proteins were most likely to interact with EBNA2 (Figure 1A and Table S1). Epstein-Barr virus EBNA2 phase separation regulates cancer-associated alternative RNA splicing patterns EBNA2-induced DAS genes were enriched for functional categories of defense responses and tumor-related signaling pathways (Figure S3B, C), whereas EBNA2-induced DEGs were enriched for functional categories related to mRNA processing and DNA repair (Figure S4B-D). Scale bar, 20 m gl To identify whether EBNA2 is linked to pre-mRNA alternative splicing processes, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes and transcripts induced by EBNA2 by integrating third-generation SMRT sequencing and second-generation RNA-sequencing (Figure 2A). [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modification that occurs in messenger RNA (mRNA), affecting mRNA splicing, translation, and stability. This modification is reversible, and its related biological functions are mediated by "writers," "erasers," and "readers." The field of viral epitranscriptomics and the role of m6A modification in virus–host interaction have attracted much attention recently. When Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infects a human B lymphocyte, it goes through three phases: the pre‐latent phase, latent phase, and lytic phase. Little is known about the viral and cellular m6A epitranscriptomes in EBV infection, especially in the pre‐latent phase during de novo infection. Methods: Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP‐seq) and MeRIP‐RT‐qPCR were used to determine the m6A‐modified transcripts during de novo EBV infection. RIP assay was used to confirm the binding of EBNA2 and m6A readers. Quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and Western blot analysis were performed to test the effect of m6A on the host and viral gene expression. Results: Here, we provided mechanistic insights by examining the viral and cellular m6A epitranscriptomes during de novo EBV infection, which is in the pre‐latent phase. EBV EBNA2 and BHRF1 were highly m6A‐modified upon EBV infection. Knockdown of METTL3 (a "writer") decreased EBNA2 expression levels. The emergent m6A modifications induced by EBV infection preferentially distributed in 3ʹ untranslated regions of cellular transcripts, while the lost m6A modifications induced by EBV infection preferentially distributed in coding sequence regions of mRNAs. EBV infection could influence the host cellular m6A epitranscriptome. Conclusions: These results reveal the critical role of m6A modification in the process of de novo EBV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power generation has developed rapidly in recent decades due to low carbon emissions. However, the significant uncertainty makes it uneconomic or even unreliable to be consumed, which hinders the development of wind energy. To guarantee the minimum wind utilisation level without jeopardising system reliability and cost-effectiveness, this study proposes a concept of optimal wind power consumption point. Based on that, a two-stage chance-constrained unit commitment model is presented to co-optimise the day-ahead energy and reserve schedules, which achieves a reasonable trade-off between robustness and costs. The battery energy storage is also investigated to enhance system flexibility and promote wind consumption. The joint chance constraint is dealt with through a sample average approximation method in bilinear forms. The resulting large-scale mixed-integer programming is decomposed into the master and subproblem formulations and then solved iteratively by the developed bilinear Benders decomposition (BBD) method. To achieve computational tractability, several techniques are used to enhance the convergence property of BBD and accelerate the solution process, with a novel optimality-check-only bilinear Benders decomposition method proposed. Case studies on six-bus, IEEE 118-bus and 236-bus systems demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]